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Jaina | A Wisdom Archive on Jaina |  | Jaina A selection of articles related to Jaina |  |
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Hindu -
Hinduism Dictionary on Jainism Jainism: (Jaina) (Sanskrit) An ancient non-Vedic religion of India made prominent by the teachings of Mahavira ("Great Hero"), ca 500 bce. The Jain Agamas teach reverence for all life, vegetarianism and strict renunciation for ascetics. Jains focus great emphasis on the fact that all souls may attain liberation, each by his own effort. Their great historic saints, called Tirthankaras ("Ford-Crossers"), are objects of worship, of whom Mahavira was the 24th and last. Jains number about six million today, living mostly in India. See: Mahavira. (See also: Jainism, Hinduism, Body Mind and Soul)
For more dictionary entries, see » Jaina Dictionary |
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| |  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Jaina Solo - Jedi academyWhen she was old enough, Jaina travelled to Yavin 4 with her brother to begin her Jedi training. Jaina was an exceptional pilot and enjoyed building things, especially working on ships. She and her brother befriended Lowbacca the Wookiee and the warrior princess Tenel Ka, learning Jedi techniques quickly and going through many trials even as young teens.
Jaina Solo - Shadow Academy.
In their exploration of the jungle near Luke's Jedi academy, Jacen and Jaina discovered a crashed TIE Fighter from the Battle ...
See also:Jaina Solo, Jaina Solo - Early years, Jaina Solo - Jedi academy, Jaina Solo - Shadow Academy, Jaina Solo - Diversity Alliance, Jaina Solo - New Jedi Order, Jaina Solo - After the War, Jaina Solo - Family members Read more here: » Jaina Solo: Encyclopedia II - Jaina Solo - Jedi academy |
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| |  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Jaina Solo - New Jedi OrderOnce their training at the Academy was more or less complete, Jaina finally began to have a separate life from her twin brother, and became Mara Jade Skywalker's apprentice. Jaina grew very close to Mara, and sometimes even made her mother wish that they had spent more time together while Jaina was still young. Jaina progressed quickly as a Jedi and a pilot, travelling on missions with her aunt and even being given opportunities to fly Mara's prize ...
See also:Jaina Solo, Jaina Solo - Early years, Jaina Solo - Jedi academy, Jaina Solo - Shadow Academy, Jaina Solo - Diversity Alliance, Jaina Solo - New Jedi Order, Jaina Solo - After the War, Jaina Solo - Family members Read more here: » Jaina Solo: Encyclopedia II - Jaina Solo - New Jedi Order |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Jaina Solo - Early yearsThe older Solo twin was born near the end of the Thrawn crisis on Coruscant, five minutes before her younger brother Jacen. She was named after Han's mother. The twins, and eventually their younger brother Anakin, were sent to live at various safe havens for their first few years, under the protection of Winter. A majority of their time was spent on New Alderaan and Anoth.
The twins returned to Coruscant at age three and had many (mis)adventures there. They once became lost in the underworld of Imperial City with C-3PO but were quickl ...
See also:Jaina Solo, Jaina Solo - Early years, Jaina Solo - Jedi academy, Jaina Solo - Shadow Academy, Jaina Solo - Diversity Alliance, Jaina Solo - New Jedi Order, Jaina Solo - After the War, Jaina Solo - Family members Read more here: » Jaina Solo: Encyclopedia II - Jaina Solo - Early years |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architectureBuddhism gained prominence during the reign of the emperor Ashoka. It is primarily represented by three important building types- the Chaitya Hall (place of worship), the Vihara (monastery) and the Stupa (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory)- exemplified by the magnificent caves of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa. The Greek influence led the Indian architecture of the time, especially the rock-cut art, to fall under one of the two categries: the Mathura school of art which was strictly Indian in spirit and did not adopt ...
See also:Indian architecture, Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village, Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture, Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples, Indian architecture - The Rajput Architecture, Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture, Indian architecture - Secular architecture, Indian architecture - Architecture under the colonial rule, Indian architecture - Post-independence architecture of India, Indian architecture - Conclusion, Indian architecture - Monuments in India classified under World Heritage Sites Read more here: » Indian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit textsThe epics, Puranas and numerous other ancient Sanskrit texts all agree that the horses of the Kamboja, Bahlika and Sindhu regions were the finest breed.
Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana.
The Valmiki Ramayana refers to the horses from the Kamboja, Bahlika, Vanayu lands and addresses them as of best quality. It puts the horses from the Kamboja at the head of list of best breed and styles them as equal to Ucchaisrava, the steed of god Indra, the Lord of Heavens:
Sanskrit:
Kambo ...
See also:Kamboja Horsemen, Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Jaina texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana, Kamboja Horsemen - Mahabharata, Kamboja Horsemen - Kautiliya Arthashastra, Kamboja Horsemen - Karanabhara of Bhaasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Raghuvamsha of Kalidasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Asvashastra of Nakula, Kamboja Horsemen - Manasollasa of Someshvara, Kamboja Horsemen - Other Sanskrit literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptions, Kamboja Horsemen - Miscellaneous, Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephants Read more here: » Kamboja Horsemen: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architectureBuddhism gained prominence during the reign of the emperor Ashoka. It is primarily represented by three important building types- the Chaitya Hall (place of worship), the Vihara (monastery) and the Stupa (hemispherical mound for worship/ memory)- exemplified by the magnificent caves of Ajanta and Ellora and the monumental Sanchi Stupa. The Greek influence led the Indian architecture of the time, especially the rock-cut art, to fall under one of the two categries: the Mathura school of art which was strictly Indian in spirit and did not adopt ...
See also:Indian architecture, Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village, Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture, Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples, Indian architecture - The Rajput Architecture, Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture, Indian architecture - Secular architecture, Indian architecture - Architecture under the colonial rule, Indian architecture - Post-independence architecture of India, Indian architecture - Conclusion, Indian architecture - Monuments in India classified under World Heritage Sites, Indian architecture - See Also Read more here: » Indian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literatureBuddhist texts like Manorathapurni, Kunala Jataka and Samangalavilasini etc speak of Kamboja land as the land of horses:
Kambojo assa.nam ayata.nam.... || Samangalavilasini, Vol I, p 124||.
Aruppa-Niddesa of Visuddhimagga by Buddhaghosa also describes the Kamboja land as the base of horses (10/28).
Champeya Jataka (verse 23), Mahavastu (verse II, 185) and Kunala Jataka (verse 28), Vinaya Pitaka (Vol III) etc also make very laudatory references to the Kamboja horses.
Besides Kamboja horses, the Champeya Jatak ...
See also:Kamboja Horsemen, Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Jaina texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana, Kamboja Horsemen - Mahabharata, Kamboja Horsemen - Kautiliya Arthashastra, Kamboja Horsemen - Karanabhara of Bhaasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Raghuvamsha of Kalidasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Asvashastra of Nakula, Kamboja Horsemen - Manasollasa of Someshvara, Kamboja Horsemen - Other Sanskrit literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptions, Kamboja Horsemen - Miscellaneous, Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephants Read more here: » Kamboja Horsemen: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literature |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic VillageThe earliest production in the Indus Valley Civilization was characterised by well planned cities and houses where religion did not seem to play an active role. The presence of drainage systems and public baths showed advanced standards of hygiene and sanitation and ingenious planning. The Vedic village had certain distinct characteristics that influenced subsequent architectural production. The Vedic grama could have a pur, or ...
See also:Indian architecture, Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village, Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture, Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples, Indian architecture - The Rajput Architecture, Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture, Indian architecture - Secular architecture, Indian architecture - Architecture under the colonial rule, Indian architecture - Post-independence architecture of India, Indian architecture - Conclusion, Indian architecture - Monuments in India classified under World Heritage Sites Read more here: » Indian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptionsNalanda Grants of king Deva Pala of Bengal also refers to Kamboja horses as well as the Kamboja mares. It is notable that the Pala kings of Bengal had obtained their horses as well as cavalry from the Kamboja of north-west (Dr R. C. Majumdar). The Khasas, Hunas, Yavanas ets are also mentioned as being routinely recruited in the armed forces of the Pala kings.
Verse twelve of the third Asama-patra (1185 AD) of king Valabha Deva of Valbhi proudly refers to him as the possessor/rider of the Kamboja horses and elephants.
Sans ...
See also:Kamboja Horsemen, Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Jaina texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana, Kamboja Horsemen - Mahabharata, Kamboja Horsemen - Kautiliya Arthashastra, Kamboja Horsemen - Karanabhara of Bhaasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Raghuvamsha of Kalidasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Asvashastra of Nakula, Kamboja Horsemen - Manasollasa of Someshvara, Kamboja Horsemen - Other Sanskrit literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptions, Kamboja Horsemen - Miscellaneous, Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephants Read more here: » Kamboja Horsemen: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptions |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - MiscellaneousBesides several references cited above, other ancient texts like Brahmanda Purana (II, 2.16.16), Vamsa-Bhaskara, Madhyapithika, Kalidasa's Mandakranta, Kalhana's Rajatrangini (4.163-65), Harasha-crita of Bana Bhatta (verses 7/88-90) and other numerous ancient texts make very laudatory references to the Kamboja horses.
All these references sufficiently prove that the steeds from Kamboja were considered very powerful, magnificant and fastest runners. No doubt, both the the Kamboja horses as well as the expert Kamboja cavalry were very mu ...
See also:Kamboja Horsemen, Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Jaina texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana, Kamboja Horsemen - Mahabharata, Kamboja Horsemen - Kautiliya Arthashastra, Kamboja Horsemen - Karanabhara of Bhaasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Raghuvamsha of Kalidasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Asvashastra of Nakula, Kamboja Horsemen - Manasollasa of Someshvara, Kamboja Horsemen - Other Sanskrit literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptions, Kamboja Horsemen - Miscellaneous, Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephants Read more here: » Kamboja Horsemen: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Miscellaneous |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - The Hindu TemplesThe reference to temples in literature go back early with Panini (520 BC - 460 BC) and Patanjali mentioning temples which were called prasadas. Early beginnings of Hindu temple architecture have been traced to the remains at Aihole and Pattadakal in present day Karnataka, and have Vedic altars and late Vedic temples as described by Panini as models. Later, as more differentiation took place, the Dravidian/ Southern style and or the Indo-Aryan/ Northern/ Nagara style of temple architecture emerged as dominant modes, epitomised in produ ...
See also:Indian architecture, Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village, Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture, Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples, Indian architecture - The Rajput Architecture, Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture, Indian architecture - Secular architecture, Indian architecture - Architecture under the colonial rule, Indian architecture - Post-independence architecture of India, Indian architecture - Conclusion, Indian architecture - Monuments in India classified under World Heritage Sites Read more here: » Indian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal ArchitectureWith the advent of Islam, the erstwhile Indian architecture was slightly adapted to allow the traditions of the new religion, but it remained strongly Indian at its heart and character. Arches and domes began to be used and the mosque or masjid too began to form part of the landscape, adding to a new experience in form and space. The sahn or the open courtyard for congregational worship with the enclosing cloisters or liwans and the sanctuary at the Western end offered a different architectural vocabulary. The fundamenta ...
See also:Indian architecture, Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village, Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture, Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples, Indian architecture - The Rajput Architecture, Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture, Indian architecture - Secular architecture, Indian architecture - Architecture under the colonial rule, Indian architecture - Post-independence architecture of India, Indian architecture - Conclusion, Indian architecture - Monuments in India classified under World Heritage Sites Read more here: » Indian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephantsThe term Kamboja, according to ancient lexicons, also means elephant (Willimas Sanskrit-English Dictionary). See also:
Kambojo-hastimede..............................................
— (Nanarathamanjari 421).
Kambojo hastimede cha shankh.deshavisheshayoh
— (shabd.ratan.samanyakosh).
This shows that, besides horses, the ancient Kambojas also raised elephants (Op cit, p 255, Dr Kamboj)
The Ashvaka Kambojas had fielded 30,000 cavalry, 30 elephants and 20,000 infantry against Alexander the Great (Ancient ...
See also:Kamboja Horsemen, Kamboja Horsemen - Buddhist literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Jaina texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Sanskrit texts, Kamboja Horsemen - Valmiki Ramayana, Kamboja Horsemen - Mahabharata, Kamboja Horsemen - Kautiliya Arthashastra, Kamboja Horsemen - Karanabhara of Bhaasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Raghuvamsha of Kalidasa, Kamboja Horsemen - Asvashastra of Nakula, Kamboja Horsemen - Manasollasa of Someshvara, Kamboja Horsemen - Other Sanskrit literature, Kamboja Horsemen - Ancient inscriptions, Kamboja Horsemen - Miscellaneous, Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephants Read more here: » Kamboja Horsemen: Encyclopedia II - Kamboja Horsemen - Kamboja elephants |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian mathematics - Ancient Period 500 BC - 400 CESathanang Sutra, Bhagvati Sutra and Anoyogdwar Sutra are famous books of this time. Apart from these the book titled Tatvarthaadigyam Sutra Bhashya by Jaina philosopher Omaswati (135 BC) and the book titled Tiloyapannati of Aacharya (Guru) Yativrisham (176 BC) are famous writings of this time.
Indian mathematicians during this period used notations for squares, cube and other exponents of numbers. They gave shape to Beezganit Samikaran (Algebraic Equations).
...
See also:Indian mathematics, Indian mathematics - Indian contributions to mathematics, Indian mathematics - Harappan Mathematics 3300 BC - 1700 BC, Indian mathematics - Vedic Mathematics 1500 BC - 500 BC, Indian mathematics - Vedas 1500 BC - 500 BC, Indian mathematics - Samhitas 1500 BC - 500 BC, Indian mathematics - Lagadha 1350 BC - 800 BC, Indian mathematics - Yajnavalkya 1000 BC - 600 BC, Indian mathematics - Sulba Sutras 800 BC - 500 BC, Indian mathematics - Ancient Period 500 BC - 400 CE, Indian mathematics - Panini 500 BC - 400 BC, Indian mathematics - Pingala 400 BC - 200 BC, Indian mathematics - Vaychali Ganit 300 BC - 200 BC, Indian mathematics - Katyayana 200 BC, Indian mathematics - Jaina Mathematics 400 BC - 400 CE, Indian mathematics - Surya Siddhanta 300 CE - 400 CE, Indian mathematics - Classical Period 400 CE - 1200 CE, Indian mathematics - Aryabhata I 476-550, Indian mathematics - Bhaskara I 600-680, Indian mathematics - Brahmagupta 598-668, Indian mathematics - Shridhara Acharya 650-850, Indian mathematics - Mahavira Acharya 850, Indian mathematics - Aryabhata II 920-1000, Indian mathematics - Shripati Mishra 1019-1066, Indian mathematics - Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravati 1100, Indian mathematics - Bhaskara Acharya Bhaskara II 1114-1185, Indian mathematics - Keralese Mathematics 1300 CE -1600 CE, Indian mathematics - Narayana Pandit 1340-1400, Indian mathematics - Madhava of Sangamagramma 1340-1425, Indian mathematics - Parameshvara 1370-1460, Indian mathematics - Nilakantha Somayaji 1444-1544, Indian mathematics - Jyesthadeva 1500-1575, Indian mathematics - Charges of Eurocentrism Read more here: » Indian mathematics: Encyclopedia II - Indian mathematics - Ancient Period 500 BC - 400 CE |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic VillageThe earliest production in the Indus Valley Civilization was characterised by well planned cities and houses where religion did not seem to play an active role. The presence of drainage systems and public baths showed advanced standards of hygiene and sanitation and ingenious planning. The Vedic village had certain distinct characteristics that influenced subsequent architectural production. The Vedic grama could have a pur, or ...
See also:Indian architecture, Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village, Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture, Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples, Indian architecture - The Rajput Architecture, Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture, Indian architecture - Secular architecture, Indian architecture - Architecture under the colonial rule, Indian architecture - Post-independence architecture of India, Indian architecture - Conclusion, Indian architecture - Monuments in India classified under World Heritage Sites, Indian architecture - See Also Read more here: » Indian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village |
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|  |  |  | Jaina: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - The Hindu TemplesThe reference to temples in literature go back early with Panini (520 BC - 460 BC) and Patanjali mentioning temples which were called prasadas. Early beginnings of Hindu temple architecture have been traced to the remains at Aihole and Pattadakal in present day Karnataka, and have Vedic altars and late Vedic temples as described by Panini as models. Later, as more differentiation took place, the Dravidian/ Southern style and or the Indo-Aryan/ Northern/ Nagara style of temple architecture emerged as dominant modes, epitomised in produ ...
See also:Indian architecture, Indian architecture - Indus-Sarasvati civilisation and the Vedic Village, Indian architecture - Buddhist and Jaina architecture, Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples, Indian architecture - The Rajput Architecture, Indian architecture - Influence of Islam and the Mughal Architecture, Indian architecture - Secular architecture, Indian architecture - Architecture under the colonial rule, Indian architecture - Post-independence architecture of India, Indian architecture - Conclusion, Indian architecture - Monuments in India classified under World Heritage Sites, Indian architecture - See Also Read more here: » Indian architecture: Encyclopedia II - Indian architecture - The Hindu Temples |
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