Jamahiriya

In a broad definition, a republic is a state whose political organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty. Several definitions, including that of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, stress the importance of autonomy and the 'rule of law' as part of the requirements for a Republic.[1] Nonetheless, in practice most nations that do not have a hereditary monarch ...

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• Republic - Characteristics of republics
• Republic - Heads of state
• Republic - Role of religion
• Republic - Concepts of democracy
• Republic - Influence of republicanism
• Republic - Economical factors
• Republic - Aggregations of states
• Republic - Examples of republics
• Republic - References and notes

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Republic - Heads of state. If the head of state of a republic is at the same time the head of government, this is called a presidential system (example: United States). In Semi-presidential systems the head of state is not the same person as the head of government, in that case he is usually termed prime minister or premier. Depending on whether the president has any specific tasks (for example, advisory role in the formation of a government after an election) this can leave the president with little more ...

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Republic, Republic - Characteristics of republics, Republic - Heads of state, Republic - Role of religion, Republic - Concepts of democracy, Republic - Influence of republicanism, Republic - Economical factors, Republic - Aggregations of states, Republic - Examples of republics, Republic - References and notes

Read more here: » Republic: Encyclopedia II - Republic - Characteristics of republics

The land we now know as modern Libya has been, throughout the ages, subjected to varying degrees of foreign control. The Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines ruled all or parts of Libya. Although the Greeks and Romans left impressive ruins at Cyrene, Leptis Magna, and Sabratha, little else remains today to testify to the presence of these ancient cultures. The Arabs conquered Libya in the seventh century A.D. In the following centuries, most of the indigenous peoples adopted Islam and the Arabic language ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - History

Main article: History of Libya The land we now know as modern Libya has been, throughout the ages, subjected to varying degrees of foreign control. The Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines ruled all or parts of Libya. Although the Greeks and Romans left impressive ruins at Cyrene, Leptis Magna, and Sabratha, little else remains today to testify to the pr ...

See also:

Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - History

Republic - Heads of state. If the head of state of a republic is at the same time the head of government, this is called a presidential system (example: United States). In parliamentary and semi-presidential systems the head of state is not the same person as the head of government, in that case the latter is usually termed prime minister or premier. Depending on whether the president has any specific tasks (for example, advisory role in the formation of a government after an election) this can leave the presiden ...

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Republic, Republic - Characteristics of republics, Republic - Heads of state, Republic - Role of religion, Republic - Concepts of democracy, Republic - Influence of republicanism, Republic - Economical factors, Republic - Aggregations of states, Republic - Examples of republics, Republic - References and notes

Read more here: » Republic: Encyclopedia II - Republic - Characteristics of republics

Main article: History of Libya Tripoli and Cyrenaica were Roman colonies until they were conquered by Arab Muslims in the 7th century. By the 19th century the area was an increasingly independent Ottoman province until it came under the control of Italy in 1912. After the Second World War Libya was granted independence as a condition of the Allied peace treaty with Italy. Since 1969 Libya has been ruled by Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi, who came to power in a coup and deposed the Libyan monarchy of King Idris and declared t ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

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Gaddafi based his new regime on a blend of Arab nationalism, aspects of the welfare state and what Gaddafi termed "direct, popular democracy." He called this system "Islamic socialism" and while he permitted private control over small companies, the government controlled the larger ones. Welfare, "liberation" and education were emphasized. He also imposed a system of conservative morals, outlawing alcohol and gambling. To reinforce the ideals of this socialist state, Gaddafi outlined his political philosophy in his Green Book, publish ...

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Muammar al-Qaddafi, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Early history, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Seizing power, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Islamic Socialism and Pan Arabism, Muammar al-Qaddafi - External relations, Muammar al-Qaddafi - A new Gaddafi?, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Personal, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Quotation, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Spelling, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Authority preferences, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Personal preferences, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Lists

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Main article: Demographics of Libya Libya has a small population within its large territory, with a population density of about 50 persons per km² (80/sq. mi.) in the two northern regions of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, and less than one person per km² (1.6/sq. mi.) elsewhere. Ninety percent of the people live in less than 10% of the area, primarily along the coast. More than half the population is urban, mostly concentrated in the two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi. 50% of the population is estimated to be under the age ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

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Main article: Culture of Libya Libyan culture is, to a certain extent, similar to that of its other Arab North African neighbours and the Libyan people very much consider themselves Arabs. The primary language is a colloquial form of Arabic that is unique to the area around Libya. There seems to be two distinct dialects and a couple of village and tribal dialects. True Libyan Arabs have a heritage in the traditions of the nomadic Bedouin and associate themselves with a particular Bedouin tribe. Family life is a strong value for ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

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Main article: Politics of Libya There is a dual government structure in Libya. The “revolutionary sector” comprises Revolutionary Leader Qadhafi, the Revolutionary Committees, and the remaining members of the 12-person Revolutionary Command Council, which was established in 1969. The historical revolutionary leadership is not elected and cannot be voted out of office, as they are in power by virtue of their involvement in the revolution. The revolutionary sector dictates the decision-making power of the second sector, the � ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

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Main article: Geography of Libya Libya extends over 1,759,540 km², making it the 16th largest nation in the world. It is bound to the west by Tunisia and Algeria, the southwest by Niger, the south by Chad and Sudan and to the east by Egypt. The country is also bound to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The climate is a mostly dry, desert climate. The North however enjoys a milder Mediterranean climate. Geographic regions: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. The chief cities are the capital Tripoli in northwest Libya and Benghazi, the country's second city. Other significant cities ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Geography

Main article: Economy of Libya The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute practically all export earnings and about one-quarter of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan officials in the past three years have made progress on economic reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the international fold. This effort picke ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Economy

There is a dual government structure in Libya. The "revolutionary sector" comprises Revolutionary Leader Qadhafi, the Revolutionary Committees, and the remaining members of the 12-person Revolutionary Command Council, which was established in 1969. The historical revolutionary leadership is not elected and cannot be voted out of office, as they are in power by virtue of their involvement in the revolution. The revolutionary sector dictates the decision-making power of the second sector, the "Jamahiriya Sector". Making up the legislative bran ...

See also:

Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Politics

Libyan culture is, to a certain extent, similar to that of its other Arab North African neighbours and the Libyan people very much consider themselves Arabs. The primary language is a colloquial form of Arabic that is unique to the area around Libya. There seems to be two distinct dialects and a couple of village and tribal dialects. True Libyan Arabs have a heritage in the traditions of the nomadic Bedouin and associate themselves with a particular Bedouin tribe. Family life is a strong value for Libyan families. Most Libyans live in apartm ...

See also:

Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Culture

Before the 1930's The Sanusi Movement was the main Islamic movement in Libya. The movement was a religious revival adapted to desert life. Its zawaayaa could be found in Tripolitania and Fezzan, but Sanusi influence was strongest in Cyrenaica. Rescuing the region from unrest and anarchy, the Sanusi movement gave the Cyrenaican tribal people a religious attachment and feelings of unity and purpose. The Sanusi Islamic movement, which was later destroyed by both Italian invasion and later the Gadaffi government, was a very conservative one some ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Religion

Libya has a small population within its large territory, with a population density of about 50 persons per km² (80/sq. mi.) in the two northern regions of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, and less than one person per km² (1.6/sq. mi.) elsewhere. Ninety percent of the people live in less than 10% of the area, primarily along the coast. More than half the population is urban, mostly concentrated in the two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi. 50% of the population is estimated to be under age 15. Native Libyans are primarily a mixture of Arabs a ...

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Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Demographics

The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contribute practically all export earnings and about one-quarter of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan officials in the past three years have made progress on economic reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country into the international fold. This effort picked up steam after UN sanctions were lifted in ...

See also:

Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Economy

Libya extends over 1,759,540 km², making it the 16th largest nation in the world. It is bound to the west by Tunisia and Algeria, the southwest by Niger, the south by Chad and Sudan and to the east by Egypt. The country is also bound to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The climate is a mostly dry, desert climate. The North however enjoys a milder Mediterranean climate. Geographic regions: Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. The chief cities are the capital Tripoli in northwest Libya and B ...

See also:

Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Geography

Main article: Islam in Libya Before the 1930's The Sanusi Movement was the main Islamic movement in Libya. The movement was a religious revival adapted to desert life. Its zawaayaa could be found in Tripolitania and Fezzan, but Sanusi influence was strongest in Cyrenaica. Rescuing the region from unrest and anarchy, the Sanusi movement gave the Cyrenaican tribal people a religious attachment and feelings of unity and purpose. The Sanusi Islamic movement, which was later destroyed by both Italian invasion and later the Gadaffi g ...

See also:

Libya, Libya - History, Libya - Politics, Libya - Municipalities, Libya - Geography, Libya - The Libyan Desert, Libya - Economy, Libya - Demographics, Libya - Culture, Libya - Religion, Libya - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Libya: Encyclopedia II - Libya - Religion

Tensions between Libya and the West reached a peak during the Ronald Reagan administration, which tried to overthrow Gaddafi. In 1984 a British policewoman, PC Yvonne Fletcher, was shot outside the Libyan Embassy in London, while policing an anti-Gaddafi demonstration. A burst of machine-gun fire from within the building was always suspected of killing her, but the Libyan diplomats asserted their diplomatic immunity and were repatriated. The incident led to the break ...

See also:

Muammar al-Qaddafi, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Early history, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Seizing power, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Islamic Socialism and Pan Arabism, Muammar al-Qaddafi - External relations, Muammar al-Qaddafi - A new Gaddafi?, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Personal, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Quotation, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Spelling, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Authority preferences, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Personal preferences, Muammar al-Qaddafi - Lists

Read more here: » Muammar al-Qaddafi: Encyclopedia II - Muammar al-Qaddafi - External relations