After Richard's death, John did not gain immediate universal recognition as king. Some regarded his young nephew, Arthur of Brittany, the posthumous son of John's brother Geoffrey, as the rightful heir. Arthur vied with his uncle John for the throne, and enjoyed the support of King Philip II of France. The conflict between Arthur and King John had fatal consequences. The war upset the barons of Poitou enough for them to seek redress from the King of France, who was King John's feudal overlord with respect to certain terrorities on the Contin ...

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John of England, John of England - Early years, John of England - Reign, John of England - Death, John of England - Alleged illiteracy, John of England - Notes, John of England - Depictions in fiction, John of England - Trivia, John of England - External link

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1214 - Events. Simon Apulia becomes Bishop of Exeter. July 27 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Foundation of the German city of Bielefeld 1214 - Births. April 25 - King Louis IX of France (died 1270) Isabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241) 1214 - Deaths. September 14 - Albert Avogadro, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (born ...

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• 1214 - Events
• 1214 - Births
• 1214 - Deaths

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2 Population sans doubles comptes, i.e. not counting those people already counted in another commune (such as students and military personal). Angoulême is a town and commune in southwestern France, préfecture (capital city) of the Charente département. Angoulême - History. Angoulême (Iculisma) was taken by Clovis from the Visigoths in 507, and plundered by the Normans in the 9th century. In 1360 it was surrendered by the Treaty of Brétigny ...

Including:

• Angoulême - History
• Angoulême - Geography
• Angoulême - Sights
• Angoulême - Economy
• Angoulême - Transportation
• Angoulême - Miscellaneous
• Angoulême - Births
• Angoulême - Twin towns

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Berwick-upon-Tweed, (pronounced "Berrick") situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, on the east coast at the mouth of the river Tweed. In 1991 the town had a population of 13,500. It is the administrative centre of the borough of Berwick-upon-Tweed, which had a population of about double that. Berwick town is an unparished area, the least populated one in England. Although in that region the Tweed forms the border between England and Scotland, and the historic heart of the to ...

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• Berwick-upon-Tweed - History
• Berwick-upon-Tweed - At war with Russia?
• Berwick-upon-Tweed - Places of interest
• Berwick-upon-Tweed - People

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1166 - Births. July 29 - Henry II of Champagne (d. 1197) December 24 - John of England (died 1216) Eudes III, Duke of Burgundy (died 1218) William de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey (died 1240) 1166 - Deaths. May 7 - William I of Sicily Santa Rosalia, patron saint of Palermo (according to legend) 1166 - Heads of states. England - Henry II Curt Mantle, King of England (reigned 115 ...

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• 1166 - Events
• 1166 - Births
• 1166 - Deaths
• 1166 - Heads of states

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William (August 17, 1153 – 1156) was the first child of Henry Plantagenet (later Henry II of England) and Eleanor of Aquitaine, strangely born on the same day that his father's rival Eustace IV of Boulogne died. William was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. He was an older brother of Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine , Joan Plantagenet and John of England. He died aged three years, and was buri ...

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• William Count of Poitiers - Sources

Read more here: » William Count of Poitiers: Encyclopedia - William Count of Poitiers

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 13th century was that century which lasted from 1201 to 1300. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages. 13th century - Events. Genghis Khan, Temujin by birth is claimed "Khan of Khans" by the Mongol tribes. Mongols under Genghis Khan conquer and rule over most of Asia and Eastern Europe by establishing Mongol Empire Ogedei Khan establish Mongolian dynasty in China. Some Mo ...

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• 13th century - Events
• 13th century - Significant people
• 13th century - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 13th century - Decades and years

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The collective term Crown Jewels denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the sovereign of the United Kingdom during the coronation ceremony and at various other state functions. The term refers to the following objects: the crowns, sceptres (with either the cross or the dove), orbs, swords, rings, spurs, colobium sindonis, dalmatic, armill, and the royal robe or pall, as well as several other objects connected with the ceremony itself. Many of these descend directly from the Reformation period and thus have a religious ...

Including:

• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Crowns
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Mary of Modena's Crowns
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Orb and Sceptres
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Swords
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - Other Elements
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - The Tower of London
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - UK topics
• Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom - International

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1215 - Births. April 25 - Louis IX of France (died 1270) September 23 - Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire (died 1294) Pope Celestine V (died 1296) Pope John XXI (died 1277) David VII Ulu, King of Georgia (died 1270) 1215 - Deaths. July 5 - Eisai, Japanese Buddhist priest (born 1141) Bertran de Born, French soldier and troubadour Eustace, Bishop of Ely, Lord Chancellor of England and bishop

• 1215 - Events
• 1215 - Births
• 1215 - Deaths
• 1215 - Websites

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1216 - Births. Robert I of Artois Eric IV of Denmark (died 1250) Zahed Gilani, Grand master of the Zahediyeh Sufi Order (died 1301) 1216 - Deaths. June 11 - Henry of Flanders, emperor of the Latin Empire (poisoned) (born c. 1174) June 16 - Pope Innocent III October 18 - John of England (born 1166) Ida, Countess of Boulogne Eric X of Sweden (born 1180) Kamo no Chomei, Japanese author (born 1155)Including:

• 1216 - Events
• 1216 - Births
• 1216 - Deaths
• 1216 - Heads of state

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1246 - Events. End of the reign of Emperor Go-Saga, emperor of Japan. Emperor Go-Fukakusa ascends to the throne of Japan. Sainte-Chapelle built. With the death of Duke Frederick II, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria Beaulieu Abbey dedicated. 1246 - Births. September 14 - John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (died 1272) 1246 - Deaths. February 25 - Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Prince ...

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• 1246 - Events
• 1246 - Births
• 1246 - Deaths

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Joan of England (October, 1165 – 4 September 1199) was the seventh child of King Henry II of England and his Queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Joan was a younger maternal half-sister of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. She was a younger sister of William, Count of Poitiers, Henry the Young King, Matilda of England, Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Leonora of ...

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Joan of England, Joan of England - Queen Consort of Sicily, Joan of England - Joan Queen Consort of Scotland, Joan of England - Joan Lady of Wales died 1236, Joan of England - Joan of the Tower

Read more here: » Joan of England: Encyclopedia II - Joan of England - Queen Consort of Sicily

Political campaign - Types of Elections. Main article: Elections in the United States The United States is unusual in that their are dozens of different types of elections and political offices available, including everything from the sewer commission to the President of the United States. Elections happen every year on many different dates in many different areas of the country. At the local level, candidates and political offices are often officially non-partisan, with candidates of the sam ...

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Political campaign, Political campaign - Campaign elements, Political campaign - Message, Political campaign - Money, Political campaign - Machine, Political campaign - History, Political campaign - Techniques, Political campaign - Modern election campaigns in the UK, Political campaign - Introduction, Political campaign - Conduct of election campaigns, Political campaign - Legal restrictions, Political campaign - Modern election campaigns in the US, Political campaign - Types of Elections, Political campaign - Process of Campaigning, Political campaign - Political consultants, Political campaign - Other issues and criticisms, Political campaign - Future Developments, Political campaign - Readings

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He consolidated this conquest in 1205 by marrying Joan, illegitimate daughter of King John of England. He had previously been negotiating with Pope Innocent III for leave to marry his uncle Rhodri's widow, daughter of Reginald, king of the Isle of Man. However this proposal was dropped when a more advantageous marriage was offered. His main rival in Wales was Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys. When Gwenwynwyn fell out with King John in 1208, Llywelyn took advantage of the situation to annex southern Powys and northern Ceredigion. In 1210 h ...

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Llywelyn the Great, Llywelyn the Great - Early Life, Llywelyn the Great - Consolidation, Llywelyn the Great - Later reign, Llywelyn the Great - Marital problems, Llywelyn the Great - The Succession, Llywelyn the Great - Death and aftermath

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Romsey - Middle Ages to The Civil War. The name Romsey is believed to have originated from the term Rūm's Eg, meaning "Rūm's area surrounded by marsh". Rūm is probably an abbreviated form of a personal name, like Rūmwald (glorious leader). What was to become Romsey Abbey was founded in 907 AD. Nuns, led by Elflaeda daughter of Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, founded a community — at his direction — in what was then a small village. Later, King Edgar refounded the nunnery, circa 96 ...

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Romsey, Romsey - History, Romsey - Middle Ages to The Civil War, Romsey - The 18th and 19th centuries, Romsey - Mills and Milling, Romsey - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Romsey: Encyclopedia II - Romsey - History

Incorporation of Brittany into the Carolingian empire ensured that the political and social institutions were similar to those prevaling elsewhere in western Francia. Until the 10th century, Brittany was severely affected by Viking attacks and ducal authority was weak. Dynastic disputes caused the political fragmentation of the duchy into counties and authority suffered even further from the pressures of resisting claims by both the dukes of Normandy and the counts of Anjou. This process of fragmentation was halted and reversed from the mid-eleventh century, when intermarriage resulted in the ducal title ...

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Duke of Brittany, Duke of Brittany - Duchy of Brittany, Duke of Brittany - Kings and Dukes of Brittany, Duke of Brittany - Kings of the Bretons, Duke of Brittany - House of Nantes/Naoned, Duke of Brittany - House of Rennes/Roazhon, Duke of Brittany - House of Cornouaille/Kernev, Duke of Brittany - House of Anjou, Duke of Brittany - House of Dreux, Duke of Brittany - House of Montfort, Duke of Brittany - External link

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William the Conqueror, a great lover of hunting, established the system of forest law. This operated outside of the common law, and served to protect game animals and their forest habitat from destruction. Royal forest - Offences. Offences in forest law were divided into two categories: trespass against the vert (the vegetation of the forest) and the venison (the game). The five animals of the forest protected by law were given by Manwood as the hart, hind, boar, and hare and wolf. (In England, both the bo ...

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Royal forest, Royal forest - Forest Law, Royal forest - Offences, Royal forest - Rights and Privileges, Royal forest - Officers, Royal forest - Courts, Royal forest - Officers, Royal forest - History, Royal forest - Royal forests in England

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The battle opened with a confused cavalry fight on the French right, in which individual feats of knightly gallantry were more noticeable (and better recorded in the chronicles) than any attempt at combined action. The serious fighting was between the two centers; the infantry of the Low Countries, who were at this time almost the best in existence, drove back the French. Philip led the cavalry reserve of nobles and knights to retrieve the day, and after a long and doubtful fight, in which he himself was unhorsed and narrowly escaped death, ...

See also:

Battle of Bouvines, Battle of Bouvines - Prelude, Battle of Bouvines - Battle

Read more here: » Battle of Bouvines: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Bouvines - Battle

Angoulême (Iculisma) was taken by Clovis from the Visigoths in 507, and plundered by the Normans in the 9th century. In 1360 it was surrendered by the Treaty of Brétigny to the English; they were, however, expelled in 1373 by the troops of Charles V, who granted the town numerous privileges. It suffered much during the French Wars of Religion, especially in 1568 after its capture by the Protestants under Coligny. The countship of Angoulême dated from the 9th century, the most important of the early counts being William Taill ...

See also:

Angoulême, Angoulême - History, Angoulême - Geography, Angoulême - Sights, Angoulême - Economy, Angoulême - Transportation, Angoulême - Miscellaneous, Angoulême - Births, Angoulême - Twin towns

Read more here: » Angoulême: Encyclopedia II - Angoulême - History

Though terms like 'quality engineering' and 'quality assurance' are relatively new, the ideas have existed just as long as the very art of tool manufacture. Simple tools made of rock or bone were subject to familiar modes of failure. They could be fragile, dull where they should be sharp, sharp where they should be dull, etc. When the first specialized craftsmen arose, manufacturing tools for others, the principle of quality control was simple: "let the buyer beware" (caveat emptor). The first civil engineering projects, however, needed to be built to specifications. Qualit ...

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Quality control, Quality control - History, Quality control - Craft and tradespersons, Quality control - Wartime production, Quality control - Postwar, Quality control - Quality assurance, Quality control - Failure testing, Quality control - Statistical control, Quality control - Company quality, Quality control - Total quality control, Quality control - External links, Quality control - References

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