Amenemhat I was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty (the dynasty debated to be the beginning of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt). Amenemhet I was not of royal lineage, and hence took measures to assure the authority of his kingship, such as including literary works (the Prophecy of Neferti) and the revertion to the pyramid-style complexes of the 6th dynasty rulers. Amenemhet I also moved the capital ...

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Including:

• Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?
• Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?
• Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule
• Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive
• Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II
• Hyksos - Under Kamose
• Hyksos - Under Ahmose
• Hyksos - Summary

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Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II. The war against the Hyksos began in the closing years of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes. Later New Kingdom literary tradition has brought one of these Theban kings, Seqenenra Tao (II), into contact with his Hyksos contemporary in the north, Aauserra Apopi. Seqenenra is the father of the ruler above whose advisors counselled against disturbing the accommodation that had been reached with the Asiatics. The tradition took the form of a tale in which the Hyksos king Apopi sent a me ...

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Hyksos, Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?, Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?, Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule, Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive, Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II, Hyksos - Under Kamose, Hyksos - Under Ahmose, Hyksos - Summary

Read more here: » Hyksos: Encyclopedia II - Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive

After the reigns of his successors (Mentuhotep III) and (Mentuhotep IV) of the Eleventh Dynasty ended, there was a smooth transition into the illusturous Twelfth Dynasty. The first Pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty, (Amenemhat I), is, according to some sources, the same man as Amenemhat, the (Vizier) of (Upper Egypt), under the reign of Mentuhotep IV. This explains the smooth transition of power in which Amenemhat easily assumed the reins of power after the death of Mentuhotep IV. Amenemhat I built a new capital for Egypt, known as Itjta ...

See also:

Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Eleventh Dynasty, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Twelfth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom of Egypt - Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties

Read more here: » Middle Kingdom of Egypt: Encyclopedia II - Middle Kingdom of Egypt - The Twelfth Dynasty

The number of pyramid structures in Egypt today is reported by most sources as being between 80 and 110, with a majority favouring the higher number. The reason for the imprecise nature of the count appears related to the fact that as many smaller pyramids are in a poor state of preservation and appear as little more than mounds of rubble, they are only now being properly identified and studied by archaeologists. Most are grouped in a number of pyramid fields, the most important of which are listed geographically, from north to south, below. Egyptian pyramids - Abu Raw ...

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Egyptian pyramids, Egyptian pyramids - Historic development, Egyptian pyramids - Construction, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid symbolism, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Rawash, Egyptian pyramids - Giza, Egyptian pyramids - Zawyet el-Aryan, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Sir, Egyptian pyramids - Saqqara, Egyptian pyramids - Dahshur, Egyptian pyramids - Lisht, Egyptian pyramids - Meidum, Egyptian pyramids - Hawarra, Egyptian pyramids - el-Lahun, Egyptian pyramids - Notes

Read more here: » Egyptian pyramids: Encyclopedia II - Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites

The Hyksos kingdom, then, was centered in the eastern Nile Delta and Middle Egypt and remained limited in size, never extending south into Upper Egypt, which was under the evidently firm control of the Theban dynasts. Hyksos relations with the south seem to have been mainly of a commercial nature, although the Theban princes do seem to have recognized the Hyksos rulers and may possibly have submitted for a time to the payment of tribute. The Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty rulers established their capital and seat of ...

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Hyksos, Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?, Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?, Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule, Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive, Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II, Hyksos - Under Kamose, Hyksos - Under Ahmose, Hyksos - Summary

Read more here: » Hyksos: Encyclopedia II - Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule

The term "Hyksos" derives from the expression heka khasewet (Rulers of Foreign Lands), used in Egyptian texts like the Turin King List to describe the rulers of neighboring lands. This expression begins to appear as early as the late Old Kingdom in Egypt, referring to various Nubian chieftains; and as early as the Middle Kingdom, referring to the bedouin chieftains of Syria and Canaan. It is generally accepted that only the six kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty are to properly be called "Hyksos", because not only do they bear Egyptian ro ...

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Hyksos, Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?, Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?, Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule, Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive, Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II, Hyksos - Under Kamose, Hyksos - Under Ahmose, Hyksos - Summary

Read more here: » Hyksos: Encyclopedia II - Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?

The techniques used to construct Egypt's pyramids are thought to have initially been developed by trial and error[7], and then further evolved based on local economics, resources, and other considerations, over the thousand year pyramid-building phase of Egyptian civilization. Recently-discovered worker's tombs have shown how pyramids were made and how im ...

See also:

Egyptian pyramids, Egyptian pyramids - Historic development, Egyptian pyramids - Construction, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid symbolism, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Rawash, Egyptian pyramids - Giza, Egyptian pyramids - Zawyet el-Aryan, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Sir, Egyptian pyramids - Saqqara, Egyptian pyramids - Dahshur, Egyptian pyramids - Lisht, Egyptian pyramids - Meidum, Egyptian pyramids - Hawarra, Egyptian pyramids - el-Lahun, Egyptian pyramids - Notes

Read more here: » Egyptian pyramids: Encyclopedia II - Egyptian pyramids - Construction

The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape is also thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that made reference to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of ...

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Egyptian pyramids, Egyptian pyramids - Historic development, Egyptian pyramids - Construction, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid symbolism, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Rawash, Egyptian pyramids - Giza, Egyptian pyramids - Zawyet el-Aryan, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Sir, Egyptian pyramids - Saqqara, Egyptian pyramids - Dahshur, Egyptian pyramids - Lisht, Egyptian pyramids - Meidum, Egyptian pyramids - Hawarra, Egyptian pyramids - el-Lahun, Egyptian pyramids - Notes

Read more here: » Egyptian pyramids: Encyclopedia II - Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid symbolism

By the time of the early Dynastic period of Egyptian history, those with sufficient means were buried in visually unremarkable bench-like structures[3] known as mastabas.[4] The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep ...

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Egyptian pyramids, Egyptian pyramids - Historic development, Egyptian pyramids - Construction, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid symbolism, Egyptian pyramids - Pyramid sites, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Rawash, Egyptian pyramids - Giza, Egyptian pyramids - Zawyet el-Aryan, Egyptian pyramids - Abu Sir, Egyptian pyramids - Saqqara, Egyptian pyramids - Dahshur, Egyptian pyramids - Lisht, Egyptian pyramids - Meidum, Egyptian pyramids - Hawarra, Egyptian pyramids - el-Lahun, Egyptian pyramids - Notes

Read more here: » Egyptian pyramids: Encyclopedia II - Egyptian pyramids - Historic development

Manetho's account of the appearance of the Hyksos in Egypt calls it an armed invasion by a horde of foreign barbarians who met little resistance and who subdued the country by military force. It has been claimed that new revolutionary methods of warfare ensured the Hyksos the ascendancy in their invasion. Herbert Winlock in his book The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes describes new military hardware, such as the composite bow and most importantly the horse-drawn war chariot, as well as improved arrowheads, various kinds ...

See also:

Hyksos, Hyksos - Who Were the Hyksos?, Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?, Hyksos - Extent and Nature of Hyksos Rule, Hyksos - The Thebean Offensive, Hyksos - Under Sekenenra Tao II, Hyksos - Under Kamose, Hyksos - Under Ahmose, Hyksos - Summary

Read more here: » Hyksos: Encyclopedia II - Hyksos - Was There a Hyksos Invasion?