January Uprising

The uprising broke out at a moment when general quiet prevailed in Europe and in Russia, and when the Revolutionary Party had not sufficient means to arm and equip the bands of young men who were hiding in forests to escape Alexander Wielopolski's order of conscription into the Russian army. Altogether about 10,000 men rallied around the revolutionary banner; they were recruited chiefly from the ranks of the city working classes and minor clerks, although there was also a considerable admixture of the younger sons of the poorer szl ...

See also:

January Uprising, January Uprising - History, January Uprising - Famous insurgents, January Uprising - Trivia

Read more here: » January Uprising: Encyclopedia II - January Uprising - History

After series of patriotic riots -russian regent of tsar Alexander II introduced martial law in Poland on 14 October 1861. The uprising broke out at a moment when general quiet prevailed in Europe and in Russia, and when the Revolutionary Party had not sufficient means to arm and equip the bands of young men who were hiding in forests to escape Alexander Wielopolski's order of conscription into the Russian army. Altogether about 10,000 men rallied around the revolutionary banner; they were recruited chiefly from the ranks of the city working ...

See also:

January Uprising, January Uprising - History, January Uprising - Famous insurgents, January Uprising - Trivia

Read more here: » January Uprising: Encyclopedia II - January Uprising - History

Vilnius (pronunciation ▶ (help·info), Belarusian: Вільня, Polish: Wilno, Russian: Вильнюс, formerly Вильно, German: Wilna; see also other alternative names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of over 540,000 in 2003. It is the capital of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. ...

Including:

• Vilnius - History
• Vilnius - Coat of arms of Vilnius city
• Vilnius - Geographic and population
• Vilnius - Tourism
• Vilnius - Economy
• Vilnius - Climate
• Vilnius - Transport
• Vilnius - Trivia
• Vilnius - Famous Vilnians
• Vilnius - Subdivisions

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The Congress Poland is an unofficial term for the Kingdom of Poland (1815-1831), a political entity that was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European powers reorganised Europe following the Napoleonic wars. It had an area of roughly 127 000 km² (compared with over 1 million km² of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and a population of approximately 2,600,000 (in 1814) (compared with approximately 10 million Commonwealth citizens). Congress Poland largely emerged as a result of the effor ...

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1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). Canada - Mexico - South Africa - U.S. Rail Transport - Science - Sports Births - Deaths 1863 - Events. 1863 - January. January 1 - Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War making slavery's abolition in the rebel states an official war goal.Including:

• 1863 - Events
• 1863 - January
• 1863 - February
• 1863 - March
• 1863 - April
• 1863 - May
• 1863 - June
• 1863 - July
• 1863 - August
• 1863 - September
• 1863 - October
• 1863 - November
• 1863 - December
• 1863 - Unknown dates
• 1863 - Ongoing Events
• 1863 - Births
• 1863 - Deaths

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Uhlans (also spelled "Ulan", Polish: Ułan) were originally Polish light cavalry soldiers armed with lances; later they also served in the Prussian and Austrian armies. Similar troops also existed in other European armies, where they were known as "lancers". Uhlans typically wore a double-breasted jacket (kurta) with a coloured panel (plastron) at the front, a coloured sash, and a square-topped Polish cap (czapka). Their lances usually had small swallow-tailed flags (known as the lance pennon) just below th ...

Including:

• Uhlan - History
• Uhlan - Origins
• Uhlan - 18th Century
• Uhlan - 19th Century
• Uhlan - World War I
• Uhlan - Interwar
• Uhlan - World War II

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Złoty (literally meaning "golden", plural: złote or złotych, depending on the number) is the Polish currency unit. ISO 4217 currency code: PLN Exchange rate (December 25, 2005): 1 USD = 3.23 PLN; 1 Euro = 3.84 PLN As a result of hyperinflation in the early 1990s, the decimal point on the currency was moved by four places. Thus, on January 1, 1995, 10,000 old złotych (PLZ) became one new złoty (PLN). Polish złoty - Historical Currencies. Including:

• Polish złoty - Historical Currencies
• Polish złoty - Złoty in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
• Polish złoty - Złoty in the Duchy of Warsaw
• Polish złoty - Złoty in the Congress Kingdom 1815-1850
• Polish złoty - Ruble and Marka 1850-1924
• Polish złoty - Złoty 1924-1939
• Polish złoty - Złoty of General Government 1939-1944
• Polish złoty - Post-War Złoty 1944-1950
• Polish złoty - Złoty PLZ 1950-1994
• Polish złoty - New Złoty
• Polish złoty - Future

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Witold Pilecki (May 13, 1901 – May 25, 1948; pronounced ['vitɔld pi'leʦki]; codenames Roman Jezierski, Tomasz Serafiński, Druh, Witold) was a soldier of the Second Polish Republic, founder of the resistance movement Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska) and member of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa). During World War II he was the only known person to volunteer to be imprisoned at Auschwitz Concentration Camp. While there, he organized inmate resistance, and as early as 1940 informed the Western Allies of Nazi ...

Including:

• Witold Pilecki - Biography
• Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life
• Witold Pilecki - World War II breaks out
• Witold Pilecki - The Auschwitz campaign: 945 days
• Witold Pilecki - Back outside Auschwitz: the Warsaw Uprising.
• Witold Pilecki - Liberation: Soviet-dominated Poland
• Witold Pilecki - Summary of Pilecki's Polish Army career

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Marie Curie (Polish Maria Skłodowska-Curie, November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934) was a chemist, pioneer in the early field of radiology and a two-time Nobel laureate. She also became the first woman ever appointed to teach at the Sorbonne. She was born in Poland and spent her early years there, but in 1891 at age 24 moved all to France to study science in Paris. She obtained all her higher degrees and conducted her scientific career there and became a naturalized French citizen. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in W ...

Including:

• Marie Curie - Biography
• Marie Curie - Tribute
• Marie Curie - Bibliography
• Marie Curie - See Also

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The term diaspora (Ancient Greek διασπορά, "a scattering or sowing of seeds") is used (without capitalization) to refer to any people or ethnic population forced or induced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands; being dispersed throughout other parts of the world, and the ensuing developments in their dispersal and culture. Originally, the term Diaspora (capitalized) was used to refer specifically to the populations of Jews exiled from Judea in 586 BCE by the Babylonians, and Jerusalem in 135 ...

Including:

• Diaspora - List of notable diasporas

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Exile is a form of punishment. It means to be away from one's home (i.e. city, state or country) while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return. It is common to distinguish between internal exile, i.e., forced resettlement within the country of residence, and external exile, deportation outside the country of residence. Exile - History. Exile has a long tradition as a form of punishment. It has been known in Ancient Rome ...

Including:

• Exile - History
• Exile - Personal exile
• Exile - Government in exile
• Exile - Nation in exile
• Exile - Tax exile
• Exile - Famous people who have been in exile

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Alexander (Aleksandr) II (Russian: Александр II Николаевич) (April 17, 1818–March 13, 1881) was the Emperor (Czar) of Russia from March 2, 1855 until his assassination. He was also the Grand Duke of Finland. He was born the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. His early life gave little indication of his potential, and up to the time of his accession in 1855, few imagined that he would be known to poster ...

Including:

• Alexander II of Russia - Early life
• Alexander II of Russia - Marriages and Children
• Alexander II of Russia - Emperor
• Alexander II of Russia - Emancipation of the serfs
• Alexander II of Russia - Other reforms
• Alexander II of Russia - Suppression of national movements
• Alexander II of Russia - Assassination attempts
• Alexander II of Russia - Assassination

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Adam Asnyk (born September 11, 1838 in Kalisz, died August 2, 1897 in Krakow), was a Polish poet and dramatist. Adam Asnyk - Biography. Asnyk came from a noble family. He studied at the Institute for Farming and Forestry in Marymont (1856), at the Medical-Surgical Academy in Warsaw (1857-59) as well as at the universities in Wrocław (1859-60), Paris (1861) and Heidelberg (1861-62). He took part in the conspiratorial movement and in the January Uprising (!863/1864); during the years 1864-67 he lived ...

Including:

• Adam Asnyk - Biography
• Adam Asnyk - Works

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Zouave was the name given to certain infantry regiments in the French army, as well as to units in other armies which imitated the dress or drill of the French zouaves. Zouave - French Zouaves. The corps was first raised in Algeria in 1831 with one and later two battalions, and recruited solely from the Zouaoua, a tribe of Berbers, dwelling in the mountains of the Jurjura range (see Kabyles). In 1838 a third battalion was raised, and the regiment thus formed was commanded by Lamoriciere. Shortly afterwards ...

Including:

• Zouave - French Zouaves
• Zouave - Papal Zouaves
• Zouave - American Zouaves
• Zouave - Zouave Influence
• Zouave - External link

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He was born as Józef (Joseph) Kalinowski to a szlachta (noble) family. He was the second son of Andrzej (Andrew) Kalinowski, a professor of mathematics at the Institute for Nobles (Instytut Szlachecki) in Vilnius. His mother, Józefa (Josephine) Połońska, died a few months after he was born, leaving him and his older brother Victor without a mother. His father then married Josephine's sister (a practice that was not uncommon in that time), Zofia (Sophie) Połońska, and had three more children: Charles, Emily, and Gabriel. But then ...

See also:

Raphael Kalinowski, Raphael Kalinowski - Childhood, Raphael Kalinowski - Military career, Raphael Kalinowski - Royal tutor, Raphael Kalinowski - Carmelite priest, Raphael Kalinowski - Beatification and canonization, Raphael Kalinowski - Literary works

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One of the examples of Russification was replacement of the Polish language by Russian in areas of Poland-Lithuania after the Partitions of Poland. It intensified after the 1831 uprising and, in particular, after the January Uprising of 1863: in 1864 Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian languages were banned in public places; in the 1880s Polish was banned in schools and offices of the Congress Kingdom. A similar development was in Lithuania: its Governor General Mikhail Muravyov instituted a complete ban on the Latin and Gothic scripts ...

See also:

Russification, Russification - History, Russification - Moldova, Russification - Soviet Union, Russification - Present times, Russification - Reference

Read more here: » Russification: Encyclopedia II - Russification - History

Exile has a long tradition as a form of punishment. It has been known in Ancient Rome, where the Roman Senate had the power to exile individuals, entire families or countries (which amounted to a declaration of war). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth a court of law could sentence a noble to exile (banicja). As long as the exile (banita) remained in the Commonwealth he had a price on his head and lost the priviliges and protection granted to him as a noble. Even killing a banita was not considered a crime altho ...

See also:

Exile, Exile - History, Exile - Personal exile, Exile - Government in exile, Exile - Nation in exile, Exile - Tax exile, Exile - Famous people who have been in exile

Read more here: » Exile: Encyclopedia II - Exile - History

Central Lithuania - Background. For fifty years following the January Uprising of 1864, the historical Grand Duchy of Lithuania was under a military government of Imperial Russia. Poles and Lithuanians were discriminated against: the Polish and Lithuanian languages were forbidden in public, Poles were forbidden to buy real estate and a special tax (contribution) had to be paid only by Poles. In the aftermath of WWI, the area was divided onto 3 parts. The 'Lithuania proper', consisting of histo ...

See also:

Central Lithuania, Central Lithuania - History, Central Lithuania - Background, Central Lithuania - Conflict, Central Lithuania - Republic of Central Lithuania, Central Lithuania - Mediation, Central Lithuania - Resolution, Central Lithuania - Aftermath

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Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life. Witold Pilecki was born May 13, 1901, in Olonets on the shores of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, Russia, where his family had been forcibly resettled by Tsarist Russian authorities after the suppression of Poland's January Uprising of 1863-1864. His grandfather, Józef Pilecki, had spent seven years in exile in Siberia for his part in the Uprising. In 1910 Pilecki moved with his family to Wilno (now Vilnius, Lithuania), where he completed Commercial School and joined the secret ZHP scouts organization. In 1916 he moved to Orel, ...

See also:

Witold Pilecki, Witold Pilecki - Biography, Witold Pilecki - Pilecki's early life, Witold Pilecki - World War II breaks out, Witold Pilecki - The Auschwitz campaign: 945 days, Witold Pilecki - Back outside Auschwitz: the Warsaw Uprising., Witold Pilecki - Liberation: Soviet-dominated Poland, Witold Pilecki - Summary of Pilecki's Polish Army career

Read more here: » Witold Pilecki: Encyclopedia II - Witold Pilecki - Biography

Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland. Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia The region of what later became known as Galicia appears to have been incorporated, in large part, into the Empire of Great Moravia. It is first attested in the Primary Chronicle under 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took over the Red Ruthenian cities i ...

See also:

Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia

Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History