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Japanese grammar | A Wisdom Archive on Japanese grammar | | Japanese grammar A selection of articles related to Japanese grammar | |
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Japanese grammar
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Japanese grammar | | | |  Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese grammar - Ancillary words
Japanese grammar - Particles.
Particles in Japanese are postpositional—they immediately follow the modified component. A full listing of particles would be beyond the scope of this article, so only a few prominent particles are listed here. Keep in mind that the pronunciation and spelling differ for the particles wa (は), e (へ) and o (を): Wikipedia follows the Hepburn-style of romanizing them according to th ...
See also:Japanese grammar, Japanese grammar - Textual classifications, Japanese grammar - Nouns and other deictics, Japanese grammar - Pronouns, Japanese grammar - Reflexive pronouns, Japanese grammar - Demonstratives, Japanese grammar - Conjugable words, Japanese grammar - Stem forms, Japanese grammar - Verbs, Japanese grammar - Adjectives, Japanese grammar - The copula だ da, Japanese grammar - Euphonic changes 音便 onbin, Japanese grammar - Other independent words, Japanese grammar - Adverbs, Japanese grammar - Conjunctions and interjections, Japanese grammar - Ancillary words, Japanese grammar - Particles, Japanese grammar - Auxiliary verbs, Japanese grammar - Notes, Japanese grammar - Bibliography Read more here: » Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese grammar - Ancillary words |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Types of honorific Honorifics in Japanese are broadly referred to as keigo (敬語, literally "respectful language"), and fall under three main categories: sonkeigo (尊敬語; respectful language), kensongo (謙遜語) or kenjōgo (謙譲語), modest or humble language, and teineigo (丁寧語), polite language. Each type of speech has its own vocabulary and verb endings.
For example, the standard form of the verb to do is suru. This form is appropriate with family members and close friends. The polite ( ...
See also:Japanese honorifics, Japanese honorifics - Types of honorific, Japanese honorifics - Polite language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful language, Japanese honorifics - Humble language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful verbs, Japanese honorifics - Usage, Japanese honorifics - Business, Japanese honorifics - In groups and out groups, Japanese honorifics - Gender differences, Japanese honorifics - Grammatical overview, Japanese honorifics - Expressing politeness, Japanese honorifics - Expressing respect, Japanese honorifics - Combining respect and politeness, Japanese honorifics - Honorific titles, Japanese honorifics - Requests, Japanese honorifics - Honorific prefixes Read more here: » Japanese honorifics: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Types of honorific |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Usage
Japanese honorifics - Business.
Honorifics are considered extremely important in a business setting. Training in honorifics usually does not take place at school or university, so company trainees are trained in correct use of honorifics to customers and superiors.
Keigo is used when attendants speak to a customer (even in the supermarket and on trains), in formal business meetings, by women in jidaigeki (in all situations) and by educated people in general.
Japanese ...
See also:Japanese honorifics, Japanese honorifics - Types of honorific, Japanese honorifics - Polite language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful language, Japanese honorifics - Humble language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful verbs, Japanese honorifics - Usage, Japanese honorifics - Business, Japanese honorifics - In groups and out groups, Japanese honorifics - Gender differences, Japanese honorifics - Grammatical overview, Japanese honorifics - Expressing politeness, Japanese honorifics - Expressing respect, Japanese honorifics - Combining respect and politeness, Japanese honorifics - Honorific titles, Japanese honorifics - Requests, Japanese honorifics - Honorific prefixes Read more here: » Japanese honorifics: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Usage |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Grammatical overview Japanese has grammatical functions to express several different emotions. Not only politeness but also respectfulness, humility and formality can be expressed.
Japanese honorifics - Expressing politeness.
There are two levels of politeness, plain (常体 jōtai), distal or polite (敬体 keitai or 丁寧 teinei), and formal. Formal and polite can ...
See also:Japanese honorifics, Japanese honorifics - Types of honorific, Japanese honorifics - Polite language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful language, Japanese honorifics - Humble language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful verbs, Japanese honorifics - Usage, Japanese honorifics - Business, Japanese honorifics - In groups and out groups, Japanese honorifics - Gender differences, Japanese honorifics - Grammatical overview, Japanese honorifics - Expressing politeness, Japanese honorifics - Expressing respect, Japanese honorifics - Combining respect and politeness, Japanese honorifics - Honorific titles, Japanese honorifics - Requests, Japanese honorifics - Honorific prefixes Read more here: » Japanese honorifics: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Grammatical overview |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Requests Japanese requests and commands have many set forms depending on who is being addressed by whom. For example, the phrase yoroshiku o negai shimasu, meaning "I ask you for favour" can take various forms. At the bottom of the scale comes
yoroshiku tanomu,
which might be used between male friends. Its more polite variant
yoroshiku tanomimasu
might be used towards less familiar people or to superiors.
Going up in politeness, the phrase ...
See also:Japanese honorifics, Japanese honorifics - Types of honorific, Japanese honorifics - Polite language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful language, Japanese honorifics - Humble language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful verbs, Japanese honorifics - Usage, Japanese honorifics - Business, Japanese honorifics - In groups and out groups, Japanese honorifics - Gender differences, Japanese honorifics - Grammatical overview, Japanese honorifics - Expressing politeness, Japanese honorifics - Expressing respect, Japanese honorifics - Combining respect and politeness, Japanese honorifics - Honorific titles, Japanese honorifics - Requests, Japanese honorifics - Honorific prefixes Read more here: » Japanese honorifics: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Requests |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Honorific prefixes O- and go- are honorific prefixes which are applied to nouns and sometimes to verbs. In general, go- precedes Sino-Japanese words (that is, words borrowed from Chinese or made from Sino-Japanese elements), while o- precedes native Japanese words. There are exceptions, however, such as the Sino-Japanese word for telephone (denwa), which takes the honorific prefix o-.
Although these honorific prefixes are often translated into English as "honorable" ("o-denwa," for example, would be given as "th ...
See also:Japanese honorifics, Japanese honorifics - Types of honorific, Japanese honorifics - Polite language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful language, Japanese honorifics - Humble language, Japanese honorifics - Respectful verbs, Japanese honorifics - Usage, Japanese honorifics - Business, Japanese honorifics - In groups and out groups, Japanese honorifics - Gender differences, Japanese honorifics - Grammatical overview, Japanese honorifics - Expressing politeness, Japanese honorifics - Expressing respect, Japanese honorifics - Combining respect and politeness, Japanese honorifics - Honorific titles, Japanese honorifics - Requests, Japanese honorifics - Honorific prefixes Read more here: » Japanese honorifics: Encyclopedia II - Japanese honorifics - Honorific prefixes |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese language - Grammar
Japanese language - Sentence structure.
The basic Japanese word order is Subject Object Verb. Subject and object are usually marked by particles which come after the word.
The basic sentence structure is topic-comment. For example, Kochira wa Tanaka san desu. Kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by the particle wa. The verb is desu ("is"). As a phrase, Tanaka san desu is the comment. This sentence loosely translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mr./ ...
See also:Japanese language, Japanese language - Classification, Japanese language - Geographic distribution, Japanese language - Official status, Japanese language - Dialects, Japanese language - Sounds, Japanese language - Grammar, Japanese language - Sentence structure, Japanese language - Inflection and conjugation, Japanese language - Politeness, Japanese language - Vocabulary, Japanese language - Writing system, Japanese language - Learning Japanese, Japanese language - Bibliography Read more here: » Japanese language: Encyclopedia II - Japanese language - Grammar |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese counter word - Exceptions The traditional numbers are used by and for young children to give their ages, instead of using the age counter sai.
Some counters, notably nichi 日 and nin 人 use the traditional numerals for some low numbers; exceptional cases for these counters are given in the table below.
Counters beginning with h~ (including fu~) undergo (almost) regular changes in sound, when preceded by the numerals 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10. The table below illustrates the process for hon 本 but the same changes apply to ...
See also:Japanese counter word, Japanese counter word - Table of the traditional numerals, Japanese counter word - List of counters, Japanese counter word - Exceptions Read more here: » Japanese counter word: Encyclopedia II - Japanese counter word - Exceptions |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Kunrei-shiki - Usage Despite its official recognition, Kunrei-shiki has not gained widespread acceptance in or outside Japan. The government generally uses Hepburn for romanizing Japanese names and terms in English contexts, as well as some less language-specific contexts such as passports and road signs. Most countries, including all countries in the Anglosphere, continue to use Hepburn.
Because Kunrei-shiki is based on Japanese phonology, English speakers sometimes find it strange, particularly when dealing with some newer kana combinations such as See also:Kunrei-shiki, Kunrei-shiki - Legal status, Kunrei-shiki - Usage, Kunrei-shiki - Kunrei-shiki spellings of kana, Kunrei-shiki - External link Read more here: » Kunrei-shiki: Encyclopedia II - Kunrei-shiki - Usage |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Chinese grammar - Serial Verb Constructions Serial verb construction is a basic feature of Chinese grammar, in which two or more verbs are concatenated together. Also known as verb stacking, serial verb construction typically manifests itself in two ways: verbal complements, which appear after the main verb, and coverbs, which appear before the main verb. Such stacking is also present in the two other major languages of the Northeast Asia region, Korean and Japanese (Japanese grammar; Korean does not yet have an article on its Korean grammar).
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See also:Chinese grammar, Chinese grammar - Topic-prominence, Chinese grammar - Aspects, Chinese grammar - Mood, Chinese grammar - Serial Verb Constructions, Chinese grammar - Verbal Complements, Chinese grammar - Coverbs, Chinese grammar - Counters or measure words / unitary, Chinese grammar - Parts of speech Read more here: » Chinese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Chinese grammar - Serial Verb Constructions |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese verb conjugations - Te form The te form of a Japanese verb is used when the verb has some kind of connection to the following words. The conjugation of the te form is similar to the conjugation of the past tense.
Japanese verb conjugations - Usage.
In requests with kure and kudasai.
With the verbs
iru: It can mean "to be doing": matte iru: "I am waiting" or "to do": shitte iru: "I know". Collquially, in this form the "i" often disappears, so matte iru bec ...
See also:Japanese verb conjugations, Japanese verb conjugations - Causative, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Causative passive, Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional eba form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional ra form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - i form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Imperative, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Negative, Japanese verb conjugations - Potential, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Passive, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Te form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Past tense, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Volitional Read more here: » Japanese verb conjugations: Encyclopedia II - Japanese verb conjugations - Te form |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese particles - List of particles
Japanese particles - bakari.
Japanese particles - bakashi.
Bakashi is another form of bakari, written ばかし.
Japanese particles - dake.
Japanese particles - da no.
Japanese particles - darake.
Japanese particles - de.
Etymology: Case particle ni + conjunctive particle te (c.f. te form of Japanese verbs)
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See also:Japanese particles, Japanese particles - Orthography, Japanese particles - List of particles, Japanese particles - bakari, Japanese particles - bakashi, Japanese particles - dake, Japanese particles - da no, Japanese particles - darake, Japanese particles - de, Japanese particles - dokoro ka, Japanese particles - e, Japanese particles - ga, Japanese particles - hodo, Japanese particles - ka, Japanese particles - kai, Japanese particles - ka na, Japanese particles - kara, Japanese particles - ka shira, Japanese particles - kedo, Japanese particles - kiri, Japanese particles - koro/goro, Japanese particles - koso, Japanese particles - kurai/gurai, Japanese particles - made, Japanese particles - made ni, Japanese particles - me, Japanese particles - mo, Japanese particles - mono/mon, Japanese particles - mono-de, Japanese particles - mono-ka/mon-ka, Japanese particles - mononara, Japanese particles - mono-o, Japanese particles - na, Japanese particles - nado, Japanese particles - nanka/nante, Japanese particles - nara, Japanese particles - ne, Japanese particles - ni, Japanese particles - ni wa, Japanese particles - no, Japanese particles - no de, Japanese particles - nomi, Japanese particles - no ni, Japanese particles - o, Japanese particles - sa/sā, Japanese particles - sae, Japanese particles - shi, Japanese particles - shika, Japanese particles - sura, Japanese particles - to, Japanese particles - tte, Japanese particles - wa, Japanese particles - ya, Japanese particles - yara, Japanese particles - yo, Japanese particles - yori, Japanese particles - ze, Japanese particles - zo, Japanese particles - zutsu, Japanese particles - Contrast, Japanese particles - wa and ga, Japanese particles - ni and de, Japanese particles - ni and e, Japanese particles - no and ga, Japanese particles - ga and o, Japanese particles - ni and to, Japanese particles - ya and to, Japanese particles - Differences from English prepositions, Japanese particles - Noun- and verb-derived postpositional idioms, Japanese particles - Noun-derived postpositional idioms, Japanese particles - Verb-derived postpositional idioms Read more here: » Japanese particles: Encyclopedia II - Japanese particles - List of particles |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - List of Japan-related topics 123-K - A A City With No People, A Personal Matter, A.I. Love You, Aba, Okayama, Abashiri, Hokkaido, Abashiri subprefecture, ABCL/1, ABCL/R, ABCL/R2, Abe clan of Mikawa, Abe Hiroshi, Abe Iso, Abe Kobo, Abe Masakatsu, Abe no Hirafu, Abe no Seimei, Abe Nobuyuki, Abe Yutaka, Abe River, Abe Shintaro, Abenobashi Magical Shopping District, Abh, Abiko, Chiba, Abolition of the han system, Abu District, Yamaguchi, Abu, Yamaguchi, Abukuma River, Abura kiri
Acala, ActRaiser, Acura, AD Police, Adachi clan, Adachi Kagemori, Adachi Morinaga, Adachi, Tokyo, A ...
See also:List of Japan-related topics 123-K, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - 123, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - A, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - B, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - C, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - D, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - E, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - F, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - G, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - H, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - I, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - J, List of Japan-related topics 123-K - K Read more here: » List of Japan-related topics 123-K: Encyclopedia II - List of Japan-related topics 123-K - A |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional eba form The eba conditional form is characterized by the final u becoming eba for consonant stem verbs, and ru becoming reba for vowel stem verbs.
Na adjectives are usually used with the nara conditional, but they can be used with de areba.
The nakereba form used for the negative form can be colloquially contracted to nakya. Thus ikanakereba can become ikanakya.
Japanese verb conjugations - Usage.
The eba conditional form is used
in condition ...
See also:Japanese verb conjugations, Japanese verb conjugations - Causative, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Causative passive, Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional eba form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional ra form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - i form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Imperative, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Negative, Japanese verb conjugations - Potential, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Passive, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Te form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Past tense, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Volitional Read more here: » Japanese verb conjugations: Encyclopedia II - Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional eba form |
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| | | | Japanese grammar: Encyclopedia II - Japanese verb conjugations - Causative The causative forms are characterized by the final u becoming aseru for consonant stem verbs, and ru becoming saseru for vowel stem verbs.
Negatives are not normally made into causatives. Instead, a negative ending is added to the causative of the verb. Thus, for example, Tabesasenai: "Do not let eat".
Adjectives are made causative by using the adverb form plus saseru.
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See also:Japanese verb conjugations, Japanese verb conjugations - Causative, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Causative passive, Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional eba form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Conditional ra form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - i form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Imperative, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Negative, Japanese verb conjugations - Potential, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Passive, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Te form, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Past tense, Japanese verb conjugations - Usage, Japanese verb conjugations - Volitional Read more here: » Japanese verb conjugations: Encyclopedia II - Japanese verb conjugations - Causative |
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More material related to Japanese Grammar can be found here:
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