Encyclopedia - Jewish Diaspora: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Diaspora - Pre-roman Diaspora
After the overthrow in 588 BC of the kingdom of Judah by the Chaldeans (see Babylonian captivity), and the deportation of a considerable ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shtetl: Encyclopedia Ii - Shtetl - Shtetls Listed By Present-day Country
Shtetl - Poland. Note: Towns formerly in the Austro-Hungarian province of Galicia are marked with "(G)". Będzin (Bendin) Belc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Return: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Return - Controversy
Critics claim that the Law of Return is part of a larger system of discrimination ("institutional apartheid"), whereby Israeli Jews are g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jew: Encyclopedia Ii - Jew - History Of The Jews
Jew - Jews and migrations. Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their origina...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - Varied Claims
There are quite a number of peoples today who cling to the ancient tradition that they are descended from the Jewish Lost Tribes: the tri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Babylonian Captivity: Encyclopedia - Babylonian Captivity
Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile, is the name generally given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cultural Region: Encyclopedia - Cultural Region
Cultural region is a term used mainly in the study of geography. Distinct cultures often do not limit their geographic coverage inside th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Migration: Encyclopedia - Human Migration
Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one locality to another, often over long distances or in large groups. Humans are kno...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synagogue: Encyclopedia - Synagogue
A synagogue (בית כנסת Beit knesset in Hebrew meaning a "house of assembly" or Shull in Yiddish) is a Jewish place of religious wor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia - Judaism
Judaism is the religion of the Jewish people. It is one of the first recorded monotheistic faiths and one of the oldest religious traditi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language
1United States Census 2000 PHC-T-37. Ability to Speak English by Language Spoken at Home: 2000. Table 1a. Hebrew is a Semitic language of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionism And Racism: Encyclopedia - Zionism And Racism
Zionism maintains that the Jewish people constitute a nation and are entitled to a national homeland. Its focus is on governing the Land ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jew: Encyclopedia - Jew
Jew - Usage note. Some uses of the term "Jew" are tainted by historic anti-Jewish bigotry. The correct adjectival form is "Jewish"; the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Calendar: Encyclopedia - Hebrew Calendar
The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: הלוח העברי) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. It determines the dates of t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wandering Jew: Encyclopedia - Wandering Jew
The Wandering Jew is a figure from Christian folklore. The legend relates that a Jewish shoemaker, taunting Jesus on the way to crucifixi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shtetl: Encyclopedia Ii - Shtetl - History
History of the oldest Eastern European shtetls began about a millennium ago and saw periods of relative tolerance and prosperity as well ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shtetl: Encyclopedia Ii - Shtetl - Fictional Shtetls
The most famous fictional shtetl is Chelm, the legendary town of fools. Kasrilevke, the setting of many of Sholom Aleichem's stories, and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaspora: Encyclopedia - Diaspora
The term diaspora (Ancient Greek διασπορά, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitalization) to refer to any pe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Return: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Return - Applicability
See also Who is a Jew Amongst those who are in favor of retaining the Law, controversy exists over its wording. The Law's definition of a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism
Anti-Zionism is a term used to describe several different political and religious points of view. Anti-Zionist positions have in common s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Law Of Return: Encyclopedia Ii - Law Of Return - The Law
The Law of Return and the Law on Citizenship were enacted by the Knesset, Israel's Parliament in the summer of 1950 (on the Jewish calend...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jew: Encyclopedia Ii - Jew - History Of The Jews
Jew - Jews and migrations. Throughout Jewish history, Jews have repeatedly been directly or indirectly expelled from both their origina...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Migration - Overview Of Historical Migrations
Human migration has taken place at all times and in the greatest variety of circumstances. It has been tribal, national, class and indivi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wandering Jew: Encyclopedia Ii - Wandering Jew - The Wandering Jew In Literature
The figure of the doomed sinner, forced to wander without the hope of rest in death till the millennium, impressed itself upon the popula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - History
While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extrem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Secular Jewish Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Secular Jewish Culture - Literary And Artistic Culture
In some places where there have been relatively high concentrations of Jews, distinct secular Jewish subcultures have arisen. For example...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Calendar - History
Hebrew calendar - Biblical period. Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since Biblical times, but originally referred to the month...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian Jews - History
Persian Jews have lived in the territories of today's Iran for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when Shalmaneser conquer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - After The October Revolution 1917-1991
History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Creationism: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Creationism - Renaissance To Darwin
The Renaissance starting in the 14th century saw the establishment of protoscience that eventually would lead to the development of moder...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Jewish Anti-zionism
Before the 1930s the majority of the world's Jews who were in a position to express an opinion could loosely be considered anti-Zionist, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Migration - Overview Of Historical Migrations
Human migration has taken place at all times and in the greatest variety of circumstances. It has been tribal, national, class and indivi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish History: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish History - Jewish History By Country Or Region
The experience of the Jews varied from country to country and from time to time. Extensive main articles exist about many areas of Jewish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish Leadership: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish Leadership - Historic Leadership
Jewish leadership - Biblical leadership Before 70 CE. See related List of Jewish Biblical figures. During the era of the Tanakh, lead...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Diaspora: Encyclopedia Ii - Diaspora - List Of Notable Diasporas
The above list is not comprehensive or definitive. Only a few have been given much historical attention. There is much talk currently (af...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Religion In Israel: Encyclopedia Ii - Religion In Israel - Judaism In Israel
Most citizens in the State of Israel are Jewish, and most Israeli Jews practice Judaism in some form. While Judaism has always affirmed a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Palestine: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Palestine - Prehistoric Times
The Mousterian Neanderthals were the earliest inhabitants of the area known to archaeologists, and have been dated to c. 200,000 BCE. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synagogue: Encyclopedia Ii - Synagogue - Design
The architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. Other local religious buildings and national culture usually in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Natan Sharansky: Encyclopedia Ii - Natan Sharansky - Biography
Born Anatoly Borisovitch Sharansky (Анатолий Борисович Щаранский) in Donetsk, Ukraine to a Jewish family, he gr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gruzim: Encyclopedia Ii - Gruzim - Population
The Gruzim have traditionally lived separately, not only from the surrounding Georgian people, but even from the Ashkenazi community in T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mountain Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Mountain Jews - Self-designation
They call themselves "Juhuro", which simply means "Jews" - any Jews, for example "Juhur Eshgenezini" - Ashkenazic Jew, while "Juhur imuni...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - History
While the term "Hebrew" as a nationality is customarily used to refer to the ancient Israelites, the classical Hebrew language was extrem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - After The October Revolution 1917-1991
History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pog...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Jewish Denominations
Over the past two centuries the Jewish community has divided into a number of Jewish denominations; each has a different understanding of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionism And Racism: Encyclopedia Ii - Zionism And Racism - History
Zionism and racism - The demographic change. Despite the history of violence against the Jews, there is no evidence of any interruption...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionist Youth Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Zionist Youth Movement - Modern Movements
Zionist youth movements, both in Israel and the diaspora, continue to play a large role in community organisation, Jewish education, welf...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Babylonian Captivity: Encyclopedia Ii - Babylonian Captivity - Historical Account
Three separate occasions are mentioned (Jeremiah 52:28-30). The first was in the time of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE, when the temple of Jerusa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fugu Plan: Encyclopedia Ii - Fugu Plan - History
Fugu Plan - Before World War II. The plan was originally the idea of a small group of Japanese government and military officials, who s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - Varied Claims
There are quite a number of peoples today who cling to the ancient tradition that they are descended from the Jewish Lost Tribes: the tri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Jewish Anti-zionism
Before the 1930s the majority of the world's Jews who were in a position to express an opinion could loosely be considered anti-Zionist, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kaifeng Jews: Encyclopedia Ii - Kaifeng Jews - Kaifeng Jews Today
The Jews in China remained almost unknown to Chinese society until the beginning of the 20th century, although their presence had been at...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - Varied Claims
There are quite a number of peoples today who cling to the ancient tradition that they are descended from the Jewish Lost Tribes: the tri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Arab Anti-zionism
At the time when the Zionist settlement of Palestine began, most of the Arab world was under the control either of the Ottoman Empire or ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Soviet Anti-zionism
Soviet Union supported establishment of the state of Israel in 1947. At that time Bolshevik idea of World Revolution was abandoned by Jos...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Socialist Bolshevik Anti-zionism
Among other world firsts, Bolsheviks should be credited with the world first massive Anti-Zionist act. Immediately after October Revoluti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - International Anti-zionism
In parallel with the rise of anti-Zionist sentiment in the west was increased hostility towards Israel at the international level. During...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Anti-zionism And Anti-semitism
Some commentators believe that criticisms of Israel and Zionism are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and attribute th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Western Anti-zionism
Before the 1970s, serious criticism of Israel, let alone opposition to its existence, was almost unknown in the western countries, except...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Islamist Anti-zionism
Islamist narratives, originally more popular among the more conservative nations of Arabia itself but now fairly widespread, emphasize th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wandering Jew: Encyclopedia Ii - Wandering Jew - Origin Of The Legend
The legend first appeared in a pamphlet of four leaves entitled "Kurtze Beschreibung und Erzählung von einem Juden mit Namen Ahasverus" ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Wandering Jew: Encyclopedia Ii - Wandering Jew - Claims Of Sightings
The various appearances claimed for him were at: Hamburg in 1547; Spain in 1575; Vienna, 1599; Lübeck, 1601; Prague, 1602; Lübeck, 160...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Defining Anti-zionism
Anti-Zionism is often characterized by opposition to the existence of the State of Israel as a Jewish state. Opposition to the policies o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionism And Racism: Encyclopedia Ii - Zionism And Racism - Un Resolution 3379
Main article: United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 The Soviet Union began the "Zionism is racism" campaign in the United Natio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionism And Racism: Encyclopedia Ii - Zionism And Racism - Soviet Influence
Political Zionism was officially stamped out for the entire history of the Soviet Union as a form of bourgeois nationalism. As early as 1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synagogue: Encyclopedia Ii - Synagogue - History
Before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, communal prayers centered around the korbanot ("sacrificial offerings") brought by ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synagogue: Encyclopedia Ii - Synagogue - Function
Though prayers can be recited anywhere (except in nonhygienic or immodest environments), according to halakha Jews should—and men must�...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Anti-zionism Dictionary Definitions
In addition to a conventional definition of anti-Semitism ("hostility toward Jews as a religious or racial minority group, often accompan...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Defining Anti-zionism
Anti-Zionism is often characterized by opposition to the existence of the State of Israel as a Jewish state, for instance those who advoc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Natan Sharansky: Encyclopedia Ii - Natan Sharansky - Books
His book The Case For Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny and Terror, cowritten with Ron Dermer, was a "must reading" on ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Synagogue: Encyclopedia Ii - Synagogue - Famous Synagogues
During Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938, the Nazis in Germany and Austria destroyed or significantly damaged 1,574 synagogues, which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Anti-zionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Anti-zionism - Types Of Anti-zionism
Political Zionism has encountered opposition ever since it was first articulated in the 19th century. It is therefore possible to speak o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jew: Encyclopedia Ii - Jew - Historical Background
At least for three thousand years, the Jewish people have lived in the Land of Israel, where they developed a monotheistic religion and e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - Antisemitic Interpretations
There are various factions who have attempted to create totally different meanings to the term Lost Ten Tribes, often with antisemitic el...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - The Tribes In History
According to Gen 49, Jacob (whose name had been changed to Israel - Gen 32:28, 35:9) gathers his sons (12 of them - Gen 29: 31-35, 30:1-1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - Biblical Support Of The Ten Lost Tribes
ISAIAH Chapter 11 verse 11 "And it shall come to pass in that day, that the LORD shall set his hand A SECOND TIME to recover the remnant ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - Antisemitic Interpretations
There are various factions who have interpreted totally different meanings from the term Lost Ten Tribes, often with antisemitic elements...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ten Lost Tribes: Encyclopedia Ii - Ten Lost Tribes - The Tribes In History
According to Gen 49, Jacob (whose name had been changed to Israel - Gen 32:28, 35:9) gathers his sons (12 of them - Gen 29: 31-35, 30:1-1...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Judaism And Other Religions
Judaism - Christianity and Judaism. Main article: Judaism and Christianity See also: Judeo-Christian, Christianity and anti-Sem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Secular Jewish Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Secular Jewish Culture - Jewish Professions
Some professions have traditionally been considered particularly "Jewish," partially as a result of historical circumstances. These inclu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Traditional View Of The Development Of Judaism
The subject of the Hebrew Bible is an account of the Israelites' (also called Hebrews) relationship with God as reflected in their histor...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Judaism: Encyclopedia Ii - Judaism - Jewish Denominations
Over the past two centuries the Jewish community has divided into a number of Jewish denominations; each has a different understanding of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Early History
Tradition places Jews in southern Russia, Armenia, and Georgia since before the days of the First Temple, and records exist from the four...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917
Documentary evidence as to the presence of Jews in Muscovite Russia is first found in the chronicles of 1471. The relatively small popula...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionist Youth Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Zionist Youth Movement - History
Most Zionist youth movements were established in Eastern Europe in the early twentieth century, desiring the national revival of the Jewi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionist Youth Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Zionist Youth Movement - Educational Methods
Youth movements employ informal education methods to educate an ideology to their members. This is often achieved through regular meeting...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Zionist Youth Movement: Encyclopedia Ii - Zionist Youth Movement - List Of Modern Movements
Zionist youth movement - International movements. Betar: 1923–ongoing. Associated with Revisionist Zionist movement and Likud party....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Demographic Data
The official census data on Jewish population of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union.[15] The number of Jews has fallen from about 2.15 ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Assimilation Trends
In the Tsarist Russia, assimilation, russification and conversion to the state religion of Orthodox Christianity were official policies. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Jews And Bolshevism
Many members of the Bolshevik party were ethnically Jewish, especially in the leadership of the party, and the percentage of Jewish party...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - The Collapse Of The Soviet Union And Emigration To Israel
A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. As increasing number of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Jews In Russia And The Soviet Union - Jews In Russia Today
History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life. Since the dissolution of the USSR, democratization in the former USSR...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Secular Jewish Culture: Encyclopedia Ii - Secular Jewish Culture - Origins Of Secular Jewish Culture
For at least 2,000 years, there has not been a unity of Jewish culture. Jews were always geographically dispersed, so that by the 19th ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jew: Encyclopedia Ii - Jew - Population
Prior to World War II the world population of Jews was approximately 18 million. The Holocaust reduced this number to approximately 12 mi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Writing System
Modern Hebrew is written from right to left using the Hebrew alphabet. Modern scripts are based on the "square" letter form. A similar sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jewish History: Encyclopedia Ii - Jewish History - Jewish History By Country Or Region
The experience of the Jews varied from country to country and from time to time. Extensive main articles exist about many areas of Jewish...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Human Migration: Encyclopedia Ii - Human Migration - Indo-european Migrations
See Proto-Indo-Europeans. The Indo-European migration had variously been dated to the end of the Neolithic (Marija Gimbutas: Corded ware,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Grammar
See main article Hebrew grammar Hebrew grammar is mostly analytical, expressing such forms as dative, ablative, and accusative using prep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Sounds
Hebrew has two kinds of stress: on the last syllable (milra‘) and on the penultimate syllable (the one preceding the last, mil‘el). T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fugu Plan: Encyclopedia Ii - Fugu Plan - The Plan
At its core, the Fugu Plan was a scheme to convince thousands, if not tens of thousands, of Jews to settle in Manchuria (or possibly Japa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Dialects
According to Ethnologue, dialects of Hebrew include Standard Hebrew (General Israeli, Europeanized Hebrew), Oriental Hebrew (Arabized Heb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hebrew Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Hebrew Language - Languages Strongly Influenced By Hebrew
See main article Jewish languages Yiddish, Ladino, Karaim, and Judaeo-Arabic were all highly influenced by Hebrew. Although none are comp...   » Read the article