Jewish Encyclopedia

The unedited text of the original can be found on the Web at the website listed in the "External links" section of this article. The site offers both excellent JPEG facsimiles of the original articles and very precise Unicode transcriptions of all texts. The search capability is somewhat handicapped by the decision to maintain all diacritical marks in the transliterated Hebrew and Aramaic from the 1901–1906 text, which used a large number of diacriticals not in common use today. Thus, for example, to successfully search for "Halizah ...

See also:

Jewish Encyclopedia, Jewish Encyclopedia - Online version

Read more here: » Jewish Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia II - Jewish Encyclopedia - Online version

Isaiah (Hebrew ישׁעיהו Yeshayahu or Yəša‘ăyāhû) is a book of the Jewish Hebrew Bible as well as the Christian Old Testament, containing prophecies attributed to Isaiah. This book is often seen by scholars as being divided into at least two sections. The first section, consisting of chapters 1-39, is generally accepted as being written by the prophet Isaiah of Jerusalem, or by his followers who took down his words. The second section, chapters 40-66, is of more debatable origin, as will be described further b ...

Including:

• Book of Isaiah - Content
• Book of Isaiah - Historical setting for Isaiah
• Book of Isaiah - Themes
• Book of Isaiah - Scholarly issues
• Book of Isaiah - The Traditionalist View
• Book of Isaiah - Use in the New Testament
• Book of Isaiah - Principal passages
• Book of Isaiah - Additional passages
• Book of Isaiah - Online translations and commentaries on the Book of Isaiah
• Book of Isaiah - Bibliography
• Book of Isaiah - Popular culture references

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The Book of Jeremiah, or Jeremiah (יִרְמְיָהוּ Yirmiyahu in Hebrew), is a book that is part of the Hebrew Bible, Judaism's Tanakh, and later became a part of Christianity's Old Testament. It was originally written in a complex and poetic Hebrew recording the words and events surrounding the life of the Jewish prophet Jeremiah who lived at the time of the destruction of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem during the fall of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of Babylonia. Book of Jeremiah - Prophecies of ...

Including:

• Book of Jeremiah - Prophecies of Jeremiah
• Book of Jeremiah - Septuagint version
• Book of Jeremiah - Qumran version
• Book of Jeremiah - Online Translations and commentaries on the Book of Jeremiah

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Yom-Tov Lipmann ben Nathan ben Moses ha-Levi Heller (b. Wallerstein, Bavaria, 1579; d. Kraków, September 7, 1654) was a Bohemian rabbi and liturgical poet, best-known for writing a commentary on the Mishnah called the Tosefot Yom-Tov (1614-7). Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller - Education. Heller was brought up by his grandfather, Moses Heller, chief rabbi of the German communities. He was sent to Friedburg, where he studied under Jacob Günzburg. Thence he was invited to Prague by a rich merchant, Aaron Ashke ...

Including:

• Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller - Education
• Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller - Chief Rabbi of Prague
• Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller - Imprisonment
• Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller - Rabbi at Kraków
• Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller - Knowledge and Works
• Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller - Article References

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In Exodus 31:1-6, Bezalel is the chief architect of the Tabernacle. Elsewhere in the Bible the name occurs only in the genealogical lists of the Book of Chronicles, but according to cuneiform inscriptions a variant form of the same, "Ẓil-BêI," was borne by a king of Gaza who was a contemporary of Hezekiah and Manasseh. Apparently it means "in the shadow [protection] of El." Bezalel is described in the genealogical lists as the son of Uri (Exodus 31:1), the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah (I Chronicles 2:18, 19, 20, 50). He was sa ...

Including:

• Bezalel - In Rabbinical Literature

Read more here: » Bezalel: Encyclopedia - Bezalel

Edom (אֱדוֹם, Standard Hebrew Edom, Tiberian Hebrew ʾĔḏôm, Assyrian Udumi, Syriac ܐܕܘܡ), a Hebrew word meaning "red", is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible, as well as to the nation that purportedly traced their ancestry to him. Edom - Esau as Edom. The Book of Genesis mentions "red" a number of times when describing Esau, and has been alternate name in describing him: "The first one [Esau] came out reddish (admoni in ...

Including:

• Edom - Esau as Edom
• Edom - The Edomites
• Edom - In the Bible
• Edom - Economy
• Edom - Post-Biblical Times
• Edom - Edomite religion
• Edom - Identification with Rome
• Edom - Controversy
• Edom - Resources

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The Bevis Marks Synagogue, or Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue is the oldest Jewish house of worship in London; established by the Sephardic Jews in 1698, when Rabbi David Nieto took spiritual charge of the congregation. At that time the worshipers met in a small synagogue in Creechurch Lane; but the considerable influx of Jews made it necessary to obtain other and commodious quarters. Accordingly a committee was appointed, consisting of Antonio Gomes Serra, Menasseh Mendes, Alfonso Rodrigues, Manuel Nunez Miranda, Andrea Lopez ...

Including:

• Bevis Marks Synagogue - Bibliography

Read more here: » Bevis Marks Synagogue: Encyclopedia - Bevis Marks Synagogue

Chedorlaomer - In the Torah. Chedorlaomer is the name given to a king of Elam (Genesis xiv. 1), who made conquests as far west as Canaan and exercised supremacy over its southeastern part. After paying tribute to him for twelve years, the five local kings, or princes (King Shinab of Admah, the unnamed king of Bala-Zoar, King Birsha of Gomorrah, Bera king of Sodom, and King Shemeber of Zeboyim), rebelled in the thirteenth year, and in the fourteenth were assailed and reduced by Chedorlaomer, assisted by Amr ...

Including:

• Chedorlaomer - In the Torah
• Chedorlaomer - Critical View
• Chedorlaomer - Bibliography

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The Boethusians were a Jewish sect closely related to, if not a development of, the Sadducees. Boethusians - Origin of name. The origin of this schism is recounted as follows by the Midrash: Antigonus of Soko having taught the maxim, "Be not like the servants who serve their masters for the sake of the wages, but be rather like those who serve without thought of receiving wages," his two pupils, Zadok and Boethus, repeated this maxim to their pupils. In the course of time they were understood to exp ...

Including:

• Boethusians - Origin of name
• Boethusians - A High-Priestly family
• Boethusians - Bibliography

Read more here: » Boethusians: Encyclopedia - Boethusians

The book of 4 Maccabees is a homily or philosophic discourse praising the supremacy of pious reason over the passions. While once accepted as a deuterocanonical book by the Orthodox, it is increasingly relegated to an appendix of apocryphal works, due to its use of pagan thought. 4 Maccabees - Synopsis. The work consists of a prologue and two main sections. The first advances the philosophical thesis, while the second illustrates the points made using examples drawn from 2 Maccabees (principally, the martyr ...

Including:

• 4 Maccabees - Synopsis
• 4 Maccabees - Authorship and criticism
• 4 Maccabees - Doctrinal content

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David Reubeni (1490–1535/1541?) was a Jewish false messiah, described by the Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia as "half-mystic, half-adventurer." Reubeni claimed to be was born around 1490 in Khaibar in central Arabia. He left Khaibar on December 8, 1522, and went to Nubia in Egypt, where he claimed to be a descendant of Muhammad; to the Jews he spoke of large Jewish kingdoms in the east, possibly referring to the so-called "Jewish realm" at Cochin, which had just attracte ...

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Ge-Hinnom is the name of the valley to the south and south-west of Jerusalem (Josh. 15:8, 18:16; Neh. 11:30; II Kings 23:10; II Chronicles|II Chron. 33:6; Jer. 7:31 ff., 19:2, 32:35). Its Arabic name is Wadi al-Rababah. The southwestern gate of the city, overlooking the valley, came to be known as "The Gate of the Valley". The valley was notorious for the worship of Moloch conducted there (comp. Jer. 2:23). According to Jer. 7:31 ff., 19:6 ff., it was to be turned into a place of burial; hence "the accursed valley Ge-hinnom" (" ...

Including:

• Ge-Hinnom - Reference

Read more here: » Ge-Hinnom: Encyclopedia - Ge-Hinnom

Dathema or Diathema was the name of a fortress in Gilead to which the Jews fled when hard pressed by Timotheus of Ammon. There they shut themselves in, prepared for a siege, and sent to Judas Maccabeus for aid (I Maccabees v. 9-11). Dathema was one of many places in a similar plight, and seems, from the description of it, to have been strongly enough fortified to necessitate "an innumerable people bearing ladders and other engines of war" to take it. Judas attacked in three divisions, drove off Timotheus, killed eight thousand ...

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History of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth The Apostles Ecumenical councils Great Schism The Crusades Reformation The Trinity God the Father Christ the Son The Holy Spirit The Bible Old Testament New Testament Apocrypha The Gospels Ten Commandments Sermon on the Mount Christian theology Salvation · Grace Christian worship Christian Church Catholicism Orthodox Christianity Protestantism Christian denomination ...

Including:

• Council of Jerusalem - Interpreting James's decision
• Council of Jerusalem - Footnotes
• Council of Jerusalem - Outside links

Read more here: » Council of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia - Council of Jerusalem

Khmelnytskyi Uprising (also Chmielnicki Uprising or Chmielnicki Rebellion) is the name of a civil war in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1648–1654. It was waged between the forces loyal to the Commonwealth and Ukrainian Cossacks led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. In the end, the Commonwealth not only lost parts of its territory to the Russian Empire, but was weakened at the moment of invasion by Sweden: The Deluge. Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background. For centuries after the creation ...

Including:

• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Background
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Chmielnicki's role
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The uprising
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - Jews and the Uprising
• Khmelnytskyi Uprising - The aftermath

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The history of wiki websites specifically related to Christianity is much more recent than that of wikis in general. A wiki website is a site that allows users to add content, as on an internet forum, but also allows anyone to edit the content. In recent years, in response to some of these criticism, small numbers of Christian wiki websites have been setup. The first religious wiki was Why Clubbet although this has been called a failure by some. Currently the largest Christian wiki is WikiChristian which aims to be a major reference s ...

Including:

• Christian wikis - Bible Encyclopedias
• Christian wikis - BibleWiki
• Christian wikis - Wikible
• Christian wikis - Christianity and Christian Theology Encyclopedias
• Christian wikis - WikiChristian
• Christian wikis - Theopedia
• Christian wikis - Tulipedia
• Christian wikis - CARMPedia
• Christian wikis - Other
• Christian wikis - MormonWiki
• Christian wikis - Why Clublet
• Christian wikis - Compass
• Christian wikis - OrthodoxWiki
• Christian wikis - AnglicanWiki
• Christian wikis - CreationWiki

Read more here: » Christian wikis: Encyclopedia - Christian wikis

Baal-hanan ben Achbor was a king of Edom mentioned in the Bible, in Genesis 36:31-43. He succeeded Saul of Rehoboth in the apparently elective kingship of the early Edomites. His name, which means "Baal is gracious", may indicate that the cult of the Baalim existed in Edom. He is called the son of Achbor; but the name of his native city is not given. For this and other reasons, Marquart ("Fundamente Israelitischer und Jüdischer Gesch." 1896, pp. 10 et seq.) supposes that "son of Achbor" is a duplicate of "son of Beor" (Gen. xxxvi. 32), and that "Baal-hanan" in the original text ...

Read more here: » Baal-hanan ben Achbor: Encyclopedia - Baal-hanan ben Achbor

Yemenite Jews (תֵּימָנִי, Standard Hebrew Temani, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānî; plural תֵּימָנִים, Standard Hebrew Temanim, Tiberian Hebrew Têmānîm) are those Jews who live, or whose recent ancestors lived, in Yemen (תֵּימָן "far south", Standard Hebrew Teman, Tiberian Hebrew Têmān), on the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. They are sometimes considered to be Mizrahi. Yemenite Jews - History of the community. Loc ...

Including:

• Yemenite Jews - History of the community
• Yemenite Jews - Religious Traditions
• Yemenite Jews - Yemenite Jews and Maimonides
• Yemenite Jews - Religious Groups
• Yemenite Jews - Form of Hebrew
• Yemenite Jews - Writings
• Yemenite Jews - Operation Magic Carpet
• Yemenite Jews - External link

Read more here: » Yemenite Jews: Encyclopedia - Yemenite Jews

Yibbum (pronounced "yee-boom") or Levirate marriage, in Judaism, is commonly translated as "levirate" marriage, one of the most complex types of marital unions mandated by Torah law, and which is not presently practiced in its full application. From the Torah, Judaism teaches that a "Yabham in Hebrew, [is] a specific term denoting a childless man's brother, who has an obligation to marry his dead brother's wife" [1]. The most famous case of a Levirate type marriage in the Hebrew Bible is the unusual union of the Hebrew patriarch Judah and his daughter in law Tamar as re ...

Including:

• Yibbum - As taken from the 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia

Read more here: » Yibbum: Encyclopedia - Yibbum

Abraham (Avraham) Firkovitch (1786-1874) was a Lithuanian Karaite of Crimean Karaite (Karaim) descent, born in Lutsk, Volhynia. Firkovitch was a communal leader and hakham. He is best known as a collector of manuscripts and amateur archeologist. In 1818 he was hazzan of his native city, an office which among both Karaites and Rabbinites includes that of cantor, reader, teacher, and minister. In 1828 he lived in Berdichev, and had controversies with some Rabbinite Jews, the result being his anti-rabbinical work "Masah u-M ...

Including:

• Abraham Firkovitch - Sources

Read more here: » Abraham Firkovitch: Encyclopedia - Abraham Firkovitch