Jacob Frank

Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought. It is especially associated with the attempt to merge and analogize several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, and thus assert an underlying unity. Syncretism is also common in literature, music, the representational arts and other expressions of culture. (Compare the concept of eclecticism.) There also exist syncretic politics, although in politi ...

Including:

• Syncretism - Social and political roles
• Syncretism - Origin of the word
• Syncretism - Syncretism in Ancient Greece
• Syncretism - Syncretism in Rome
• Syncretism - Syncretism in Christianity
• Syncretism - Syncretism in Islam
• Syncretism - Syncretism in the Bahá'í Faith
• Syncretism - Syncretism in the Caribbean
• Syncretism - Syncretism in the Enlightenment
• Syncretism - Modern syncretic religions
• Syncretism - Modern syncretic social movements

Read more here: » Syncretism: Encyclopedia - Syncretism

Sabbatai's conversion was extremely disheartening for the Jewish communities. Prominent rabbis who were believers in and followers of Sabbatai were prostrated with shame. Among the masses of the people the greatest confusion reigned. In addition to the misery and disappointment from within, Muslims and Christians jeered at and scorned the credulous and duped Jews. The sultan even planned to exterminate all the adult Jews in his empire and to decree that all Jewish children should be brought up in Islam, also that fifty prominent rabbis shoul ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion

After two months' imprisonment in Constantinople, Sabbatai was brought to the state prison in the castle of Abydos. Here he was treated very leniently, some of his friends even being allowed to accompany him. In consequence the Sabbataians called that fortress Migdal 'Oz ("Tower [of] Strength"). As the day on which he was brought to Abydos was the day preceding Passover, he slew a paschal lamb for himself and his followers and ate it with its fat, which was a violation of the Law. It is said that he pronounced over it the benediction: “Blessed ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz

Messiah - Josephus's report of civil unrest in the first century. It had been thought that Josephus asserts that Jesus was indeed the true messiah. No original version of Josephus' writing exists, however, comparisons of various translations have led textual analysts to conclude that this and other statements were later interpolations inserted into the text centuries after the fact and were not written by Josephus himself. However, also from Josephus it appears that in the first century before the destruct ...

See also:

Messiah, Messiah - In the Hebrew Bible, Messiah - In the New Testament, Messiah - In Islam, Messiah - Other historically significant Jewish Messiah claimants, Messiah - Josephus's report of civil unrest in the first century, Messiah - Menahem ben Judah, Messiah - Bar Kokhba, Messiah - Moses of Crete, Messiah - In 7th century Persia, Messiah - The Syrian Serene, Messiah - Messiahs during the crusades, Messiah - David Alroy, Messiah - In Yemen, Messiah - Abraham Abulafia, Messiah - Nissim ben Abraham, Messiah - Moses Botarel of Cisneros, Messiah - Asher Lemmlein, Messiah - David Reuveni and Solomon Molko, Messiah - Isaac Luria, Messiah - Sabbatai Zevi, Messiah - Sabbethaian pseudo-messiahs, Messiah - Mordecai Mokia, Messiah - Jacob Frank, Messiah - Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Messiah - Other Messiahs, Messiah - The Messiah in science fiction and fantasy, Messiah - See Also

Read more here: » Messiah: Encyclopedia II - Messiah - Other historically significant Jewish Messiah claimants

List of Poles - Astronomy. Franciszek Armiński. Albert Brudzewski. Tadeusz Banachiewicz. Władysław Dziewulski. Felicjan Kępiński. Mikołaj Kopernik (Nicholas Copernicus) Kazimierz Kordylewski. Marian Albertovich Kowalski. Aleksander Wolszczan. Jan Heweliusz. Bohdan Paczyński. Konrad Rudnicki. Wiesław Wiśniewski. List of Poles - Biology. Joseph Babiński, physicianSee also:

List of Poles, List of Poles - History, List of Poles - Science, List of Poles - Astronomy, List of Poles - Biology, List of Poles - Chemistry, List of Poles - Engineering, List of Poles - Linguists, List of Poles - Mathematics, List of Poles - Physics, List of Poles - Other, List of Poles - Music, List of Poles - Literature, List of Poles - Philosophy, List of Poles - Fine arts, List of Poles - Entertainment, List of Poles - Royalty, List of Poles - Nobility szlachta, List of Poles - Sports, List of Poles - Boxing, List of Poles - Wrestling, List of Poles - Military, List of Poles - Politics and diplomacy, List of Poles - Holocaust resistors, List of Poles - Religion, List of Poles - Other, List of Poles - Criminal persons, List of Poles - Controversial persons, List of Poles - SS Officers of Partial Polish heritage ethnicity or descent, List of Poles - Germans born on current Polish land, List of Poles - Heroes and Freedom fighters, List of Poles - Legendary persons, List of Poles - Fictional characters

Read more here: » List of Poles: Encyclopedia II - List of Poles - Science

The arrival of Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (1698-1760), known as the Baal Shem Tov ("Master [of the] Good Name"), on the scene of Jewish history in Eastern Europe would herald the commencement of a sea-change in what is known today as Haredi Judaism. Even though he did not write books, he succeeded in gaining powerful disciples to his teachings that were based on the earlier expositions of Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572) known as the Ari who had based much of his Kabbalistic teachings on the Zohar. The Baal Shem Tov came at a ...

See also:

Schisms among the Jews, Schisms among the Jews - First Temple era, Schisms among the Jews - Second Temple era, Schisms among the Jews - Break-offs: Samaritans and Christians, Schisms among the Jews - Karaite Judaism, Schisms among the Jews - Sabbatians and Frankists, Schisms among the Jews - Hasidim and Mitnagdim, Schisms among the Jews - Orthodox versus Reform East versus West

Read more here: » Schisms among the Jews: Encyclopedia II - Schisms among the Jews - Hasidim and Mitnagdim

While outwardly Muslim, the Donmeh secretly remained Jews, and continued to practice Jewish rituals covertly. They worshipped Sabbatai Zevi as the Messiah and an incarnation of God, observe certain Jewish rituals and pray in Hebrew and Aramaic and secretly celebrate Jewish festivals and fasts. They also observe rituals celebrating Zevi. They interpreted Zevi's conversion in a Kabbalistic way. Zevi had to rescue the bits of God spread among religions by converting to different confessions. Some of the original Donmeh were Muslims who were ...

See also:

Donmeh, Donmeh - History, Donmeh - External link

Read more here: » Donmeh: Encyclopedia II - Donmeh - History

Hasidic Judaism - Fundamental conceptions. The teachings of Hasidism are founded on two theoretical conceptions: (1) religious panentheism, or the omnipresence of God, and (2) the idea of Devekut, communion between God and man. "Man," says the Besht, "must always bear in mind that God is omnipresent and is always with him; that God is, so to speak, the most subtle matter everywhere diffused... Let man realize that when he is looking at material things he is in reality gazing at the image of the Deity which is present in all things. W ...

See also:

Hasidic Judaism, Hasidic Judaism - History, Hasidic Judaism - Prelude, Hasidic Judaism - Israel ben Eliezer, Hasidic Judaism - The spread of Hasidism, Hasidic Judaism - Opposition, Hasidic Judaism - Since the Holocaust, Hasidic Judaism - Religious practice and culture, Hasidic Judaism - Fundamental conceptions, Hasidic Judaism - Liturgy and prayer, Hasidic Judaism - Dress, Hasidic Judaism - Ritual Bathing, Hasidic Judaism - Families, Hasidic Judaism - Languages, Hasidic Judaism - Footnotes

Read more here: » Hasidic Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Hasidic Judaism - Religious practice and culture

Although Islam recognizes Jesus as a prophet, it breaks with the belief of Christ as the son of God. Muslims do not believe that Christ was the "begotten son of God" in literal terms, as if God were a male human, but rather that he was a prophet brother who brought to mankind a closer relationship with God and each other. In the "religion-literal" sense, Christians reject the Muslim religion's understanding of Christ as heretical. Archbishop Dmitri of the Orthodox Church in America has described Islam as the most prevalent form of Arianism ( ...

See also:

Christo-Islamic, Christo-Islamic - Beliefs

Read more here: » Christo-Islamic: Encyclopedia II - Christo-Islamic - Beliefs

Szlachta - Etymology. The Polish word "szlachta" (meaning the "gentle class" or "noble class", an untranslatable term essentially encompassing the idea of gentility or nobility of blood, and treating the English words gentry and nobility as roughly coterminous: a specific nobleman was a "szlachcic," a noblewoman was a "szlachcianka"). Early Polish historians thought it may derive from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings. "Szlachta" is thought by some simply t ...

See also:

Szlachta, Szlachta - History, Szlachta - Etymology, Szlachta - Origins, Szlachta - Szlachta rise to power, Szlachta - Transformation into aristocracy, Szlachta - Szlachta culture, Szlachta - Heraldry, Szlachta - Sarmatism, Szlachta - Religious beliefs

Read more here: » Szlachta: Encyclopedia II - Szlachta - History

The foundation-stone of Hasidism as laid by Besht is a strongly marked panentheistic conception of God. He declared the whole universe, mind and matter, to be a manifestation of the Divine Being; that this manifestation is not an emanation from God, as is the conception of the Kabbalah, for nothing can be separated from God: all things are rather forms in which God reveals Himself. When man speaks, said Besht, he should remember that his speech is an element of life, and that life itself is a manifestation of God. Even evil exists in God. Th ...

See also:

Israel ben Eliezer, Israel ben Eliezer - Early life and marriage, Israel ben Eliezer - Development as leader and challenges, Israel ben Eliezer - Disputes with the Frankists, Israel ben Eliezer - His legacy, Israel ben Eliezer - Elements of Besht's doctrines, Israel ben Eliezer - Opposition to Luria's Kabbalah, Israel ben Eliezer - Influence on Hasidism, Israel ben Eliezer - Characteristics, Israel ben Eliezer - In legend, Israel ben Eliezer - His miracles, Israel ben Eliezer - Bibliography

Read more here: » Israel ben Eliezer: Encyclopedia II - Israel ben Eliezer - Elements of Besht's doctrines

Overt syncretism in folk belief is a sign of cultural acceptance of an alien or previous tradition, but the "other" cult may survive or infiltrate without authorized syncresis nevertheless. An example is the fact that some Conversos developed a sort of cult for martyrs who were victims of the Spanish Inquisition, thus incorporating elements of Catholicism while resisting it. Some religious movements have embraced overt syncretism, such as the case of the adoption of Shinto elements into Buddhism. Others have strongly rejected it as devaluing precious and genuine distinctions; e ...

See also:

Syncretism, Syncretism - Social and political roles, Syncretism - Origin of the word, Syncretism - Syncretism in Ancient Greece, Syncretism - Syncretism in Rome, Syncretism - Syncretism in Christianity, Syncretism - Syncretism in Islam, Syncretism - Syncretism in the Bahá'í Faith, Syncretism - Syncretism in the Caribbean, Syncretism - Syncretism in the Enlightenment, Syncretism - Modern syncretic religions, Syncretism - Modern syncretic social movements

Read more here: » Syncretism: Encyclopedia II - Syncretism - Social and political roles

Rebbe Nachman was born in Mezhibuz, Ukraine, and in his short life achieved much acclaim as a teacher and spiritual leader. He was an extreme example of the Hasidic movement, living in poverty and better known for his stories and songs and his Torah scholarship, he was also an immense Torah scholar in his own right, as evidenced in his major work, Likutei Moharan which is filled with references to classical Jewish religious texts. Only later did he begin to couch his kabbalah teachings in the form of seemingly simple "ta ...

See also:

Nachman of Breslov, Nachman of Breslov - Biography, Nachman of Breslov - His following, Nachman of Breslov - Teachings, Nachman of Breslov - Tikun Klali, Nachman of Breslov - Contributions to Hasidism and important teachings, Nachman of Breslov - Did he believe he was the Messiah?, Nachman of Breslov - View within Breslov, Nachman of Breslov - Academic secular view, Nachman of Breslov - Views of Chaim Kramer, Nachman of Breslov - Controversy over his beliefs, Nachman of Breslov - Was Nachman actually a Sabbatean?, Nachman of Breslov - Works published after his death, Nachman of Breslov - Quotes, Nachman of Breslov - Reference

Read more here: » Nachman of Breslov: Encyclopedia II - Nachman of Breslov - Teachings

According to adherents of Kabbalah, the origin of Kabbalah begins with the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible). When read by a Kabbalist, the Torah's description of the creation in the Book of Genesis reveals mysteries about God's creation of the universe, Adam and Eve, the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil and a Tree of Life, the interaction of these creations with the Serpent which leads to disaster when they ...

See also:

Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism, Kabbalah - Mystic doctrines in Talmudic times, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the early Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Lurianic Kabbalah in the Middle Ages, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Sefardim and Mizrahim, Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Maharal, Kabbalah - The failure of Sabbatian mysticism, Kabbalah - Spread of Kabbalah during the 1700s, Kabbalah - The modern world, Kabbalah - Primary texts, Kabbalah - Theodicy: explanation for the existence of evil, Kabbalah - Kabbalistic understanding of God, Kabbalah - Sefirot, Kabbalah - A Greek Orthodox theological view, Kabbalah - The human soul in Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Foretelling the future, Kabbalah - Practical applications, Kabbalah - Textual antiquity of esoteric mysticism, Kabbalah - Gnosticism and Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Criticisms, Kabbalah - Dualism, Kabbalah - Debate about Kabbalah in Judaism, Kabbalah - Early critiques, Kabbalah - Within Conservative and Reform Judaism, Kabbalah - Kabbalah Centre, Kabbalah - Kabbalah in non-Jewish society, Kabbalah - Hermetic Kabbalah, Kabbalah - Fictional representations, Kabbalah - Kabbalah personalities, Kabbalah - Footnotes

Read more here: » Kabbalah: Encyclopedia II - Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism

The many Marranos (in the Balearic Islands, Chuetas), who publicly professed Catholicism but privately adhered to Judaism during the Spanish Inquisition, and particularly after the Alhambra decree of 1492, are the most widely known crypto-Jews. Officially they were known as "New Christians," and there was considerable legislation directed against them in both Spain and Portugal and in their colonies, the chief activity of the ...

See also:

Crypto-Judaism, Crypto-Judaism - Europe, Crypto-Judaism - Chuetas, Crypto-Judaism - North America, Crypto-Judaism - Central South America and Caribbean

Read more here: » Crypto-Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Crypto-Judaism - Europe

The rapid spread of Hasidic Judaism in the second half of the eighteenth century greatly troubled many traditional Jewish rabbis; many saw it as a potentially dangerous enemy. The movement's founder was Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov, or simply "the Besht"; he taught that man's relationship with God depended on immediate religious experience, in addition to knowledge and observance of ...

See also:

Mitnagdim, Mitnagdim - Origins

Read more here: » Mitnagdim: Encyclopedia II - Mitnagdim - Origins

List of Polish Jews - Politicians. Menachem Begin (1913-1992), Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973), Israeli prime minister Jakub Berman (1901-1984), Secretary of PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party) Jerzy Einhorn, politician Hilary Minc, (1905-1974) economist Shimon Peres (b. 1923), Israeli prime minister, Nobel prize laureate (1994) Adam Rotfeld (b. 1938), former Polish foreign minister (2004) Yitzhak Shamir (b. 1915), Israeli pr ...

See also:

List of Polish Jews, List of Polish Jews - Historical figures, List of Polish Jews - Politicians, List of Polish Jews - Soldiers and fighters, List of Polish Jews - Activists, List of Polish Jews - Religious figures, List of Polish Jews - Academics, List of Polish Jews - Math & Computer scientists, List of Polish Jews - Natural scientists, List of Polish Jews - Social academics, List of Polish Jews - Cultural figures, List of Polish Jews - Artists, List of Polish Jews - Musicians, List of Polish Jews - Screen and stage, List of Polish Jews - Writers and poets, List of Polish Jews - Polish-language, List of Polish Jews - Yiddish-language, List of Polish Jews - Other writers, List of Polish Jews - Business figures, List of Polish Jews - Sport figures, List of Polish Jews - Chess players, List of Polish Jews - Others, List of Polish Jews - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » List of Polish Jews: Encyclopedia II - List of Polish Jews - Historical figures

Overcoming significant opposition to his appointment (notably from ex-President and future Chief Justice William Howard Taft), Brandeis became one of the most influential and respected Supreme Court Justices in United States history. His votes and opinions envisioned the greater protections for individual rights and greater flexibility for government in economic regulation that would prevail in later courts. In his widely-cited dissenting opinion in Olmstead v. United States (1928), Brandeis argued, as he had in an influential law rev ...

See also:

Louis Brandeis, Louis Brandeis - Early life, Louis Brandeis - The Brandeis Brief, Louis Brandeis - Supreme Court Justice, Louis Brandeis - Zionist leader, Louis Brandeis - Selected Opinions, Louis Brandeis - Selected Quotes

Read more here: » Louis Brandeis: Encyclopedia II - Louis Brandeis - Supreme Court Justice

Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament. Christian theology rooted in Roman Catholic theology was stimulated by the traditional reading of the New Testament, resulting in 'replacement theology' (or supersessionism), which taught that with the coming of Jesus a new covenant has rendered obsolete and has superseded the religion of Judaism. It was believed that the Jews, as a people, were responsible for the death of Jesus, and a number of early and influential Church works -- such as the dialogues of Justin Martyr, the homilies of John Chrysostom, and the testimoni ...

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism

Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament. The New Testament is a collection of 'books' written by various authors. Most of this collection was written by the end of the first century. The majority of the New Testament was written by Jews who became followers of Jesus, and all but two books (Luke and Acts) are traditionally attributed to such Jewish followers. Nevertheless, there are a number of passages in the New Testament that some see as anti-Semitic, or have been used for anti-Semitic purposes, most ...

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Nationalism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism

Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE. 200 BCE–100 CE Throughout this era the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) is gradually canonized. Jewish religious works that were written after the time of Ezra were not canonized, although many became popular among many groups of Jews. Those works that made it into the Greek translation of the Bible (the Septuagint) became known as the deuterocanonical books. 30–100 CE Christianity emerges as a movement, and then splits from Judaism. 66–70 CE The Great Jewish Revolt en ...

See also:

Timeline of Jewish history, Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history, Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history, Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE, Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500, Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800, Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900, Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945, Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia II - Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history