Jin Dynasty (265-420)

When the Eastern Han Dynasty slowly brought the Northern Xiongnu into submission in the 1st century by military and diplomatic measures, hordes of herdsmen and the Southern Xiongnu, originally subdued by the Northern Xiongnu, began trading without having heavy tribute imposed on them. Horses and animal products were traded mainly for agricultural tools, such as the harrow and the plough, and clothing of which silk was the most popular. Those herdsmen helped the Han dynasty defend against any remaining Xiongnu in return. The more they ...

See also:

Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu

Sima (Simplified: 司马; Traditional: 司馬; Hanyu Pinyin: Sīmǎ; Wade-Giles: Ssu-ma) is a Chinese family name. Sima - Prominent people with family name 司馬. Sima Rangju or Rang Ju, strategist during the Spring and Autumn Period and regarded as the author of Sima Fa ("Sima's Art of War") Sima Qian, historian in Western Han Dynasty and author of Records of the Grand Historia ...

Including:

• Sima - Prominent people with family name 司馬
• Sima - Related Materials

Read more here: » Sima: Encyclopedia - Sima

Hakka (Traditional: 客家; Simplified: 客家; Hanyu Pinyin: kèjiā; literal meaning guest families) are a Han Chinese people whose ancestors are said to originate from around Henan and Shanxi in northern China over 2700 years ago. Their ancestors migrated southwards because of social unrest, upheaval, or by invasion of foreign conquerors since the Jin Dynasty (265-420). Subsequent migrations occurred at the end of the Tang Dynast ...

Including:

• Hakka - Hakkas in Fujian
• Hakka - Hakkas in Guangdong
• Hakka - Hakkas outside of People's Republic of China
• Hakka - Prominent Hakkas
• Hakka - Revolutionaries and politicians
• Hakka - Government officials
• Hakka - Literary figures
• Hakka - Artists
• Hakka - Entrepreneurs
• Hakka - Entertainers

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The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (Traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; Simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都; pinyin Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to Nanjing, Beijing, Luoyang, and Xi'an. After the 1920s as more discoveries were made, other historical capitals were added to the list. The phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China introduced later on, also include Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital), Hangzhou (became the sixth ancient capital in the 1930s), a ...

Including:

• Historical capital of China - List of historical capitals of China
• Historical capital of China - Chronology

Read more here: » Historical capital of China: Encyclopedia - Historical capital of China

Yantai (Simplified: 烟台; Traditional: 煙台; Hanyu Pinyin: Yāntái) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located on the southern coast of the Bohai Sea and the eastern coast of the Bohai Bay, Yantai borders the cities of Qingdao and Weihai to the southwest and east respectively. The largest fishing seaport in Shandong and a robust economic center today, Yantai used to be known to the West as Chefoo, a misnomer which refers, in Chinese, solely to Zhifu Isla ...

Including:

• Yantai - Administration
• Yantai - History
• Yantai - Geography
• Yantai - Economy
• Yantai - Education
• Yantai - Tourism
• Yantai - Sister cities
• Yantai - Notable people

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The king or wang (王 wáng) was the Chinese head of state from the Zhou to Qin dynasties. After that, wang (sometimes translated "prince") became merely the head of the hierarchy of noble ranks. The title was commonly given to members of the Emperor's family and could be inherited. The characters huang (皇 huáng "god-king") and di (帝 dì "sage king") had been used separately and never consecutively (see Three Huang and five Di) and were reserved for mythological rulers until the first emperor of ...

Including:

• Chinese sovereign - How to read the titles of a Chinese sovereign
• Chinese sovereign - Some rules of thumb and helpful tips for reading a list of sovereigns
• Chinese sovereign - Some common conventions of naming Chinese sovereigns
• Chinese sovereign - Table of Chinese monarchs

Read more here: » Chinese sovereign: Encyclopedia - Chinese sovereign

Wu Hu means "five nomadic groups", hence giving it another name, the Five Hu. Wu Hu were composed of five nomadic tribes: Xiōngnú (匈奴, sometimes identified with the Huns), Xiānbēi (鮮卑), Dī (氐), Qiāng (羌), and Jié (羯) although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions. The above composition of Wu Hu is the most accepted since those five tribes were the major ones. The term Wu Hu was first ...

See also:

Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions

Chu could refer to: The Chu river valley in modern Kyrgyzstan. Chu (city), a city in Kazakhstan. See List of cities in Kazakhstan state of Chu, a state in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of ancient China. Kingdom of Chu, a state proclaimed by various rebellion leaders after the fall of the Qin Dynasty, including the state proclaimed by Xiang Yu during the Chu Han Contention. Chu, the short-lived regime of Huan Xuan. See Jin Dynasty (265-420). Chu, a kingdom dur

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Traditional historians interpreted "Hu" as "barbarians"; some further stretched this obsolete analogy to equate "Hu" with the "Xiongnu". Others objected to such similarities, stating that Wu Hu were substantially civilized before the turmoil of the Western Jin Dynasty. Xiongnu was in fact the most powerful non-Chinese ethnic group neighboring the Chinese Han Dynasty therefore the Han simply referred to them as the "Hu" (the "non-Chinese" or the "barbarian"). Both terms were used concurrently. Nevertheless, "Hu" later became the ...

See also:

Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions

A era of relative prosperity had existed since Jin Wudi unified China in 280: Wu hu tribes residing inside and in the vicinity of China regularly paid taxes to the Jin's court. They traded horses and animal products for agricultural goods and silk. Mecenaries could always be called upon request. Powerful chieftains cannot match the diplomatic measures of the Chinese bureaucracy. The scenario resembled that of Eastern Han Dynasty with one exception: the underlying internal weakness of the dynasty provided the Wu Hu with the inva ...

See also:

Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty

As the Eastern Han Dynasty slowly disintegrated into an era of "warlords", battles for predominance eventually ushered in the Three Kingdoms. However years of war had generated a severe shortage of labor, a solution to which was the encouragement of immigration of Wu Hu herdsmen. Thus the Wei court, controlling Northern China at the time, reluctantly yielded areas already occupied to the Wu Hu and sometimes colonized war-uninhabited areas with some weaker tribes of herdsmen. Several large-scale forced relocations of Di to area of southwestern S ...

See also:

Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms

The accession of Emperor Hui in 290 marked the beginning of the crumbling of the Jin Dynasty. Possilby retarded at birth, he was merely a puppet of powerful parties which sought to control the Jin court. During the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, all parties in power attempted to wiped out the former rulers by murder, disloyalty, mass executions or battles. Each struggle grew more violent and bloodier than the one before. Not surprisingly, Wu Hu mecenaries were often called upon. Wu Hu chieftains and herdsmen clearly comprehended the selfishne ...

See also:

Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

311 - Events. June 15 - Licinius issues his own Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in his own part of the Roman Empire. Maxentius reconquers the African provinces from Domitius Alexander. Luoyang, the Jin Dynasty (265-420) capital of China, was sacked by groups of barbarians under the leadership of Huns. Jin Huai Di, emperor of China, is captured. 311 - Births. 311 - Deaths. May 5 - Galerius, R ...

Including:

• 311 - Events
• 311 - Births
• 311 - Deaths

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The consort clan (外戚 Pinyin: wàiqī) is the family, clan or a group related to a spouse or an empress dowager of the Chinese dynastic ruler or a warlord. The leading figure of the clan was either a sibling, cousin, or parent of the consort or concubine. Consort clan - Famous leading figures. Consort clan - Han Dynasty. Wang Mang - nephew of Empress Dowager Wang, cousin of Emperor Cheng of Han China and founder of the Xin Dynasty. Dou Xian - brother of ...

Including:

• Consort clan - Famous leading figures
• Consort clan - Han Dynasty
• Consort clan - Three Kingdoms
• Consort clan - Jin Dynasty 265-420
• Consort clan - Tang Dynasty

Read more here: » Consort clan: Encyclopedia - Consort clan

318 - Events. Gregory the Illuminator appoints his son Aristax as successor in the Patriarchate of Armenia. The Former Zhao state is proclaimed. 318 - Births. 318 - Deaths. Jin Mindi, former Chinese emperor of the Jin Dynasty (265-420), is murdered. Category: 318 ...

Including:

• 318 - Events
• 318 - Births
• 318 - Deaths

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The bitter and unstable relationship between the Han court and various nomadic groups lasted from the start of 2nd century to early 160s until the appearance of Tán Shí Huái (檀石槐 b. 120s - d. 181), an illegitimate son of a low ranked military officer of Xianbei mercenaries deployed against the Southern Xiongnu. Despite his low social status among Xianbei herdsmen, he managed to unify all the Xianbei ...

See also:

Wu Hu, Wu Hu - Past and Present Definitions, Wu Hu - Origins of the various definitions, Wu Hu - Wu Hu after the fall of Northern Xiongnu, Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai, Wu Hu - Wu Hu in the period of Three Kingdoms, Wu Hu - Crisis of the Jin Dynasty, Wu Hu - Outbreak: Rebellion of the Eight Kings

Read more here: » Wu Hu: Encyclopedia II - Wu Hu - Xianbei confederacy of Tan Shi Huai

In 344, another nephew of Sima Yu, Emperor Kang (Emperor Cheng's younger brother), died, and was succeeded by his infant son Emperor Mu. Emperor Mu's mother Empress Dowager Chu became regent, but she largely followed the advice of prime minister He Chong (何充). As it was customary, at this point of Jin history, for there to be two prime ministers, He Chong recommended Empress Dowager Chu's father Chu Pou (褚裒), who declined and recommended Sima Yu instead. He Chong and Sima Yu thus shared the prime minister responsibilities unti ...

See also:

Emperor Jianwen of Jin, Emperor Jianwen of Jin - Early life, Emperor Jianwen of Jin - During Emperor Mu's reign, Emperor Jianwen of Jin - During Emperor Ai's reign, Emperor Jianwen of Jin - During Emperor Fei's reign, Emperor Jianwen of Jin - Reign, Emperor Jianwen of Jin - Era name, Emperor Jianwen of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Jianwen of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Jianwen of Jin - During Emperor Mu's reign

Sima Yue was born in 322 as the second son of Emperor Ming, by his wife Empress Yu Wenjun. After his father died in 325 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Cheng, Sima Yue was created the Prince of Wu in 326. In 327, because his uncle Sima Yu the Prince of Langye wanted to yield that more honorific title, Sima Yu was created the Prince of Kuaiji and Sima Yue was created the Prince of Langye. It is not known where Sima Yue was during the Su Jun Disturbance of 326-328 -- whether he was captured and held hostage like his emperor brother, a ...

See also:

Emperor Kang of Jin, Emperor Kang of Jin - Prior to reign, Emperor Kang of Jin - Reign, Emperor Kang of Jin - Era name, Emperor Kang of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Kang of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Kang of Jin - Prior to reign

In spring 313, the captured Emperor Huai was executed by the Han Zhao emperor Liu Cong. The news, however, took three months to get to Chang'an. Once it did, Crown Prince Ye held an official mourning for his uncle and then ascended the throne as Emperor Min. At that time, the city of Chang'an was so poor that it had less than a hundred households, and there were only four wagons available. The officials lacked official uniforms and seals. The military matters were largely entrusted to the generals Qu Yun (麴允) and Suo Lin (索綝). Empero ...

See also:

Emperor Min of Jin, Emperor Min of Jin - Prior to becoming emperor, Emperor Min of Jin - Reign, Emperor Min of Jin - After capture by Han Zhao, Emperor Min of Jin - Era name, Emperor Min of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Min of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Min of Jin - Reign

Sima Rui was born in 276 in the then-Jin capital Luoyang, as the son of Sima Jin (司馬覲) the Prince of Langye and his wife Princess Xiahou Wenji (夏侯文姬). (The Wei Shu claimed that he was not Prince Jin's biological son but the product of an affair that Princess Xiahou had, but provided no real evidence, and the claim should be considered suspect.) His father died in 290, and he became the Prince of Langye. He was ...

See also:

Emperor Yuan of Jin, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early career, Emperor Yuan of Jin - After the fall of Luoyang, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early reign, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Confrontation with Wang Dun, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Era names, Emperor Yuan of Jin - Personal information

Read more here: » Emperor Yuan of Jin: Encyclopedia II - Emperor Yuan of Jin - Early career