January Uprising

Several Zouave Regiments were organized from American soldiers who adopted the name and the North African inspired uniforms during the American Civil War. The Union army had Zouave regiments throughout the conflict, while the Confederates fielded only a handful of Zouave units. The most famous Union Zouave regiments were from New York: the 5th New York Volunteer Infantry, "Duryee's Zouaves", and the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry, 'Fire Zouaves.' The 11th New York was initially led by Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth until his death in 1861. The re ...

See also:

Zouave, Zouave - French Zouaves, Zouave - Papal Zouaves, Zouave - American Zouaves, Zouave - Zouave Influence, Zouave - External link

Read more here: » Zouave: Encyclopedia II - Zouave - American Zouaves

Polish złoty - Złoty in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The złoty is a traditional Polish currency unit dating back to the Middle Ages. Initially, in the 14th and 15th centuries the name was used for all kinds of foreign golden coins used in Poland, most notably German and Ruthenian ducats. In 1496 the Sejm approved the creation of a national currency and its value was set at 30 Prague grosc ...

See also:

Polish złoty, Polish złoty - Historical Currencies, Polish złoty - Złoty in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish złoty - Złoty in the Duchy of Warsaw, Polish złoty - Złoty in the Congress Kingdom 1815-1850, Polish złoty - Ruble and Marka 1850-1924, Polish złoty - Złoty 1924-1939, Polish złoty - Złoty of General Government 1939-1944, Polish złoty - Post-War Złoty 1944-1950, Polish złoty - Złoty PLZ 1950-1994, Polish złoty - New Złoty, Polish złoty - Future

Read more here: » Polish złoty: Encyclopedia II - Polish złoty - Historical Currencies

Uhlan - Origins. The name itself comes from Mongolian or Tartar words oglan or uhuan meaning brave warrior. Since the Tartar militarymen had settled in Poland and Lithuania in the late 14th century, The Poles had incorporated much of their military vocabulary and many of their traditions along with their strategy and tactics. This included the formation of light cavalry units. Initially composed mostly of Tartars and Lithuanians, the units first served as skirmishers during various battles of ...

See also:

Uhlan, Uhlan - History, Uhlan - Origins, Uhlan - 18th Century, Uhlan - 19th Century, Uhlan - World War I, Uhlan - Interwar, Uhlan - World War II

Read more here: » Uhlan: Encyclopedia II - Uhlan - History

Initially a Baltic settlement, it was also inhabitated by Slavs and, from at least the 11th century, by Jews. Some historians identify the city with Voruta, a forgotten capital of King Mindaugas. The city was first mentioned in written sources in 1323, after a wooden hillfort had been built by Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania. Vilnius was granted municipal rights by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Władysław II of Poland (Lithuanian: Jogaila; Polish: JagiełłoSee also:

Vilnius, Vilnius - History, Vilnius - Coat of arms of Vilnius city, Vilnius - Geographic and population, Vilnius - Tourism, Vilnius - Economy, Vilnius - Climate, Vilnius - Transport, Vilnius - Trivia, Vilnius - Famous Vilnians, Vilnius - Subdivisions

Read more here: » Vilnius: Encyclopedia II - Vilnius - History

Main article: Imperial Russia History of Russia - Peter the Great. Peter I, the Great (1672–1725), consolidated autocracy in Russia and played a major role in bringing his country into the European state system. From its modest beginnings in the 14th century principality of Moscow, Russia had become the largest state in the world by Peter's time. Three times the size of Europe, it spanned the Eurasian landmass from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Much of its expansion had taken place in the 1 ...

See also:

History of Russia, History of Russia - Early history, History of Russia - Early East Slavs, History of Russia - Khazaria, History of Russia - Kievan Rus', History of Russia - Volga Bulgaria, History of Russia - Mongol Invasion, History of Russia - Golden Horde, History of Russia - Muscovy, History of Russia - The rise of Moscow, History of Russia - Ivan III the Great, History of Russia - Ivan IV the Terrible, History of Russia - Time of Troubles, History of Russia - The Romanovs, History of Russia - Peasant uprisings, History of Russia - Imperial Russia, History of Russia - Peter the Great, History of Russia - Ruling the Empire 1725–1825, History of Russia - Imperial Russia since the Decembrist Revolt 1825–1917, History of Russia - Russian Revolution, History of Russia - Russian Civil War, History of Russia - Soviet Union, History of Russia - Creation of the Soviet Union, History of Russia - War communism and the New Economic Policy, History of Russia - Changes in Russian society, History of Russia - Industrialization and collectivization, History of Russia - The Soviet Union on the international stage, History of Russia - The Khrushchev and Brezhnev years, History of Russia - Impending breakup of the Union, History of Russia - The emergence of the Russian republic in the Soviet Union, History of Russia - Russian Federation, History of Russia - Notes, History of Russia - Related histories

Read more here: » History of Russia: Encyclopedia II - History of Russia - Imperial Russia

Warsaw University - 1816-1831. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential academic center in Kraków. The School of Law and the Medical School were first established in the Duchy of Warsaw. In 1816 Alexander I permitted the Polish authorities to create a university, composed of five faculties: Law and Administration, Medicine, Philosophy, Theology and Art and Humanities. Soon the university grew and the number of students reached 8 ...

See also:

Warsaw University, Warsaw University - History, Warsaw University - 1816-1831, Warsaw University - 1857-1869, Warsaw University - 1870-1915, Warsaw University - 1915-1918, Warsaw University - 1918-1939, Warsaw University - 1939-1944, Warsaw University - 1945-1956, Warsaw University - 1956-1989, Warsaw University - Campus, Warsaw University - Faculties, Warsaw University - Other units, Warsaw University - Institutions, Warsaw University - Notable alumni, Warsaw University - Notable professors

Read more here: » Warsaw University: Encyclopedia II - Warsaw University - History

Insofar as he may have had political convictions in his youth, Alexander seemed to possess the reactionary spirit predominant in Europe at the time of his birth, a trend which continued in Russia through to the end of his father's reign. In the period of thirty years during which he was heir apparent, the atmosphere of St. Petersburg was unfavourable to the development of any intellectual or political innovation. Government was based on principles under which all freedom of thought and all private initiative were, as far as possible, suppressed vigorously. Personal and official censorship was rife; criticism ...

See also:

Alexander II of Russia, Alexander II of Russia - Early life, Alexander II of Russia - Marriages and Children, Alexander II of Russia - Emperor, Alexander II of Russia - Emancipation of the serfs, Alexander II of Russia - Other reforms, Alexander II of Russia - Suppression of national movements, Alexander II of Russia - Assassination attempts, Alexander II of Russia - Assassination

Read more here: » Alexander II of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Alexander II of Russia - Early life

The town has existed since at least the 10th century. In the Middle Ages it was one of the most important castles defending Masovia against the attacks of Prussians and Lithuanians. According to a legend, the town initially was known as Tusk. After an earthquake destroyed half of the city it was renamed to Pułtusk (Pół- or puł- being a Polish prefix for a half). However, scientists assume that the town got its name afte ...

See also:

Pułtusk, Pułtusk - History, Pułtusk - Tourist attractions, Pułtusk - Education

Read more here: » Pułtusk: Encyclopedia II - Pułtusk - History

Antoni Patek was born in June 14th, 1811 (according to some sources 1812) in Piaski Luterskie near Lublin, Poland to Anna née Piasecka and Joachim Patek of Prawdzic Coat of Arms. [1] At the age of 10, Patek moved with his parents to Warsaw. Patek's father died on April 7, 1828 in Warsaw.[2] On March 1, 1828, 16 year old Patek joined the Polish 1st Mounted Rifles Regiment. He fought in November Uprising during which he was wounded twice. On February 27, 1831 for his heroic attitude Patek was promoted the second lieutenant of th ...

See also:

Antoni Patek, Antoni Patek - Early life, Antoni Patek - Patek Czapek & Co. 1839-1845, Antoni Patek - Patek & Co. 1845-1851, Antoni Patek - Patek Philippe & Co., Antoni Patek - Patek's political life

Read more here: » Antoni Patek: Encyclopedia II - Antoni Patek - Early life

The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided in 1281 by Boleslaus II, the Duke of Płock, a new similar settlement was lodged on the grounds of a small fishing village called Warszowa. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, in 1413 becoming the capital of Masovia. Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526. In 1529 Warsaw for t ...

See also:

Warsaw, Warsaw - Location, Warsaw - Climate, Warsaw - History, Warsaw - Famous people, Warsaw - Population, Warsaw - Historical population, Warsaw - Municipal government, Warsaw - Administrative division, Warsaw - The mayor the President of Warsaw, Warsaw - Municipal government, Warsaw - Politics, Warsaw - Transport, Warsaw - Roads and highways, Warsaw - Airports, Warsaw - Mass transit, Warsaw - Railway, Warsaw - Sports, Warsaw - Culture, Warsaw - Theatre, Warsaw - Music, Warsaw - Museums and art galleries, Warsaw - Film, Warsaw - Education, Warsaw - Economy, Warsaw - Business and commerce, Warsaw - Stock Exchange, Warsaw - Industry, Warsaw - Tourist attractions, Warsaw - Trivia

Read more here: » Warsaw: Encyclopedia II - Warsaw - History

The Citadel was built by personal order of Tsar Nicholas I after the 1830 November Uprising. Its chief architect, Major General Ivan Dehn, used the plan of a fortress in Antwerp as the basis for his own plan. The cornerstone was laid by Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich, de facto viceroy of Russian Poland. The fortress is a pentagon-shaped brick structure with high outer walls, enclosing an area of 36 hectares. Its construction required the demolition of 76 residential buildings and the for ...

See also:

Warsaw Citadel, Warsaw Citadel - History

Read more here: » Warsaw Citadel: Encyclopedia II - Warsaw Citadel - History

The ancient city of Halicz (Halych) first appears in history in 981 when taken over by Kievan Rus'. Volhynia's early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Halych and Volodymyr Volynskyi (Vladimir-Volynsky, Włodzimierz Wołyński). These two successor states of Kievan Rus' formed Halych-Volhynia between the 12th and the 14th centuries. After the disintegration of the Grand Duchy of Halych-Volodymyr (also called Galich-Vladimir Rus') circa 1340, Poland and Lithuania divided up the region between them, P ...

See also:

Volhynia, Volhynia - History

Read more here: » Volhynia: Encyclopedia II - Volhynia - History

Initially a Baltic settlement, it was also inhabitated by Slavs and, from at least the 11th century, by Jews. Some historians identify the city with Voruta, a forgotten capital of King Mindaugas. The city was first mentioned in written sources in 1323, after a wooden hillfort had been built by Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania. Vilnius was granted municipal rights by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Władysław II of Poland (Lithuanian: Jogaila; Polish: Jagiełło) ...

See also:

Vilnius, Vilnius - History, Vilnius - Coat of arms of Vilnius city, Vilnius - Geographics and population, Vilnius - Tourism, Vilnius - Economy, Vilnius - Climate, Vilnius - Transport, Vilnius - Trivia, Vilnius - Famous Vilnians, Vilnius - Subdivisions

Read more here: » Vilnius: Encyclopedia II - Vilnius - History

Initially a Baltic settlement, it was also inhabitated by Slavs and, from at least the 11th century, by Jews. Some historians identify the city with Voruta, a forgotten capital of King Mindaugas. The city was first mentioned in written sources in 1323, after a wooden hillfort had been built by Gediminas, Duke of Lithuania. Vilnius was granted municipal rights by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Władysław II of Poland (Lithuanian: Jogaila; Polish: Jagiełło) in 1387 ...

See also:

Vilnius, Vilnius - History, Vilnius - Coat of arms of Vilnius city, Vilnius - Geographics and population, Vilnius - Tourism, Vilnius - Economy, Vilnius - Climate, Vilnius - Transport, Vilnius - Trivia, Vilnius - Famous Vilnians, Vilnius - Subdivisions

Read more here: » Vilnius: Encyclopedia II - Vilnius - History

Flag of Russia Flag of Czech Republic Flag of Slovakia Flag of the Sorbs Flag of Slovenia Flag of Croatia Flag of Serbia and Montenegro Flag of Serbia Flag of Vojvodina Flag of Republika Srpska Flag of West Herzegovina Canton Flag of West Bosnia Canton Flag of the Ruthenians Flag of Crimea Flag of Khakassia Flag of Mordovia Flag of Mari El Flag of Perm ...

See also:

Pan-Slavic colours, Pan-Slavic colours - Modern flags with Pan-Slavic colours, Pan-Slavic colours - Former flags with Pan-Slavic colours, Pan-Slavic colours - Other Slavic flags

Read more here: » Pan-Slavic colours: Encyclopedia II - Pan-Slavic colours - Modern flags with Pan-Slavic colours

Virtuti Militari - Beginnings. Throughout its history, the Virtuti Militari has shared its country's fate, and has been abolished and reintroduced several times. The order was originally created on June 22, 1792, by King Stanisław August Poniatowski to commemorate the victorious Battle of Zieleńce. Initially, it comprised two classes: a golden medal for generals and officers, and a silver one for non-commissioned officers and ordinary soldiers. By August 1792, a statute for the decoration had been drafte ...

See also:

Virtuti Militari, Virtuti Militari - History, Virtuti Militari - Beginnings, Virtuti Militari - Duchy of Warsaw, Virtuti Militari - Congress Poland, Virtuti Militari - Republic of Poland, Virtuti Militari - World War II, Virtuti Militari - People's Republic of Poland, Virtuti Militari - Republic of Poland after 1989, Virtuti Militari - List of selected recipients

Read more here: » Virtuti Militari: Encyclopedia II - Virtuti Militari - History

History of Vilnius - Polish-Lithuanian conflict. During the World War I Wilna was occupied by Germany from 1915 until 1918. Still under German occupation, the German-supported Council of Lithuania proclaimed the act of Restoration of Independence of Lithuania in Vilnius on February 16, 1918. Germans however denied the Council the right to elect a State Council. Instead, the Council attempted to elect a German prince, Wilhelm von Urach of Württemberg for a Lithuanian king under the name of Mindaugas II. In ...

See also:

History of Vilnius, History of Vilnius - Middle ages, History of Vilnius - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Vilnius - Russian occupation, History of Vilnius - Interwar period, History of Vilnius - Polish-Lithuanian conflict, History of Vilnius - Poland, History of Vilnius - Second World War, History of Vilnius - Soviet occupation, History of Vilnius - Independent Lithuania

Read more here: » History of Vilnius: Encyclopedia II - History of Vilnius - Interwar period

The palace was designed by the architect Louis Le Vau, and built between 1640 and 1644. One of the finest examples of 17th century palace architecture in France, the palace was decorated by Charles Le Brun and Eustache Le Sueur. Both painters had worked on the internal decoration for almost 5 years. At the same time Louis Le Vau constructed a palace for himself right next to the Hôtel Lambert. He lived there between 1642 and 1650. It was the birthplace of all of his children and the deathplace of his mother. After the architect's dea ...

See also:

Hôtel Lambert, Hôtel Lambert - History

Read more here: » Hôtel Lambert: Encyclopedia II - Hôtel Lambert - History

Examples of successful guerrilla warfare: Algeria Angola Afghanistan portions of the American Revolution East Timor Indonesia Mozambique portions of the Wars of Scottish Independence; notably, actions led by Robert the Bruce Anglo-Irish War 1919-1921 Viet-Cong forces throughout the Vietnam War in the early 1960s. In many cases, guerrilla tactics allow a small force to hold off a much larger and better equipped enemy for a long time, as in the Second Chechen War and the Second Seminole War. Guerrilla ...

See also:

Guerrilla warfare, Guerrilla warfare - Etymology, Guerrilla warfare - Tactics, Guerrilla warfare - Examples, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrillas in Europe, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrillas in the American Revolutionary War, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrillas in the American Civil War, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrilla warfare during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrilla Warfare in the Chinese Civil War, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrillas in Palestine and Israel 1930s to present, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrillas in Latin America, Guerrilla warfare - South African War, Guerrilla warfare - Disputed Territory of Kashmir, Guerrilla warfare - Vietnam War, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrilla warfare in Kosovo Afghanistan and Kurdish Northern Iraq, Guerrilla warfare - Guerrilla in Iraq 2003-2006, Guerrilla warfare - Notes

Read more here: » Guerrilla warfare: Encyclopedia II - Guerrilla warfare - Examples

The area of Kielce has been inhabitated at least since 5th century BC. Until 6th or 7th century the banks of the Silnica were inhabitated by Kelts who most probably were the name-sake for the location. They were driven out by a Slavic tribe of Vistulans who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as Malopolska and present-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by Bohemia, however they soon came under the power of the Piast dynasty and became a part of Poland ...

See also:

Kielce, Kielce - History, Kielce - Tourists attractions, Kielce - Education, Kielce - Sports, Kielce - Politics, Kielce - Kielce constituency, Kielce - Famous people from Kielce

Read more here: » Kielce: Encyclopedia II - Kielce - History

Latgalian language developed since 18th century as a literary tradition based on vernaculars spoken by Latvians in the Eastern part of Latvia. The first surviving book published in Latgalian is "Evangelia toto anno" (Gospels for the whole year) in 1753. The first systems of orthography borrowed from Polish and used Antiqua letters. It was very different from the German-influenced orthography, usually written in Blackletter or Gothic script, used for Latvian language in the rest of Latvia. Many Latgalian books in late 18th and early 19 ...

See also:

Latgalian language, Latgalian language - History, Latgalian language - Classification, Latgalian language - Geographic distribution, Latgalian language - Official status, Latgalian language - Dialects

Read more here: » Latgalian language: Encyclopedia II - Latgalian language - History