Islamic history begins in Arabia in the 7th century with the emergence of the prophet Muhammad. Within a century of his death, an Islamic state stretched from the Atlantic ocean in the west to central Asia in the east, which, however, was soon torn by civil wars (fitnas). After this, there would always be rival dynasties claiming the caliphate, or leadership of the Muslim world, and many Islamic states or empires offering only token obedience to an increasingly powerless caliph. Nonetheless, the later empires of the Abbasid caliphs an ...

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Islam, Islam - Etymology, Islam - Beliefs, Islam - Six articles of belief, Islam - The tenets of Islam, Islam - God, Islam - The Qur'an, Islam - Islamic eschatology, Islam - Other beliefs, Islam - Organization, Islam - Religious authority, Islam - Islamic law, Islam - Islamic calendar, Islam - Schools denominations, Islam - Religions based on Islam, Islam - Islam and other religions, Islam - History, Islam - Contemporary Islam, Islam - The demographics of Islam today, Islam - Symbols of Islam, Islam - Notes

Read more here: » Islam: Encyclopedia II - Islam - History

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Islam, Islam - Etymology, Islam - Beliefs, Islam - Six articles of belief, Islam - The tenets of Islam, Islam - God, Islam - The Qur'an, Islam - Islamic eschatology, Islam - Organization, Islam - Religious authority, Islam - Islamic law, Islam - Islamic calendar, Islam - Schools denominations, Islam - Sunni, Islam - Shi'a, Islam - Sufism, Islam - Others, Islam - Religions based on Islam, Islam - Islam and other religions, Islam - History, Islam - Contemporary Islam, Islam - The demographics of Islam today, Islam - Symbols of Islam

Read more here: » Islam: Encyclopedia II - Islam - History

After Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr, his father-in-law and one of the earliest converts, assumed leadership of the Muslim community. This is still a matter of contention among Muslims; the largest sect of Islam, the Sunnis, and the various Shi'a sects, disagree radically as to the history and significance of Abu Bakr's succession to what was later called the caliphate. For further discussion, see Succession to Muhammad. Abu Bakr spent most of his brief caliphate fighting the Ridda Wars, bringing rebellious Arabian tribes to heel. After d ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - The spread of Islam

Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam Politic ...

Including:

Islam - Etymology Islam - Beliefs
Islam - Six articles of belief Islam - The tenets of Islam Islam - God Islam - The Qur'an Islam - Islamic eschatology Islam - Other beliefs
Islam - Organization
Islam - Religious authority Islam - Islamic law Islam - Islamic calendar
Islam - Schools denominations Islam - Religions based on Islam Islam - Islam and other religions Islam - History
Islam - Contemporary Islam Islam - The demographics of Islam today
Islam - Symbols of Islam Islam - Notes

Read more here: » Islam: Encyclopedia - Islam

The majority of the population of this new empire was non-Muslim, and aside from a protection tax (jizya) and other restrictions, the conquered people found their religions tolerated. Indeed, Muslim authorities often discouraged conversions, since this would erode the tax base. Under the Umayyads, would-be converts had to find an Arab patron who would adopt them into his tribe. Once they were honorary Arabs they could convert. Nevertheless, most of the populace eventually converted to Islam. Whether this was a fast or a slow movement is a topic hotly debated in academia, ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power

Like most world religions, Islam's historical development has had a clear impact on the political, economic, and military history of areas inside and outside what are considered its primary geographic zones of reach (see Islamic world). As with Christendom, the concept of an Islamic world may be more or less useful in looking at different periods of history. An important strain in Islamic culture encourages identification with a quasi-political community of believers or ummah, and this component is reflected in the behavior of a number of actors in history. The history of Islam as a religion is closely rela ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Introduction

Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in tribes. Some were agriculturalists, living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now Yemen and Oman). At that time the majority of Arabs followed various polytheistic religions, although a few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity (including Nestorians) or Zoroastrianism. The city of Mecca was a religious center for some of the northern Arabian polytheists, ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Muhammad

Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in tribes. Some were agriculturalists, living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now Yemen and Oman). At that time the majority of Arabs followed various polytheistic religions, although a few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity (including Nestorians) or Zoroastrianism. The city of Mecca was a religious center for some of the northern ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Muhammad

Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions of Muhammad Household of Muhammad Prophets of Islam Qur'an • Hadith • Sharia Jurisprudence Biographies of Muhammad Sunni • Shi'a • Sufi Art • Architecture Cities • Calendar Science • Philosophy Religious leaders Women in Islam
Including:

History of Islam - Introduction History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography History of Islam - Muhammad History of Islam - The spread of Islam History of Islam - The Fitna History of Islam - The Second Fitna History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power History of Islam - The decline of political unity History of Islam - The Ottoman empire History of Islam - Three Muslim empires History of Islam - The 20th century
History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions
History of Islam - Present day
History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth
History of Islam - Chronology History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia - History of Islam

Although Islamic states based on Shari'a law have existed since the earliest days of Islam, Islamism refers to modern movements that developed during the twentieth century in reaction to several forces. Following World War I, the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent dissolution of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (founder of Turkey), some Muslims perceived that Islam was in retreat, and felt that Western ideas were spreading throughout Muslim society, along with the influence of Western nations. During the 1960 ...

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Islamism, Islamism - Definition, Islamism - History, Islamism - The Deobandi Movement, Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood, Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements, Islamism - Wahhabism, Islamism - Recent history, Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory, Islamism - Islamist movements

Read more here: » Islamism: Encyclopedia II - Islamism - History

Islamism refers to a set of political ideologies derived from various religious views of Muslim fundamentalists, which hold that Islam is not only a religion, but also a political system that should govern the legal, economic and social imperatives of the state. Islamist movements seek to re-shape the state by implementing a conservative formulation of Sharia. [1] Islamists regard themselves as Muslims rather than Islamists, while moderate Muslims and liberal movements within Islam reject this notion. Some perceive Islamists as Triump ...

Including:

Islamism - Definition Islamism - History
Islamism - The Deobandi Movement Islamism - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi Islamism - The Muslim Brotherhood Islamism - Islamic Jihad movements Islamism - Wahhabism Islamism - Recent history
Islamism - Islamism and modern political theory Islamism - Islamist movements

Read more here: » Islamism: Encyclopedia - Islamism

Islam in Algeria - Rise of Islam. See: Rise of Islam in Algeria Islam was first brought to Algeria by the Umayyad dynasty following the invasion of Uqba ibn Nafi, in a drawn-out process of conquest and conversion stretching from 670 to 711. The native Berbers were rapidly converted in large numbers, although some Christian and probably pagan communities would remain at least until Almoravid times. However, as in the Middle East itself, they sought to combine their new Islam with resista ...

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Islam in Algeria, Islam in Algeria - History, Islam in Algeria - Rise of Islam, Islam in Algeria - French Colonization, Islam in Algeria - After independence, Islam in Algeria - Practice

Read more here: » Islam in Algeria: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Algeria - History

The first Muslims at today Russia's territory was Daghestani people (region of Derbent) after the Arab conquests (8th century). The first Muslim state was Volga Bulgaria (922. Tatars inherited the religion from that state. Later the most of European and Caucasian Turkic peoples also became followers of Islam. Kievan Rus also had a chance to be converted to Islam from Volga Bulgarian missionairs, but East Slavs accepted Christianity. Virtually all the Muslims in Russia adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam. In a few areas, notably ...

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Islam in Russia, Islam in Russia - History of Islam in Russia, Islam in Russia - Islam today

Read more here: » Islam in Russia: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Russia - History of Islam in Russia

Islamic science - Rise of the Islamic science. Main article: Islamic Golden Age Some Education systems teach that the world civilisation scientifically passed through: Greeks Era (BC) Romans Era (500 AD) Dark Ages (600-1600 AD) Renaissance (1600 AD) Industrial Revolution (1800/1900 AD) Modern Civilisation (2000-). In Muslim view, the term "Dark Ages" is Western centric view, impliying that for around 1000 years nothing happene ...

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Islamic science, Islamic science - Quranic passages regarding Science, Islamic science - Science in general, Islamic science - History and archeology, Islamic science - Astronomy, Islamic science - Embryology, Islamic science - Atmospheric Science, Islamic science - Geology, Islamic science - Physical cosmology, Islamic science - History, Islamic science - Rise of the Islamic science, Islamic science - Decay of Islamic science, Islamic science - Modern Islamic philosophy of science, Islamic science - Fields, Islamic science - Scientific method, Islamic science - Mathematics, Islamic science - Medicine, Islamic science - Astronomy

Read more here: » Islamic science: Encyclopedia II - Islamic science - History

Islam spread rapidly into the regions where Muslims are now a majority, until 631 CE - see caliph for the politics that were partially to cease the rapid expansion of Islam at about this time. The spread of Islam was also due particularly to the powerful Ottoman Empire. Nations were conquered, and their inhabitants were given a choice to convert to Islam, or live as dhimmis, protected second class citizens pr ...

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Islamic world, Islamic world - Demographics, Islamic world - History, Islamic world - Important organizations, Islamic world - Main denominations of Islam, Islamic world - Islam in law and ethics, Islamic world - Islam in politics, Islamic world - Conflicts with Israel and the US, Islamic world - Growing polarization, Islamic world - Future

Read more here: » Islamic world: Encyclopedia II - Islamic world - History

By the end of the seventh century, conversion to Islam had begun among the Turkish-speaking tribes, who were migrating westward from Central Asia. The initial wave of Turkish migrants converted to Sunni Islam and became champions of Islamic orthodoxy. As warriors of the Islamic faith, or gazis, they colonized and settled Anatolia in the name of Islam, especially following the defeat of the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). Beginning in the twelfth century, new waves of Turkic migrants many of whom belonged to Sufi orders, some of ...

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Islam in Turkey, Islam in Turkey - Islam's history in Turkey, Islam in Turkey - Sufism and Folk Islam, Islam in Turkey - The Alevi, Islam in Turkey - Secularist Policies, Islam in Turkey - Retreat from Secularism, Islam in Turkey - Status of Religious Freedom

Read more here: » Islam in Turkey: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Turkey - Islam's history in Turkey

The first Islamic Society in Ireland was established in 1959. It was formed by Muslim students studying in Ireland and was called the Dublin Islamic Society (later called the Islamic Foundation of Ireland). At that time there was no mosque in Dublin. The students used their homes and latert rented halls for Jum'ah (Friday) and Eid prayers. In 1969 the students began to contact their relatives and some Islamic organizations and Muslim countries for the purpose of collecting donations to establish a mosque. In 1976 the first mosque and Islamic ...

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Islam in Ireland, Islam in Ireland - History, Islam in Ireland - Demography and Ethnic Background, Islam in Ireland - External link

Read more here: » Islam in Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Ireland - History

Islam arrived in Azerbaijan with Arabs in the seventh century, gradually supplanting Zoroastrianism and Azerbaijani pagan cults. In the seventh and eighth centuries, many Zoroastrians fled Muslim persecution and moved to India, where they became known as Parsis. Until Soviet Bolsheviks ended the practice, Zoroastrian pilgrims from India and Iran traveled to Azerbaijan to worship at sacred sites, including the Surakh ...

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Islam in Azerbaijan, Islam in Azerbaijan - History, Islam in Azerbaijan - Soviet era, Islam in Azerbaijan - Islamic Revival

Read more here: » Islam in Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Azerbaijan - History

History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism. See liberal movements within Islam, Islamic fundamentalism, Islam as a political movement and Islamism. History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth. See Islamist terrorism, militant Islam, and Jihad ...

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History of Islam, History of Islam - Introduction, History of Islam - Note on early Islamic historiography, History of Islam - Muhammad, History of Islam - The spread of Islam, History of Islam - The Fitna, History of Islam - The Second Fitna, History of Islam - The zenith of Islamic power, History of Islam - The decline of political unity, History of Islam - The Ottoman empire, History of Islam - Three Muslim empires, History of Islam - The 20th century, History of Islam - The end of World War I: European powers control the Middle East, History of Islam - The end of the Caliphate and the rise of the Saudis, History of Islam - Partition of India and establishment of Pakistan, History of Islam - The creation of the state of Israel, History of Islam - Oil wealth and petropolitics dominate the Middle East, History of Islam - Two Iranian revolutions, History of Islam - Present day, History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism, History of Islam - Islamism the U.S. and the battle for oil wealth, History of Islam - Chronology, History of Islam - Dynasties of Islamic Rulers, History of Islam - References and further reading

Read more here: » History of Islam: Encyclopedia II - History of Islam - Present day

Many criticisms of the central beliefs in Islam predate the codification of Islam itself. For instance, recorded criticism of a belief in a supernatural omnipotent creator dates at least as far back as the writings of ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus. Like their Christian counterparts, medieval Islamic scholars worked to reconcile or argue against such views. The earliest records of criticism of Islam are found in early Islamic writings about criticism from their pagan Arabian adversaries and the Jewish inhabitants of south ...

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Criticism of Islam, Criticism of Islam - History, Criticism of Islam - Ethical criticism, Criticism of Islam - General ethics, Criticism of Islam - Tolerance, Criticism of Islam - Human rights issues, Criticism of Islam - Theological criticism, Criticism of Islam - Muhammad, Criticism of Islam - The Qur'an, Criticism of Islam - Hadith, Criticism of Islam - Religious Differences, Criticism of Islam - Sectarian Differences, Criticism of Islam - Political criticism, Criticism of Islam - Religious Differences, Criticism of Islam - Sectarian Differences, Criticism of Islam - Scientific criticism, Criticism of Islam - Quran and Hadith, Criticism of Islam - Muslim Responses, Criticism of Islam - Divisions of Islam, Criticism of Islam - Islamophobia, Criticism of Islam - Contemporary critics, Criticism of Islam - Topics of Islam and controversy, Criticism of Islam - Criticism of other religions, Criticism of Islam - Books Critical of Islam

Read more here: » Criticism of Islam: Encyclopedia II - Criticism of Islam - History