ISO 4217

The amount of precious metal in a ruble varied over time. In a 1704 currency reform, Peter I standardized the ruble to 28 grams of silver. While ruble coins were silver, there were higher denominations minted of gold and platinum. The gold ruble introduced in 1897 was equal to 0.774235 g of gold. The ruble became a paper currency as a result of the First World War, with old coins having a variable value relative to the paper money. The ruble was revalued three times in three years. The 1922 revaluation was at a rate of 1 "new" ruble f ...

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Russian ruble, Russian ruble - Origins, Russian ruble - History, Russian ruble - Denominations, Russian ruble - Russian banknotes, Russian ruble - Ruble in Russian/Soviet subdivisions, Russian ruble - Replacement Currencies in the Former Soviet Union, Russian ruble - Note on spelling

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Precious metals in bulk form are known as bullion, and are traded on commodity markets. Bullion metals may be cast into ingots, or minted into coins. The defining attribute of bullion is that it is valued by its mass and purity rather than by a face value as money. Many nations mint bullion coins, of which the most famous is probably the gold South African Krugerrand. Although nominally issued as legal tender, these coins' face value as currency is far below that of their value as bullion. For instance, the United States ...

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Precious metal, Precious metal - Bullion, Precious metal - Precious metal status

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Main article: History of Rupee India has been one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world (circa 6th Century BC). The first "rupee" is believed to be introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486-1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper-coin pieces (paisa) per rupee. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees were those by the Bank of Hindostan (1770-1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773-75, established by Warren Hastings), the Be ...

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Indian rupee, Indian rupee - Overview, Indian rupee - History, Indian rupee - International use, Indian rupee - Coins and Banknotes, Indian rupee - Current INR exchange rates

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The name derives from the Indian monetary unit rupee. Indonesia used the Dutch guilder from 1610 to 1817, when the Dutch East Indies guilder was introduced. The rupiah was first introduced during the World War II Japanese occupation, and after the end of the war the Java Bank briefly issued its own Java rupiah as a replacement. The Netherlands' Nica guilder and various guerrilla-linked curren ...

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Indonesian rupiah, Indonesian rupiah - History, Indonesian rupiah - Notes and coins, Indonesian rupiah - Denominations

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A distinct Irish pound existed throughout the island of Ireland before the Act of Union 1800, but this act led to the disappearence of the currency in 1826 and it would not appear again until 1928, just over one hundred years later. The Irish pound that appeared in 1928 was originally called the Saorstát pound ("Free State pound") and was pegged to the Pound sterling; the currency was referred to as the Irish pound from 193 ...

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Irish pound, Irish pound - History, Irish pound - Decimalisation, Irish pound - Breaking the link, Irish pound - Withdrawal, Irish pound - Retrospect, Irish pound - Footnotes

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Brazilian real - From the Colonial period to 1942. The real (plural réis) was the currency used by the first Portuguese settlers to arrive in the then New World, but the first official money to circulate bearing the name "real" was actually printed in 1654 by the Dutch, during their occupation of part of the Brazilian Northeast. The colonial real was not sub-divided in smaller units. The real became Brazil's official currency in 1690, and it would remain as such until 1942, when it was replaced by the cruz ...

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Brazilian real, Brazilian real - History, Brazilian real - From the Colonial period to 1942, Brazilian real - 1994 to the Present, Brazilian real - Banknotes, Brazilian real - Polymer banknote, Brazilian real - Coins, Brazilian real - First family, Brazilian real - Second family, Brazilian real - Sources, Brazilian real - Current BRL exchange rates

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Note that AA, ZZ and the ranges QM-QZ and XA-XZ are reserved for private use. For example: UN/LOCODE codes Installations in International Waters XZ. The Directorate General of Customs (關稅總局) of the Ministry of Finance (財政部) of the Republic of China administering Taiwan assigns four private-use codes for the statistic needs [1] [2] (external links in Chinese only): XA - Ryukyu Islands, which are never recognized as Japanese territories by the Republic of China XB - Nevis XC - TahitiSee also:

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - Uses and applications, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - Perfect implementations, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - Imperfect implementations, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - Changes, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - Current elements, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 Reserved Code Elements list, ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 - Other withdrawn codes

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Main article: ISO 3166-1 This standard defines for most of the countries and dependent areas in the world: a two letter (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) a three-letter (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3), and a three-digit numeric (ISO 3166-1 numeric) code. The two-letter codes are used as the basis for some other codes or applications, e.g. for ISO 4217 currency codes and with deviations for country code top-level domain names (ccTLDs) on the Internet: list of Internet TLDs. Fo ...

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Country code, Country code - Lists of country codes by country, Country code - ISO 3166-1, Country code - Other country codes, Country code - Other codings

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CFA franc - Creation. The CFA franc was created on December 26, 1945, along with the CFP franc. The reason for the creation of these francs was the weakness of the French franc immediately after the Second World War. When France ratified the Bretton Woods Agreement in December 1945, the French franc was devalued in order to set a fixed exchange rate with the US dollar. New currencies were created in the French colonies to spare them the strong devaluation of December 1945. René Pleven, the French minister of fin ...

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CFA franc, CFA franc - Name, CFA franc - History, CFA franc - Creation, CFA franc - Exchange rate, CFA franc - Countries and other territories, CFA franc - European Monetary Union, CFA franc - Institutions, CFA franc - West African, CFA franc - Central African, CFA franc - Denominations, CFA franc - Current XOF/XAF exchange rates

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Euro - Countries using the euro. At present the member states officially using the euro are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France (except Pacific territories using the CFP franc), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Overseas territories of some Eurozone countries, such as French Guiana, Réunion, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, and Martinique, also use ...

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Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins

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In 1834, a Royal Decree promulgating a Parliamentary Bill was issued providing for the issuing of an Egyptian currency based on a bimetallic base. In 1836 the Egyptian pound was minted and put into circulation. The Egyptian pound was valued at that time to 100 French Francs The pound was originally divided into 100 piastres, each of 40 para. In 1885, the para ceased to be issued and the piastre was divided into tenths (oshr al-qirsh). Th ...

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Egyptian pound, Egyptian pound - History, Egyptian pound - Banknotes and coins, Egyptian pound - Current EGP exchange rates, Egyptian pound - Historical Exchange Rates, Egyptian pound - External link

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The drachma was reborn in 1832, soon after the establishment of the modern state of Greece. It replaced the phoenix at par. In 1868 Greece joined the Latin Monetary Union and the drachma became equal in weight and value to the French franc. During the German occupation of Greece (1941-1944), catastrophic hyperinflation and Nazi looting of the Greek treasury made the drachma practically worthless; in 1944, old drachmae were exchanged for new ones at the ratio of 50,000,000,000 to 1. The new currency was soon devaluated again; in 1953, ...

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Greek drachma, Greek drachma - Ancient Drachma, Greek drachma - Modern Drachma, Greek drachma - External link

Read more here: » Greek drachma: Encyclopedia II - Greek drachma - Modern Drachma

Hong Kong dollar - Regal coins. As Hong Kong was established as a free trading port in 1841, there was no local currency existing for everyday circulation. Foreign currencies such as Indian rupees, Spanish and Mexican 8 Reales, Chinese cash coins and British currency were employed as substitutes. Coins particularly issued for Hong Kong did not appear until 1863 when the first regal coins of Hong Kong, i.e. coins with the portrait or Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch, were issued. They were produced by the Royal Mint, London and comprised the silver ten cent, the bronze one cent and ...

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Hong Kong dollar, Hong Kong dollar - Overview, Hong Kong dollar - Terminology, Hong Kong dollar - Slang Terms, Hong Kong dollar - History, Hong Kong dollar - Regal coins, Hong Kong dollar - Silver trade dollars, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong Dollar, Hong Kong dollar - Japanese Military Yen, Hong Kong dollar - Currencies for handover, Hong Kong dollar - New designs, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong coinage, Hong Kong dollar - Hong Kong banknotes, Hong Kong dollar - Linked Exchange Rate System, Hong Kong dollar - Historical exchange rates

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The relative value of the yen is determined in foreign exchange markets by the forces of supply and demand. The supply of the yen in the market is governed by the desire of yen holders to exchange their yen for other currencies to purchase goods, services, or assets. The demand for the yen is governed by the desire of foreigners to buy goods and services in Japan and by their interest in investing in Japan (buying yen-d ...

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Japanese yen, Japanese yen - History, Japanese yen - Denominations, Japanese yen - Coins, Japanese yen - Banknotes, Japanese yen - Value, Japanese yen - Exchange rates over time, Japanese yen - Reference

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Currency - Early Currency. The origin of currency is the creation of a circulating medium of exchange based on a store of value. Currency evolved from two basic innovations: the use of counters to assure that shipments arrived with the same goods that were shipped, and the use of silver ingots to represent stored value in the form of grain. Both of these developments had occurred by 2000 BC. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities ...

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Currency, Currency - History, Currency - Early Currency, Currency - Coinage, Currency - The Era of Hard and Credit Money, Currency - Legal Tender Era, Currency - The Paper Money Era, Currency - Modern currencies, Currency - Privately-issued currencies, Currency - Local currencies, Currency - World currency, Currency - Circulating currencies, Currency - A-E, Currency - F-M, Currency - N-R, Currency - S-Z, Currency - Historical currencies, Currency - Ancient Greece, Currency - Ancient Rome, Currency - Africa, Currency - America, Currency - Asia, Currency - Australasia, Currency - Europe, Currency - Accounting units, Currency - Proposed Currencies, Currency - Lists

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Moroccan dirham, Moroccan dirham - Current specifications, Moroccan dirham - Current MAD exchange rates

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Main article: United States coinage In normal circulation, there are coins in the denominations 1¢ (penny), 5¢ (nickel), 10¢ (dime), 25¢ (quarter), 50¢ (half dollar; uncommon), and $1 (uncommon). Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were intermittently created from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size was minted from 1971 through 1978. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mista ...

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United States dollar, United States dollar - Overview, United States dollar - United States coins, United States dollar - International use, United States dollar - Origin of the name dollar, United States dollar - The dollar symbol, United States dollar - Current USD exchange rates

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Owing to the chronic inflation experienced in Turkey from the 1970s through to the 1990s, the Turkish lira experienced severe depreciation in value. Turkey has had high inflation rates compared to developed countries but has never suffered hyperinflation. From an average of 9 lira per U.S. dollar in the late 1960s, the currency came to trade at approximately 1.65 million lira per U.S. dollar in late 2001. Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan had called this problem a "national shame". In late December 2003, the Turkish Parliament passed a law which allows for the removal of six zeroes from the currenc ...

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Turkish new lira, Turkish new lira - Currency specification, Turkish new lira - Design, Turkish new lira - History, Turkish new lira - Current TRY exchange rates

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The peso was originally based on imperial Spain's silver dollars, the renowned pieces of eight of pirate literature and Hollywood swashbucklers. The name peso means weight, and this is a reference to the principal characteristic of the coin. During colonial times, the silver mines of Mexico supplied ample sources of pure silver and, more importantly, the peso was the first coin to have a border that made it easy to detect if the coin had been tampered with. It was a common practice to cut or wear down the edges of gold and silv ...

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Mexican peso, Mexican peso - History, Mexican peso - Current system, Mexican peso - Coins, Mexican peso - Banknotes, Mexican peso - Current MXN exchange rates, Mexican peso - External link

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New Zealand dollar - Lack of 1 and 2 cent coins. Prior to 30 April 1990 one and two cent coins were legal tender, but were withdrawn amid some controversy. However, modern non-cash transactions (such as electronic transactions and cheques) need not be multiples of five cents, and New Zealanders rapidly adapted to the change. The lack of one and two cent coins means that cash transactions are normally rounded to the nearest five cents. Some larger retailers (notably one supermarket chain), in the interests ...

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New Zealand dollar, New Zealand dollar - Denominations, New Zealand dollar - Notes, New Zealand dollar - Cook Islands Banknotes, New Zealand dollar - Coins, New Zealand dollar - Coins and Notes, New Zealand dollar - Lack of 1 and 2 cent coins, New Zealand dollar - Limits on coins allowed to be used, New Zealand dollar - Polymer banknotes, New Zealand dollar - Damaged Notes, New Zealand dollar - Upcoming Changes, New Zealand dollar - Timeline of value, New Zealand dollar - Trivia relating to the banknotes

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The earliest form of currency used in the Maldives was cowry shells (Cypraea moneta) and historical accounts of travelers indicate that they were traded in this manner even during the 13th Century. Ibn Batuta (1344 A.D.) observed that more than 40 ships loaded with cowry shells were exported each year. A single gold Dinar was worth 400,000 shells. A few centuries later, during the 1600s and 1700s silver wires (folded in the middle to make two parallel straps) with engraved Persian and Arabic inscriptions were imported and trade ...

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Maldivian rufiyaa, Maldivian rufiyaa - Overview, Maldivian rufiyaa - History, Maldivian rufiyaa - Bank Notes

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On October 2, 1995 , the government of Eduard Shevardnadze replaced the provisional coupon currency with the lari, at a rate of one million to one. It has remained fairly stable since then. As of December 2005, the exchange rate is about US$1 = 1.78 GEL. The name lari is an old Georgian word denoting a hoard, property, whilst tetri is an old Georgian monetary term used from the 13th century. Georgian banknotes are denominated in units of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 lari, and coins are issued in denomina ...

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Georgian lari, Georgian lari - Kupon Lari, Georgian lari - Lari, Georgian lari - Banknotes, Georgian lari - External link

Read more here: » Georgian lari: Encyclopedia II - Georgian lari - Lari