Jacob Frank

The spread of Frank's messianic movement (1760-1770) occurred in the period following the killing of the Jews in the days of Bohdan Chmielnicki. Hundreds of ruined communities, in which almost every family mourned its martyred dead, awaited aid from Heaven. Some were inclined to see in the Ukraine massacres pre-Messianic sufferings, and in Sabbatai Zevi the promised messiah. Zevi's fall and subsequent conversion to Islam estranged him from most of his followers, but among the more uncultured portion of the Jewish people the belief in the mystic ...

See also:

Jacob Frank, Jacob Frank - Historical background, Jacob Frank - Social-economic conditions, Jacob Frank - Early life of Frank, Jacob Frank - The anti-Talmudists, Jacob Frank - Declaration of being a succesor to Shabbethai Zevi, Jacob Frank - Baptism of the Frankists, Jacob Frank - Frank in prison

Read more here: » Jacob Frank: Encyclopedia II - Jacob Frank - Historical background

Kabbalah (Hebrew קַבָּלָה "reception", Standard Hebrew Qabbala, Tiberian Hebrew Qabbālāh; also written variously as Cabala, Cabalah, Cabbala, Cabbalah, Kabala, Kabalah, Kabbala, Qabala, Qabalah, Kaballah) is an interpretation (exegesis, hermeneutic) key, "soul" of the Torah (Hebrew Bible), or the religious mystical system of Judaism claiming an insight into divine nature. Kabbalah is a doctrine of esoteric knowledge concerning God, God's creation of the universe and the laws of nature, and the path by whic ...

Including:

• Kabbalah - Origin of Jewish mysticism
• Kabbalah - Mystic doctrines in Talmudic times
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the early Middle Ages
• Kabbalah - Lurianic Kabbalah in the Middle Ages
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Sefardim and Mizrahim
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah of the Maharal
• Kabbalah - The failure of Sabbatian mysticism
• Kabbalah - Spread of Kabbalah during the 1700s
• Kabbalah - The modern world
• Kabbalah - Primary texts
• Kabbalah - Theodicy: explanation for the existence of evil
• Kabbalah - Kabbalistic understanding of God
• Kabbalah - Sefirot
• Kabbalah - A Greek Orthodox theological view
• Kabbalah - The human soul in Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Foretelling the future
• Kabbalah - Practical applications
• Kabbalah - Textual antiquity of esoteric mysticism
• Kabbalah - Gnosticism and Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Criticisms
• Kabbalah - Dualism
• Kabbalah - Debate about Kabbalah in Judaism
• Kabbalah - Early critiques
• Kabbalah - Within Conservative and Reform Judaism
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah Centre
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah in non-Jewish society
• Kabbalah - Hermetic Kabbalah
• Kabbalah - Fictional representations
• Kabbalah - Kabbalah personalities
• Kabbalah - Footnotes

Read more here: » Kabbalah: Encyclopedia - Kabbalah

With this document, which he appears to have accepted as an actual revelation, Sabbatai determined to choose Salonica, at that time a center of Kabbalists, as the field for his further operations. Here he boldly proclaimed himself the Messiah, gaining many adherents. In order to impress his Messiahship upon the minds of his enthusiastic friends he put on all sorts of mystical events — e.g., the celebration of his marriage as the “Son of God” (the Ein Sof) with the Torah, preparing for this performance a solemn festival to which ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica

This entry contains a timeline of the development of Judaism and the Jewish people. Note that all dates are given according to the Common Era (Christian), not the Jewish calendar. For more detailed information on Jewish history, including links to individual country histories, see Jewish history. Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history. A separate article exists on the timeline of Biblical characters and the Israelites. See the entry on the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Note, however, that the ...

Including:

• Timeline of Jewish history - Biblical history
• Timeline of Jewish history - Post Biblical-history
• Timeline of Jewish history - 200 BCE to 700 CE
• Timeline of Jewish history - 701 to 1500
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1501 to 1800
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1801 to 1900
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1901 to 1945
• Timeline of Jewish history - 1946 to Today

Read more here: » Timeline of Jewish history: Encyclopedia - Timeline of Jewish history

In Judaism, the Messiah (מָשִׁיחַ "anointed one", Standard Hebrew Mašíaḥ, Tiberian Hebrew Māšîªḥ Arabic المسيح;) initially meant any person who was anointed by God. In English today, it is used in two major contexts: the anticipated saviour of the Jews, and one who is anticipated as, regarded as, ...

Including:

• Messiah - In the Hebrew Bible
• Messiah - In the New Testament
• Messiah - In Islam
• Messiah - Other historically significant Jewish Messiah claimants
• Messiah - Josephus's report of civil unrest in the first century
• Messiah - Menahem ben Judah
• Messiah - Bar Kokhba
• Messiah - Moses of Crete
• Messiah - In 7th century Persia
• Messiah - The Syrian Serene
• Messiah - Messiahs during the crusades
• Messiah - David Alroy
• Messiah - In Yemen
• Messiah - Abraham Abulafia
• Messiah - Nissim ben Abraham
• Messiah - Moses Botarel of Cisneros
• Messiah - Asher Lemmlein
• Messiah - David Reuveni and Solomon Molko
• Messiah - Isaac Luria
• Messiah - Sabbatai Zevi
• Messiah - Sabbethaian pseudo-messiahs
• Messiah - Mordecai Mokia
• Messiah - Jacob Frank
• Messiah - Menachem Mendel Schneerson
• Messiah - Other Messiahs
• Messiah - The Messiah in science fiction and fantasy
• Messiah - See Also

Read more here: » Messiah: Encyclopedia - Messiah

Rabbi Israel (Yisroel) ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר, about 1698 Okopy Świętej Trójcy – May 22, 1760 Międzyborz) was a Jewish Orthodox mystical rabbi who is better known to most religious Jews as the Holy Baal Shem ("der Heiliger Baal Shem" in Yiddish), or most commonly, the Baal Shem Tov. The name "Baal Shem Tov" is usually translated into English as "Master of the Good Name", with "Tov" ("Good") modifying "Shem" ("[Divine] Name"), although it is more correctly understood as a combination of ...

Including:

• Israel ben Eliezer - Early life and marriage
• Israel ben Eliezer - Development as leader and challenges
• Israel ben Eliezer - Disputes with the Frankists
• Israel ben Eliezer - His legacy
• Israel ben Eliezer - Elements of Besht's doctrines
• Israel ben Eliezer - Opposition to Luria's Kabbalah
• Israel ben Eliezer - Influence on Hasidism
• Israel ben Eliezer - Characteristics
• Israel ben Eliezer - In legend
• Israel ben Eliezer - His miracles
• Israel ben Eliezer - Bibliography

Read more here: » Israel ben Eliezer: Encyclopedia - Israel ben Eliezer

Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group, which can range from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution. The highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler's Nazism was the most extreme example of this phenomenon. Anti-Semitism has historically taken different forms: Religious anti-Semitism, or anti-Judaism. Before the 19th century, most anti-Semitism was primarily religious in nature, based on Christian or ...

Including:

• Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage
• Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term
• Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament
• Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages
• Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions
• Anti-Semitism - The Crusades
• Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism
• Anti-Semitism - Passion plays
• Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair
• Anti-Semitism - Pogroms
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation
• Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries
• Anti-Semitism - United States
• Anti-Semitism - Europe
• Anti-Semitism - Asia
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism
• Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia - Anti-Semitism

In accordance with the prevailing custom of Jews, Sabbatai's father had him study Talmud. In his early youth he attended a yeshiva under the veteran rabbi of Smyrna, Joseph Escapa; studies in halakha did not appeal to him, but apparently he did attain proficiency in the Talmud. On the other hand, he was fascinated by mysticism and the Kabbalah, in the prevailing style of Isaac Luria. He found the practical Kabbalah, with its asceticism, and its mortification of the body – through which its devotees claimed to be able to communicate with God and the angels, to predict the future, and to per ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years

Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Judaism are referred to as "crypto-Jews". The term crypto-Jew is also used to describe descendants of Jews who still (generally secretly) maintain some Jewish traditions, often while adhering to other faiths, most commonly Catholicism. Crypto-Judaism - Europe. The many Marranos (in the Balearic Islands, Chuetas), who publicly professed Catholicism but privately adhered to Judaism du ...

Including:

• Crypto-Judaism - Europe
• Crypto-Judaism - Chuetas
• Crypto-Judaism - North America
• Crypto-Judaism - Central South America and Caribbean

Read more here: » Crypto-Judaism: Encyclopedia - Crypto-Judaism

Donmeh (dönme) is a Turkish word for a religious convert. It refers to a group of Jews of the Near East who followed Sabbatai Zevi (also called Shabbatai Zvi) and converted to Islam in 1666. Zevi's conversion is generally understood to have been forced. Donmeh - History. While outwardly Muslim, the Donmeh secretly remained Jews, and continued to practice Jewish rituals covertly. They worshipped Sabbatai Zevi as the Messiah and an incarnation of God, observe certain Jewish rituals and pray in ...

Including:

• Donmeh - History
• Donmeh - External link

Read more here: » Donmeh: Encyclopedia - Donmeh

Chernivtsi (Ukrainian: Чернівці; Romanian: Cernăuţi; German: Czernowitz or Tschernowitz; Polish: Czerniowce; Hungarian: Csernovic; Yiddish: Tshernovits; Russian: Черновцы́, Chernovtsy) is a city in Northern Bukovina, Ukraine, capital of the Chernivtsi Oblast. Chernivtsi - History. See also Bukovina#History Archeological data prove that the Chernivtsi area was populated from neolithi ...

Including:

• Chernivtsi - History
• Chernivtsi - Population
• Chernivtsi - Personalities
• Chernivtsi - Natives
• Chernivtsi - Residents

Read more here: » Chernivtsi: Encyclopedia - Chernivtsi

Christo-Islamic is a term of comparative religion to connect fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam. Islam, which also has commonalities with Judaism, accepts many peripheral aspects of Christianity as part of its faith - with some differences in interpretation. The phrase "Judeo-Christian values" is commonly used in the West, and many Muslim scholars view this term as emblematic of Western cultures' disconnection with Islam even though Muslims refer to bo ...

Including:

• Christo-Islamic - Beliefs

Read more here: » Christo-Islamic: Encyclopedia - Christo-Islamic

Hasidic Judaism (from the Hebrew: Chasidut חסידות, meaning "pious", from the Hebrew root word chesed חסד meaning "loving kindness") is a Haredi Jewish religious movement. Some refer to Hasidic Judaism as Hasidism, and the adjective Chasidic/Hasidic (or in Yiddish Chasidish חסידיש) applies. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (1700–1760), also known as the Ba'al Shem Tov Including:

• Hasidic Judaism - History
• Hasidic Judaism - Prelude
• Hasidic Judaism - Israel ben Eliezer
• Hasidic Judaism - The spread of Hasidism
• Hasidic Judaism - Opposition
• Hasidic Judaism - Since the Holocaust
• Hasidic Judaism - Religious practice and culture
• Hasidic Judaism - Fundamental conceptions
• Hasidic Judaism - Liturgy and prayer
• Hasidic Judaism - Dress
• Hasidic Judaism - Ritual Bathing
• Hasidic Judaism - Families
• Hasidic Judaism - Languages
• Hasidic Judaism - Footnotes

Read more here: » Hasidic Judaism: Encyclopedia - Hasidic Judaism

The adherents of Sabbatai, probably with his consent, even planned to abolish to a great extent the ritualistic observances because, according to a tradition, in the Messianic time most of them were to lose their obligatory character. The first step toward the disintegration of traditional Judaism was the changing of the fast of the Tenth of Tevet to a day of feasting and rejoicing. Samuel Primo, a man who entered Sabbatai's service as secretary at the time when the latter left Jerusalem for Smyrna, directed in the name of the Messiah the fo ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence

The joy of his followers knew no bounds. Sabbatai, assisted by his wife, now became the sole ruler of the community. In this capacity he used his power to crush all opposition. For instance, he deposed the old rabbi of Smyrna, Aaron Lapapa, and appointed in his place Hayyim Benveniste. His popularity grew with incredible rapidity, as not only Jews but Christians also spread his story far and wide. His fame extended to all countries. Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands had centers where the Messianic movement was ardently promulgated, and the ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah

Apart from this general Messianic theory, there was another computation, based on a presumably interpolated passage in the Zohar (a famous Jewish mystical text), and particularly popular among the Jews, according to which the year 1648 was to be the year of Israel's redemption by their long-awaited Jewish Messiah. All these things led Sabbatai to conceive a plan which was of grave consequence for the whole of Jewry, and whose effects are felt even to the present time: he deci ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship

During the first half of the 17th century, millenarian ideas of the approach of the Messianic time, and more especially of the redemption of the Jews and their return to the land of Israel, with their own independent sovereignty were popular. The so-called apocalyptic year was identified by Christian authors as 1666. This belief was so dominant that Manasseh ben Israel in his letter to Oliver Cromwell and the Rump Parliament did not hesitate to use it as a motive for his plea for the readmission of the Jews into England, remarking: “the op ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism

At the beginning of the year 1666, Sabbatai again left Smyrna for Constantinople, either because he was compelled to do so by the city authorities or because of a hope that a miracle would happen in the Turkish capital to fulfil the prophecy of Nathan Ghazzati that Sabbatai would place the sultan's crown on his own head. As soon as he reached the landing-place, however, he was arrested at the command of the grand vizier, Ahmed Köprülü, and cast into prison in chains. An under-pasha, commissioned to receive Sabbatai on the ship, welcomed h ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople

Having Halabi's money, a charming wife, and many additional followers, Sabbatai triumphantly returned to Palestine. Passing through the city of Gaza, he met a man who was to become very active in his subsequent Messianic career. This was Nathan Benjamin Levi, known under the name of Nathan of Ghaza (Nathan Ghazzati). He became Sabbatai's right-hand man, and professed to be the risen Elijah, the precursor of the Messiah. In 1665, Ghazzati announced that the Messianic age was to begin in the following year. Sabbatai spread this announce ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza

Although rather little is known about them, various groups called Donmeh (Turkish for “apostate”) continue to follow Sabbatai Zevi today. Estimates of the numbers vary, up to a maximum of 25,000, mostly in Turkey, with some in Greece. According to one source: “Although outwardly Muslims and, to a lesser extent, Christians, the Donmeh secretly continue to observe Jewish rituals (such as circumcision, but at the age of three rather than eight days), pray in Hebrew as well as Aramaic and Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish), and ha ...

See also:

Sabbatai Zevi, Sabbatai Zevi - Zevi's early years, Sabbatai Zevi - Influence of English Millenarianism, Sabbatai Zevi - Claims of Messiahship, Sabbatai Zevi - In Salonica, Sabbatai Zevi - Marriage to Sarah, Sabbatai Zevi - Nathan of Ghaza, Sabbatai Zevi - Proclaimed Messiah, Sabbatai Zevi - Spread of his influence, Sabbatai Zevi - In Constantinople, Sabbatai Zevi - At Abydos Migdal Oz, Sabbatai Zevi - Nehemiah ha-Kohen, Sabbatai Zevi - Sabbatai adopts Islam, Sabbatai Zevi - Disillusion, Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers

Read more here: » Sabbatai Zevi: Encyclopedia II - Sabbatai Zevi - Modern followers