While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extremely similar to the Canaanite languages spoken by their neighbors, such as Phoenician; indeed, Moabite and Hebrew are often considered to be two dialects of the same language. Hebrew strongly resembles Aramaic and to a lesser extent South-Central Arabic, sharing many linguistic features with them. ...

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Hebrew language, Hebrew language - History, Hebrew language - Early history, Hebrew language - Later history, Hebrew language - Revival, Hebrew language - Modern Hebrew, Hebrew language - Hebrew language in the USSR, Hebrew language - Dialects, Hebrew language - Languages strongly influenced by Hebrew, Hebrew language - Sounds, Hebrew language - Vowels, Hebrew language - Consonants, Hebrew language - Historical sound changes, Hebrew language - Grammar, Hebrew language - Writing system, Hebrew language - Romanization, Hebrew language - Notes, Hebrew language - Bibliography

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History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pogroms"[6] on a gramophone disc. Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of anti-Semitism in Marxist terms. According to Lenin, anti-Semitism was an "attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews." Linking anti-Semitism to class struggle, ...

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History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

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Over the past two centuries the Jewish community has divided into a number of Jewish denominations; each has a different understanding of what principles of belief a Jew should hold, and how one should live as a Jew. To some degree, these doctrinal differences have created schisms between the Jewish denominations. Nonetheless, there is some level of Jewish unity. For example, it would not be unusual for a Conservative Jew to attend either an Orthodox or Reform synagogue, for example. The article on Relationships between Jewish religious move ...

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Judaism, Judaism - Introduction, Judaism - Monotheism, Judaism - Practical worship and the laws, Judaism - Traditional view of the development of Judaism, Judaism - Critical historical view of the development of Judaism, Judaism - Religious doctrine and Principles of Faith, Judaism - The traditional Jewish bookshelf, Judaism - Jewish Law and interpretation, Judaism - What makes a person Jewish?, Judaism - Jewish philosophy, Judaism - Jewish denominations, Judaism - Jewish denominations in Israel, Judaism - Karaism, Judaism - Jewish prayer and practice, Judaism - Prayers, Judaism - Jewish holidays, Judaism - Torah readings, Judaism - Synagogues and Jewish buildings, Judaism - Dietary laws: Kashrut, Judaism - Family purity, Judaism - Life-cycle events, Judaism - Community leadership, Judaism - Classical priesthood, Judaism - Prayer leaders, Judaism - Specialized religious roles, Judaism - Jewish religious history, Judaism - Ancient Jewish religious history, Judaism - Historical Jewish groupings to 1700, Judaism - Persecutions, Judaism - Hasidism, Judaism - The Enlightenment and Reform Judaism, Judaism - The Holocaust, Judaism - The present situation, Judaism - Judaism and other religions, Judaism - Christianity and Judaism, Judaism - Islam and Judaism, Judaism - Jews and Judaism, Judaism - Jewish law and religion, Judaism - Comparative

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Zionism and racism - The demographic change. Despite the history of violence against the Jews, there is no evidence of any interruption in the Jewish presence in the Land of Israel for more than three millennia. In addition to traditional religious Jewish communities known as the old yishuv, the second half of the 19th century saw a new kind of Jewish immigrant, the generally left-wing socialist who aimed to reclaim their land by working on it. Mikveh Israel was founded in 1870 by Alliance Israelite Univer ...

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Zionism and racism, Zionism and racism - History, Zionism and racism - The demographic change, Zionism and racism - Zionism and Israel, Zionism and racism - Discrimination, Zionism and racism - Viewed as anti-Semitism, Zionism and racism - Soviet influence, Zionism and racism - UN Resolution 3379

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Zionist youth movements, both in Israel and the diaspora, continue to play a large role in community organisation, Jewish education, welfare, politics and activism. While upholding and adjusting their individual movement ideologies, diaspora movements commonly idealise Jewish continuity and identity in opposition to cultural assimilation, and Zionism in the way of an active community involvement while living in Israel (termed by some as aliyah nimshechet or continuing ascent), with importance placed upon leadership skills and personal development. In some countries, resistance in respo ...

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Zionist youth movement, Zionist youth movement - History, Zionist youth movement - Modern movements, Zionist youth movement - Preparation Hachshara, Zionist youth movement - Fulfillment Hagshama, Zionist youth movement - Service Year Shnat Sherut, Zionist youth movement - Educational methods, Zionist youth movement - List of modern movements, Zionist youth movement - International movements, Zionist youth movement - Israel, Zionist youth movement - Australia, Zionist youth movement - Europe, Zionist youth movement - North America, Zionist youth movement - South America, Zionist youth movement - List of historical movements

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Three separate occasions are mentioned (Jeremiah 52:28-30). The first was in the time of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE, when the temple of Jerusalem was partially despoiled, and a number of the leading citizens were removed. After eleven years (in the reign of Zedekiah) a fresh rising of the Judaeans occurred; the city was razed to the ground, and a further deportation ensued. Finally, five years later, Jeremiah records a third captivity. After the overthrow of Babylonia by the Persians, Cyrus gave the Jews permission to return to their native land ...

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Babylonian captivity, Babylonian captivity - Historical account, Babylonian captivity - Impact upon the Jewish philosophy of the time, Babylonian captivity - Impact upon Jewish history, Babylonian captivity - Other usages of the term, Babylonian captivity - Other Resources

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Fugu Plan - Before World War II. The plan was originally the idea of a small group of Japanese government and military officials, who saw a need for a population to be established in Manchukuo (otherwise known as Manchuria), who could help build Japan's industry and infrastructure there. The primary members of this group included Captain Inuzuka Koreshige (犬塚 惟重) and Colonel Yasue Norihiro (安江 仙弘) who came to be known as the "Jewish experts," along with industrialist Aikawa Yoshisuke (鮎川 義介) and a number of officials in the Kwantung ...

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Fugu Plan, Fugu Plan - The Plan, Fugu Plan - History, Fugu Plan - Before World War II, Fugu Plan - During World War II, Fugu Plan - Importance

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There are quite a number of peoples today who cling to the ancient tradition that they are descended from the Jewish Lost Tribes: the tribesmen of Afghanistan, the Mohammedan Berbers of West Africa, and the six million Christian Igbo people of Nigeria. Unquestionably, they all practice certain ancient Hebraic customs and beliefs, which lends some credibility to their fantastic-sounding claims. (cited on p. 217, Pictorial History of t ...

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Ten Lost Tribes, Ten Lost Tribes - The Tribes in history, Ten Lost Tribes - Background to the controversy, Ten Lost Tribes - Varied claims, Ten Lost Tribes - David Horowitz, Ten Lost Tribes - Nathan Ausubel, Ten Lost Tribes - British Israelism, Ten Lost Tribes - Later-day Saints movement, Ten Lost Tribes - Antisemitic interpretations, Ten Lost Tribes - Groups claiming descent from specific lost tribes

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Before the 1930s the majority of the world's Jews who were in a position to express an opinion could loosely be considered anti-Zionist, in the sense that they did not actively support the Zionist project for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine or elsewhere. Nevertheless, the use of the expression "anti-Zionism" to describe their attitudes needs to be heavily qualified. In the 19th and early 20th century, for example, Reform Jews of Germany used the word "Zionism" to refer to a political and social movement which encouraged th ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

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The Jews in China remained almost unknown to Chinese society until the beginning of the 20th century, although their presence had been attested in the country for over 700 years. European Jews residing in Shanghai in the early 20th century are reported to have conducted research in Kaifeng but with little success. Together with the growing interest in Western cultures among Chinese intellectuals during this time, the presence of the Jews, and Judaism, began to be realized by scholars in China. This subject had gradually developed into an independent field of research by the time ...

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Kaifeng Jews, Kaifeng Jews - History, Kaifeng Jews - Kaifeng Jews today

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There are quite a number of peoples today who cling to the ancient tradition that they are descended from the Jewish Lost Tribes: the tribesmen of Afghanistan, the Mohammedan Berbers of West Africa, and the six million Christian Igbo people of Nigeria. Unquestionably, they all practice certain ancient Hebraic customs and beliefs, which lends some credibility to their fantastic-sounding claims. (cited on p. 217, Pictorial History of t ...

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Ten Lost Tribes, Ten Lost Tribes - The Tribes in History, Ten Lost Tribes - Background to controversy, Ten Lost Tribes - Varied claims, Ten Lost Tribes - David Horowitz, Ten Lost Tribes - Nathan Ausubel, Ten Lost Tribes - British Israelism, Ten Lost Tribes - LDS and Some Others, Ten Lost Tribes - Antisemitic interpretations, Ten Lost Tribes - Groups claiming descent from specific lost tribes

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At the time when the Zionist settlement of Palestine began, most of the Arab world was under the control either of the Ottoman Empire or of one or other of the European colonial powers. There was thus no official voice for the Arab peoples. Towards the beginning of Zionist settlement in Palestine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a few Arabs were willing to consider alliance with the Zionist movement; for instance, Emir Faisal, the son of Sharif Hussein of Mecca, who helped lead the Arab nationalist revolt against th ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

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Soviet Union supported establishment of the state of Israel in 1947. At that time Bolshevik idea of World Revolution was abandoned by Joseph Stalin in favour of military and political expansion. Israel was seen as a pro-Communist state attacked Arab monarchies established by England. The situation changed when Israel failed to become a Soviet satellite, instead opting for Capitalism and religious freedoms, although with strong social programs, protected economy and communal farming. Soviet Anti-Zionism started during the last years of ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

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Among other world firsts, Bolsheviks should be credited with the world first massive Anti-Zionist act. Immediately after October Revolution Bolsheviks issued several “decrees” outlining their view on future Communist society: the Decree on Peace declaring immediate peace with Germany, the Decree on Power giving all authority to local and central Assemblies of Workers and Soldiers, and the Decree on Nationalities declaring all nationalities equal. They ware accompanied by specific instructions. The instruction to the Decree on Nationaliti ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

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In parallel with the rise of anti-Zionist sentiment in the west was increased hostility towards Israel at the international level. During the 1950s and 1960s Israel made great efforts to cultivate good relations with the newly independent states of Africa and Asia, and hostility to Israel was confined to the states of the Arab-Muslim world and the Communist bloc. But a combination of inter-related c ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

Read more here: » Anti-Zionism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism

Some commentators believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and attribute this to anti-Semitism. Some supporters of Zionism go so far as to say that all expressions of anti-Zionism qualify as anti-Semitism.[7] Critics of this view believe that associating anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism is intended to stifle debate, deflect attention from valid criticisms, and taint anyone opposed to Israeli actions and policies. Since the support and defense of Israel has become a central f ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

Read more here: » Anti-Zionism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism

Before the 1970s, serious criticism of Israel, let alone opposition to its existence, was almost unknown in the western countries, except to some extent in the Communist parties. Indeed there was an almost completely uncritical acceptance of Israel's projected image of itself as a nation of brave pioneers making the desert bloom. This was partly motivated by genuine admiration for the efforts of the pioneering Israelis, partly by a sense of guilt about the failure of the west to prevent the Holocaust or to take in the Jewish refugees of the ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

Read more here: » Anti-Zionism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism

Islamist narratives, originally more popular among the more conservative nations of Arabia itself but now fairly widespread, emphasize the idea of Palestine as Muslim land—land once ruled by Muslims and once having a Muslim majority—taken by a non-Muslim political power, and regard it as the duty of Muslims to retake this land. They also emphasize the suffering of the Palestinians, seeing it as Muslims' duty to aid them against what they consider to be their oppressors. In this narrative, the natural means of combating Zionism is cons ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

Read more here: » Anti-Zionism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism

The legend first appeared in a pamphlet of four leaves entitled "Kurtze Beschreibung und Erzählung von einem Juden mit Namen Ahasverus" ('short description and tale of a Jew with the name Ahasuerus'). This professes to have been printed at Leiden in 1602 by Christoff Crutzer, but no printer of that name has been discovered, and the real place and printer can not be ascertained. The legend spread quickly throughout Germany, no less than eight different editions appearing in 1602; altogether forty appeared in Germany before the end of ...

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Wandering Jew, Wandering Jew - Origin of the legend, Wandering Jew - Claims of sightings, Wandering Jew - The Wandering Jew in literature, Wandering Jew - The Wandering Jew in film, Wandering Jew - Related legends

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The various appearances claimed for him were at: Hamburg in 1547; Spain in 1575; Vienna, 1599; Lübeck, 1601; Prague, 1602; Lübeck, 1603; Bavaria, 1604; Ypres, 1623; Brussels, 1640; Leipsic, 1642; Paris, 1644; Skara (Sweden), 1652; Stamford, 1658; Astrakhan, 1672; Ząbkowice Śląskie, 1676; Munich, 1721; Altbach, 1766;

Anti-Zionism is often characterized by opposition to the existence of the State of Israel as a Jewish state. Opposition to the policies of the current Israeli government, or advocacy of an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza Strip, are not synonymous with anti-Zionism. While "anti-Zionism" is not defined in modern dictionaries, its use dates back to at least 1902, and it was regularly used in the 1920s and 1930s in relation to events in the British Mandate of Palestine, when some Arab ...

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Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism dictionary definitions, Anti-Zionism - Types of anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Jewish anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Arab anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Islamist anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Western anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Soviet anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - International anti-Zionism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Zionism - Anti-Zionism and Post-Zionism

Read more here: » Anti-Zionism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Zionism - Defining anti-Zionism

Main article: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 The Soviet Union began the "Zionism is racism" campaign in the United Nations in response to United States proposals for UN resolutions against bigotry, which criticised the Soviet Union. On November 10, 1975 the United Nations General Assembly adopted, by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions), Resolution 3379, which stated that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination." The resolution was revoked on 16 Decem ...

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Zionism and racism, Zionism and racism - History, Zionism and racism - The demographic change, Zionism and racism - Zionism and Israel, Zionism and racism - Discrimination, Zionism and racism - Viewed as anti-Semitism, Zionism and racism - Soviet influence, Zionism and racism - UN Resolution 3379

Read more here: » Zionism and racism: Encyclopedia II - Zionism and racism - UN Resolution 3379