Philological reconstructions of some PIE theonyms: *Dyeus Ph2ter is believed to have been the original name of god of the daylit sky and the chief god of the Indo-European pantheon. He survives in Greek Zeus (also Dias), Latin Jupiter (Deus Pater), Sanskrit Dyaus Pita, Baltic Dievas, Slavic Div, Germanic Tyr (also Tiwaz), and Armenian Astwatz (c.f. also deus pater in the Vulgate, e. g. Jude 1:1) *Plth2vih2 Mh2ter (Dg'hōm ...

See also:

Proto-Indo-European religion, Proto-Indo-European religion - Priests, Proto-Indo-European religion - Pantheon, Proto-Indo-European religion - Mythology, Proto-Indo-European religion - Development, Proto-Indo-European religion - Notes

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The state now known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state only in 1871, when the German Empire, dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia, was forged. This was the second German Reich, usually translated as "empire", but also meaning "kingdom", "domain" or "realm." (Königreich means "kingdom", and Reich- as in Reichskanzler was analogous to Royal- or calling the State the Crown in Commonwealth countries. Today the analogous entity is called der Bund, as in Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor).)See also:

Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Länder, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - History

Germanic paganism - Tacitus. The first description of Germanic religion is Tacitus' Germania, dating to the 1st century. Tacitus describes both animal and human sacrifice. The chief Germanic god he identifies with Roman Mercury, who on certain days receives human sacrifices, while gods identified by Tacitus with Hercules and Mars receive animal sacrifice. The Suebians also make ...

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Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Proto-Germanic religion, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period

The state now known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state only in 1871, when the German Empire, dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia, was forged. This was the second German Reich, usually translated as "empire", but also meaning "kingdom", "domain" or "realm." (Königreich means "kingdom", and Reich- as in Reichskanzler was analogous to Royal- or calling the State the Crown in Commonwealth countries. Today the analogous entity is called der Bund, as in Bundeskanzler, the Federal Chancellor.)See also:

Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Länder, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Transportation, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - History

The state now known as Germany was unified as a modern nation-state only in 1871, when the German Empire, dominated by the Kingdom of Prussia, was forged. This was the second German Reich, usually translated as "empire", but also meaning "kingdom", "domain" or "realm." (Königreich means "kingdom", and Reich- as in Reichskanzler was analogous to Royal- or calling the State the Crown in Commonwealth countries. Today the analogous entity is called der Bund, as in Bundeskanzler (Fed ...

See also:

Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Bundesländer, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - History

A number of Saxons, along with Angles, Jutes, Frisians and possibly Franks, invaded or migrated to the island of Great Britain (Britannia) around the time of the collapse of Roman authority in the west. Saxon raiders had been harassing the eastern and southern shores of Britannia for centuries before - prompting the construction of a string of coastal forts called the litora Saxonica or Saxon Shore and many Saxons and other folk had been permitted to settle in these areas as farmers long before the end of Roman rule in Britannia. However, in ...

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Saxon people, Saxon people - Continental Saxons, Saxon people - Invasion of Britain, Saxon people - Modern remnants of the Saxon name

Read more here: » Saxon people: Encyclopedia II - Saxon people - Invasion of Britain

Germanic paganism - Caesar. The earliest forms of Germanic religion can only be speculated on based on archaeological evidence and comparative religion. The first written description is in Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. He contrasts the elaborate religious custom of the Gauls with the primitive German traditions. The Germans differ much from these usages, for they have neither Druids to preside over sacred offices, nor do they pay great regard to sacrifices. They rank in the ...

See also:

Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period

Charlemagne - Early life. Charlemagne was the eldest child of Pippin the Short (714–24 September 768, reigned from 751) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720–12 July 783), daughter of Caribert of Laon and Bertrada of Cologne. He was the elder brother of Carloman and Gisela. Some sources indicate that he was the brother of Redburga, wife of King Egbert of Wessex, and Bertha, mother of the famous Roland, but he is only ever recorde ...

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Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Charlemagne's personal appearance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Life

Germanic neopaganism - Ásatrú. Ásatrú is an Old Norse compound derived from Ása, the genitive of Áss, which refers to the Aesir, (one of the two families of gods in Norse mythology, the other being the Vanir), and Trú, literally "troth" or "faith". Thus, Ásatrú is the "Æsir's faith." The term is the Old Norse/Icelandic translation of Asetro, a neologism coined in the context of 19th century romantic nationalism, used by Edvard Grieg in his 1870 opera Olaf Trygvason. Th ...

See also:

Germanic neopaganism, Germanic neopaganism - Terminology, Germanic neopaganism - Ásatrú, Germanic neopaganism - Heathen, Germanic neopaganism - Odinism, Germanic neopaganism - Forn Siðr, Germanic neopaganism - Theodism, Germanic neopaganism - History, Germanic neopaganism - Distribution of adherents, Germanic neopaganism - Factions, Germanic neopaganism - Tenets, Germanic neopaganism - Rites, Germanic neopaganism - Artistic Output And Influence, Germanic neopaganism - Symbolism, Germanic neopaganism - List of Organizations

Read more here: » Germanic neopaganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic neopaganism - Terminology

Due to its central situation in Europe a very high traffic volume exists in Germany. In particular for the goods traffic it represents an important transit country. This constantly shifted in the past decades from the rail on the road, so that the Federal Government introduced 2005 a freeway toll for trucks. In addition, the individual traffic increased in an extent that on German roads a traffic volume very high in the international comparison prevails. This development went in particular debited to the rail traffic: Due to profitability la ...

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Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Länder, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Transportation, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - Transportation

Contemporary adherents of the various forms of Germanic Neopaganism have faced hostility from Christian groups and individuals.[citation needed] In November 10, 1999 the International Asatru/Odinic Alliance (IAOA) accused the F.B.I. with violating its First Amendment rights to freedom of religion, free speech, and peaceful assembly. The reason given for this accusation was the propagation of numerous false statements and innuendo ...

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Persecution of Heathens, Persecution of Heathens - Middle Ages, Persecution of Heathens - Nazi Persecution, Persecution of Heathens - Contemporary

Read more here: » Persecution of Heathens: Encyclopedia II - Persecution of Heathens - Contemporary

Germany - Demographics. Main article: Demographics of Germany Due to the country's federal and decentralized structure Germany has a number of larger cities. The most populous cities of Germany are Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt and Dortmund. By far the largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region, including the Düsseldorf-Cologne district and the cities of Dortmund, Duisburg and Bochum. The federal structure has kept the population oriented towards a number of large cities, and has precluded the growth of any single city that would rival such European capitals a ...

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Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Länder, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Transportation, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - Society

The Franks, originally a pagan, barbarian, Germanic people who migrated over the River Rhine in the late fifth century into a crumbling Roman Empire, were, by the early eighth century, the masters of Gaul and a good portion of central Europe east of the Rhine and the protectors of the Papacy and the Roman Catholic faith. However, their ancient dynasty of kings, the Merovingians, had long before descended into a state of complete disutility. Their chief officers, the mayors of the palace, had, practically-speaking, usurped all government powe ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Background

Germany is the largest European economy and the fifth largest economy in the world measured by gross domestic product purchasing power parity, placed behind the United States, China, Japan and India. According to the World Trade Organization, Germany is also the world's top exporter, ahead of the United States and China. Its major trading partners include France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy and the Netherlands. Germany is the largest trading partner of most European countries. A major issue of concern remains the persistentl ...

See also:

Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Länder, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Transportation, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - Economy

Germany - Legal system. Main article: Judiciary of Germany Germany has a civil or statute law system based ultimately on Roman law. Legislative power is divided between the Federation and the individual federated states. While criminal law and private law have seen codifications on the national level (in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch respectively), no such unifying codification exists in administrative law where a lot of the fundamental matters remai ...

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Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Länder, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Transportation, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - Politics

Germany - Federal States Länder. Main article: States of Germany Germany is divided into sixteen federal states (in German called Länder, singular Land; commonly Bundesländer, singular Bundesland). It is further subdivided into 439 districts (Kreise) and cities (kreisfreie Städte) (2004). Germany - Territory. Since reunification Germany has resumed its role as a major centre between Scandinav ...

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Germany, Germany - History, Germany - Early history of the Germanic tribes 100 BC-300 AD, Germany - Migration Period and Franks 300-843, Germany - The Holy Roman Empire 843–1806, Germany - Restoration and revolution 1814–1871, Germany - German Empire 1871–1918, Germany - Weimar Republic 1919–1933, Germany - Third Reich 1933–1945, Germany - Division and reunification 1945–1990, Germany - Politics, Germany - Legal system, Germany - Foreign Relations, Germany - Armed Forces, Germany - Energy policy, Germany - Geography, Germany - Federal States Länder, Germany - Territory, Germany - Climate, Germany - Economy, Germany - Exports, Germany - Imports, Germany - Agriculture, Germany - Industrial sector, Germany - Service sector, Germany - Natural resources, Germany - Society, Germany - Demographics, Germany - Religion, Germany - Education, Germany - Transportation, Germany - Social issues, Germany - Culture, Germany - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Germany: Encyclopedia II - Germany - Geography

In 792, the Westphalians rose up against their masters in response to forcible recruitment for wars against the Avars. The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793, but the insurrection did not catch on as previous ones and was completely put down by 794. An Engrian rebellion followed closely in 796, but Charlemagne's personal presence and the presence of loyal Christian Saxons and Slavs immediately crushed it. The last insurrection of the independently-minded people occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne' ...

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Saxon Wars, Saxon Wars - First phase, Saxon Wars - Final phase, Saxon Wars - Sources

Read more here: » Saxon Wars: Encyclopedia II - Saxon Wars - Final phase

The leaders of the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei in Germany during the early 20th century, according to their private writings, did not wish to encourage paganism of any sort unless it served to further the goals of the NSDAP in promoting their romantic concept and public policy of pan-Germanic ethnic consciousness. Germanic Christianity, however, was officially sanctioned during the Nazi regime. Throughout the Third Reich and the lands that came under Nazi rule, Nazi totalitarianism required that all religious activity conf ...

See also:

Persecution of Heathens, Persecution of Heathens - Middle Ages, Persecution of Heathens - Nazi Persecution, Persecution of Heathens - Contemporary

Read more here: » Persecution of Heathens: Encyclopedia II - Persecution of Heathens - Nazi Persecution

In 1000 AD, Iceland became nominally Christian, although continuation of pagan worship in private was tolerated. Most of Scandinavia was Christianized during the 11th century. Adam von Bremen gives the last report of vigorous Norse paganism. Sometimes, the subjects of a lord who converted to Christianity refused to follow his lead (this happened to the Swedish kings Olof of Sweden, Anund Gårdske and Ingold I) and would sometimes force the lord ...

See also:

Germanic paganism, Germanic paganism - Sources, Germanic paganism - Pre-Migration Period, Germanic paganism - Caesar, Germanic paganism - Tacitus, Germanic paganism - Reconstruction, Germanic paganism - Migration Age, Germanic paganism - Viking Age, Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

Read more here: » Germanic paganism: Encyclopedia II - Germanic paganism - Middle Ages

As an administrator, Charlemagne stands out for his many reforms: monetary, governmental, military, or ecclesiastical. Charlemagne - Monetary reforms. Pursuing his father's reforms, Charlemagne did away with the monetary system based on the gold sou. Both he and the Anglo-Saxon King Offa of Mercia took up the system set in place by Pippin. He set up a new standard, the livre (from the Latin libra, the modern pound)—a unit of both money and weight—which was worth 20 sous (from the L ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Administration

Charlemagne enjoyed an important afterlife in European culture. One of the great medieval literature cycles, the Charlemagne cycle or the Matter of France, centers around the deeds of Charlemagne's historical commander of the Breton border, Roland, and the paladins who served as a counterpart to the knights of the Round Table; their tales were first told in the chansons de geste. Charlemagne himself was accorded sainthood inside the Holy Roman Empire after the twelfth century. His canonization by Antipope Paschal III was never recognized by the Holy Se ...

See also:

Charlemagne, Charlemagne - Background, Charlemagne - Date and place of birth, Charlemagne - Personal appearance, Charlemagne - Dress, Charlemagne - Life, Charlemagne - Early life, Charlemagne - Joint rule, Charlemagne - Conquest of Lombardy, Charlemagne - Saxon campaigns, Charlemagne - Spanish campaign, Charlemagne - Charles and his children, Charlemagne - During the Saxon peace, Charlemagne - Avar campaigns, Charlemagne - The Saracens and Spain, Charlemagne - Imperator, Charlemagne - Danish attacks, Charlemagne - Death, Charlemagne - Administration, Charlemagne - Monetary reforms, Charlemagne - Learning, Charlemagne - Writing reforms, Charlemagne - Political organisation, Charlemagne - The division of the empire, Charlemagne - Cultural significance, Charlemagne - Family, Charlemagne - Marriages and Heirs, Charlemagne - Concubinages and Bastards, Charlemagne - Notes, Charlemagne - Sources

Read more here: » Charlemagne: Encyclopedia II - Charlemagne - Cultural significance