Jabal Ram

History · Adaptations Phonology · Transliteration Diacritics · Writing of the hamza Numerals · Numeration Middle Bronze Age 19-15th c. BC Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC Ugaritic 13th c. BC Phoenician 11th c. BC Samaritan 6th c. BC Aramaic 9th c. BC Brāhmī 4th c. BC Hebrew 3rd c. BC Syriac 2nd c. BC Avestan 3th c. Arabic 4th c. Greek 8th c. BC Old Italic 8th c. BC ...

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• Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order
• Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Primary letters
• Arabic alphabet - Hamza
• Arabic alphabet - Diacritics
• Arabic alphabet - Numerals
• Arabic alphabet - History
• Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages
• Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet
• Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

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The land that became Jordan forms part of the history-rich Fertile Crescent region. Its known history began around 2000 B.C., when Semitic Amorites settled around the Jordan River in the area called Canaan. Subsequent invaders and settlers included Hittites, Egyptians, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Arab Muslims, Christian Crusaders, Mameluks, Ottoman Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of World War I, the territory now comprising Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and Jerusalem ...

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Jordan, Jordan - History, Jordan - Politics, Jordan - Governorates, Jordan - Geography, Jordan - Economy, Jordan - Foreign relations, Jordan - Demographics, Jordan - Culture, Jordan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Jordan - History

The following table provides all of the Unicode characters for Arabic, and none of the supplementary letters used for other languages. The transliteration given is the widespread DIN 31635 standard, with some common alternatives. See the article Arabic transliteration for details and various other transliteration schemes. Regarding pronunciation, the phonetic values given are those of the "standard" pronunciation of the fusha language as taught in universities. Actual pronunciation between the varieties of Arabic may vary widely. For more details concerning the pronu ...

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Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet

The country consists mainly of a plateau between 700 and 1,000 meters high, divided into ridges by valleys and gorges, and a few mountainous areas. Fractures of the earth's surface are evident in the great geological rift that extends southward from the Jordan Valley through the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea, gradually disappearing south of the lake country of East Africa. Although an earthquake-prone region, as of early 1989 no seve ...

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Geography of Jordan, Geography of Jordan - Boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Topography, Geography of Jordan - Climate, Geography of Jordan - Area and boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Resources and land use, Geography of Jordan - Environmental concerns, Geography of Jordan - Sources

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Jordan is a constitutional monarchy based on the constitution promulgated on January 8, 1952. Executive authority is vested in the king and his council of ministers. The king signs and executes all laws. His veto power may be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both houses of the National Assembly. He appoints and may dismiss all judges by decree, approves amendments to the constitution, declares war, and commands the armed forces. Cabinet decisions, court judgments, and the national currency are issued in his name. The council of ministers, ...

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Jordan, Jordan - History, Jordan - Politics, Jordan - Governorates, Jordan - Geography, Jordan - Economy, Jordan - Foreign relations, Jordan - Demographics, Jordan - Culture, Jordan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Jordan - Politics

Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from Iraq and neighboring countries. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Cooperation Council member countries. In addition, a natural gas pipeline f ...

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Jordan, Jordan - History, Jordan - Politics, Jordan - Governorates, Jordan - Geography, Jordan - Economy, Jordan - Foreign relations, Jordan - Demographics, Jordan - Culture, Jordan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Jordan - Economy

Main article: Economy of Jordan Jordan is a small country with limited natural resources. The country is currently exploring ways to expand its limited water supply and use its existing water resources more efficiently, including through regional cooperation. Jordan also depends on external sources for the majority of its energy requirements. During the 1990s, its crude petroleum needs were met through imports from Iraq and neighboring countries. Since early 2003, oil has been provided by some Gulf Co ...

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Jordan, Jordan - History, Jordan - Politics, Jordan - Governorates, Jordan - Geography, Jordan - Economy, Jordan - Foreign relations, Jordan - Demographics, Jordan - Culture, Jordan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Jordan - Economy

Jordan has consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally has had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. These relations were damaged by Jordan's neutrality and maintaining relations with Iraq during the first Gulf War. Although the Government of Jordan stated its opposition to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, popular support for Iraq was driven by Jordan's Palestinian community, which favored Saddam as a ch ...

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Jordan, Jordan - History, Jordan - Politics, Jordan - Governorates, Jordan - Geography, Jordan - Economy, Jordan - Foreign relations, Jordan - Demographics, Jordan - Culture, Jordan - Miscellaneous topics

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Natural hazards: N/A Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands See also:

Geography of Jordan, Geography of Jordan - Boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Topography, Geography of Jordan - Climate, Geography of Jordan - Area and boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Resources and land use, Geography of Jordan - Environmental concerns, Geography of Jordan - Sources

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Jordan is a Middle Eastern country, bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the northeast, Saudi Arabia to the east and south and Israel and West Bank to the west. All these border lines add up to 1619 km. The Gulf of Aqaba and the Dead Sea also touch the country, and thus Jordan has a coastline of 26 km. Jordan consists mostly of arid desert plateau in the east, with Highland area in the west. The Great Rift Valley of the Jordan River separates Jordan and Israel. The highest point in the country is Jabal Ra ...

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Jordan, Jordan - History, Jordan - Politics, Jordan - Governorates, Jordan - Geography, Jordan - Economy, Jordan - Foreign relations, Jordan - Demographics, Jordan - Culture, Jordan - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Jordan - Geography

Area: total: 89,213 km² land: 88,884 km² water: 329 km² Land boundaries: total: 1,619 km border countries: Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km Coastline: 26 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nautical miles Elevation extremes: lowest point: De ...

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Geography of Jordan, Geography of Jordan - Boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Topography, Geography of Jordan - Climate, Geography of Jordan - Area and boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Resources and land use, Geography of Jordan - Environmental concerns, Geography of Jordan - Sources

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Arabic script has been adopted for use in a wide variety of languages other than Arabic, including Persian, Kurdish, Malay and Urdu. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent phonemes that do not appear in Arabic phonology. For example, the Arabic language lacks a [p] phoneme, so many languages add their own letter to represent [p] in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language ...

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Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages

The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic, itself descended from Phoenician. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ram (50 km east of Aqaba), but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512. However, the epigraphic record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the ...

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Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - History

There are two kinds of numerals used in Arabic writing; standard numerals and "East Arab" numerals, used in Iran, Pakistan and India. In Arabic, these numbers are referred to as "Indian numbers" (أرقام هندية arqām hindiyyah). In most of present-day North Africa, the usual We ...

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Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Numerals

The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several character sets, including ISO-8859-6 and Unicode, in the latter thanks to the "Arabic segment", entries U+0600 to U+06FF. However, neither of these sets indicate the form each character should take in context. It is left to the rendering engine to select the proper glyph to display for each character. When one wants to encode a particular written form of a character, there are extra code points provided in Unicode which can be used to express the exact written form desired. The Arabi ...

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Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet

Except for small sections of the borders with Israel and Syria, Jordan's international boundaries do not follow well-defined natural features of the terrain. The country's boundaries were established by various international agreements, and, with the obvious exception of the border with Israel, none was in dispute in early 1989. The de jure border with Israel is based on the Armistice line agreed on in April 1949 by Israel and what was then Transjordan, following negotiations held under the auspices of a United Nations (UN) mediator. ...

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Geography of Jordan, Geography of Jordan - Boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Topography, Geography of Jordan - Climate, Geography of Jordan - Area and boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Resources and land use, Geography of Jordan - Environmental concerns, Geography of Jordan - Sources

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The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left and is composed of 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the script for other languages such as Persian and Urdu have additional letters. There is no difference between written and printed letters; the writing is unicase (i.e. the concept of upper and lower case letters does not exist). On the other hand, most of the letters are attached to one another, even when printed, and their appearance changes as a function of whether they connect to preceding or fol ...

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Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Abjadi order, Arabic alphabet - Presentation of the alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Primary letters, Arabic alphabet - Hamza, Arabic alphabet - Diacritics, Arabic alphabet - Numerals, Arabic alphabet - History, Arabic alphabet - Arabic alphabets of other languages, Arabic alphabet - Current uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Former uses of the alphabet for other languages, Arabic alphabet - Computers and the Arabic alphabet, Arabic alphabet - Arabic keyboard layout

Read more here: » Arabic alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Arabic alphabet - Structure of the Arabic alphabet

The major characteristic of the climate is the contrast between a relatively rainy season from November to April and very dry weather for the rest of the year. With hot, dry, uniform summers and cool, variable winters during which practically all of the precipitation occurs, the country has a Mediterranean-style climate. In general, the farther inland from the Mediterranean Sea a given part of the country lies, the greater are the seasonal contrasts in temperature and the less rainfall. Atmospheric pressures during the summer months are rela ...

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Geography of Jordan, Geography of Jordan - Boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Topography, Geography of Jordan - Climate, Geography of Jordan - Area and boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Resources and land use, Geography of Jordan - Environmental concerns, Geography of Jordan - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Jordan - Climate

Natural resources: phosphates, potash, shale oil Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 1% permanent pastures: 9% forests and woodland: 1% other: 85% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 630 km² (1993 est.) ...

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Geography of Jordan, Geography of Jordan - Boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Topography, Geography of Jordan - Climate, Geography of Jordan - Area and boundaries, Geography of Jordan - Resources and land use, Geography of Jordan - Environmental concerns, Geography of Jordan - Sources

Read more here: » Geography of Jordan: Encyclopedia II - Geography of Jordan - Resources and land use