Under the Act of Union of 1800, Irish peers elected twenty-eight representative peers, who served for life. The Chamber of the Irish House of Lords housed the first election, with the peers or their proxies attending. The Clerk of the Crown in Ireland was responsible for electoral arrangements; each peer voted by an open and public ballot. The results of the first election were announced by the Clerk of the Crown. After the Union, new elections were held whenever vacancies occurred due to the death of any peer. The Lord Chancellor of Great B ...

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Representative peer, Representative peer - Scotland, Representative peer - Ireland, Representative peer - House of Commons

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After the Union between England and Scotland in 1707, Scottish peers (even those who did not sit as representative peers) were barred from sitting in the House of Commons. Irish peers, however, were not subjected to the same disability after 1801. It was provided that Irish peers (but not representative peers) could serve from a constituency in Great Britain provided they gave up their privileges. Under no circumstanc ...

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Representative peer, Representative peer - Scotland, Representative peer - Ireland, Representative peer - House of Commons

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The Government of Ireland Act provided for a Senate of 61: The Lord Chancellor of Ireland (who would be chairman). Fifteen Peers of the Realm resident in Southern Ireland (elected by a constituency of all Southern Ireland peers). Eight privy councillors (elected by all members of the Privy Council of Southern Ireland). Two representatives of the Church of Ireland. Two representatives of the Catholic Church. Fourteen individuals nominated by the Lord Lieutenant. Two individual ...

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Senate of Southern Ireland, Senate of Southern Ireland - Composition, Senate of Southern Ireland - Members of the Senate of Southern Ireland 1921, Senate of Southern Ireland - Footnote

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The Free State Dáil was directly elected by all citizens over the age of twenty-one. The election occurred under the Single Transferable Vote form of proportional representation. It was originally intended that the Senate would be directly elected as well. However, after the holding of only one direct election, in 1925, the system was changed to one of indirect election. Members of either house had to take an oath of fidelity to the King known as the "Oath of Allegiance" before taking their seats. Howe ...

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Oireachtas of the Irish Free State, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Composition, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Role, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Powers, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Limitations

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The Easter Rising in 1916, when a band of Irish republicans seized the General Post Office (GPO) and proclaimed the Irish Republic, led to the street's bombardment for a number of days by a gunboat of the Royal Navy and sniper fire from surrounding areas. Much of the street was reduced to rubble, the damaged areas including the whole eastern side of the street as far north as Cathedral Street, an ...

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O'Connell Street, O'Connell Street - Introduction, O'Connell Street - History, O'Connell Street - 19th Century, O'Connell Street - Impact of Events of 1916 and 1922, O'Connell Street - Modern O'Connell Street

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O'Connell Street has often been centre-stage in Irish history, forming the backdrop to one of the 1913 Dublin Lockout gatherings, the 1916 Easter Rising, the Irish Civil War of 1922, the destruction of the Nelson Pillar in 1966, and many public protests and demonstrations through the years - a role it continues to play to this day. Sited just north of the River Liffey, the thoroughfare has a fine axial positioning, running close to a north-south orientation. The sun rising to the east and setting in the west illuminates the alt ...

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O'Connell Street, O'Connell Street - Introduction, O'Connell Street - History, O'Connell Street - 19th Century, O'Connell Street - Impact of Events of 1916 and 1922, O'Connell Street - Modern O'Connell Street

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Sackville Street prospered in the 1800s, though an invisible boundary seems to have been maintained for some time between the Upper and Lower street. As planned, Lower Sackville Street became highly successful as a commercial location, its terraces ambitiously lined with purpose-designed retail units, one of the first schemes of its kind in Europe. By contrast the northern end proved not to be as successful initially; being exposed to the commercial activity of the lower street it lost its fashionability as a quiet enclave of grand to ...

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O'Connell Street, O'Connell Street - Introduction, O'Connell Street - History, O'Connell Street - 19th Century, O'Connell Street - Impact of Events of 1916 and 1922, O'Connell Street - Modern O'Connell Street

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The contemporary Church of Ireland, despite having a very small number of High Church (often described as Anglo-Catholic) parishes, is definitely on the Protestant end of the spectrum of world Anglicanism. Historically, it had little of the difference in churchmanship between parishes characteristic of other Anglican Provinces, although a number of more markedly liberal, High Church or evangelical parishes have developed in recent decades. It was the second province of the Anglican Communion after the Anglican Church of New Zealand (1857) to adopt, on its 1871 disestablishment, synodical government, and was one o ...

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Church of Ireland, Church of Ireland - History, Church of Ireland - The Church of Ireland today, Church of Ireland - Irish Anglicans

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Source: House of Lord official figures The House of Lords, as of January 9, 2005: Note: These figures exclude eight peers who are on leave of absence. †The number of hereditary peers 'allocated' to each party, which is based on the proportion of hereditary peers that belongs to that party, is: Conservative Party: 42 peers Labour Party: 2 peers Liberal Democ ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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Several different qualifications apply for membership of the House of Lords. No person may sit in the House of Lords if under the age of 21. Furthermore, only Commonwealth citizens and citizens of the Republic of Ireland may sit in the House of Lords. The nationality restrictions were previously more stringent: under the Act of Settlement 1701, and prior to the British Nationality Act 1948, only natural-born subjects were qualified. Additionally, some bankruptcy-related restrictions apply to members of the Upper House. A person may no ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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Unlike the House of Commons, the House of Lords does not elect its own Speaker; rather, the ex officio presiding officer is the Lord Chancellor (as of 2005, The Rt Hon. The Lord Falconer of Thoroton). The Lord Chancellor is not only the Speaker of the House of Lords, but also a member of the Cabinet; his or her department, formerly the Lord Chancellor's Department, is now called the Department for Constitutional Affairs. In addition, the Lord Chancellor is the head of the judiciary of England and Wales, serving as the President of the ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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The House of Lords and the House of Commons assemble in the Palace of Westminster. The Lords Chamber is lavishly decorated, in contrast with the more modestly furnished Commons Chamber. Benches in the Lords Chamber are coloured red; thus, the House of Lords is sometimes referred to as the "Red Chamber". The Woolsack is at the front of the Chamber; supporters of the Government sit on benches on the right of the Woolsack, whilst members of the Opposition sit on the left. Neutral members, known as Cross-benchers, sit on th ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Lords Temporal have been the most numerous group in the House of Lords. Unlike the Lords Spiritual, they may be publicly partisan. Publicly non-partisan Lords are called cross-benchers. Originally, the Lords Temporal included several hereditary peers (that is, those whose peerages may be inherited), who ranked variously as dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, barons, and lords of Parliament. Such hereditary dignities are created by the Crown, in modern times on the advice of the Prime Minister of ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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Members of the House of Lords who sit by virtue of their ecclesiastical offices are known as Lords Spiritual. Formerly, the Lords Spiritual comprised a majority in the House of Lords, including the Church of England's archbishops, diocesan bishops, abbots, and priors. After 1539, however, only the archbishops and bishops continued to attend, for the Dissolution of the Monasteries suppressed the positions of abbot and prior. In 1642, during the English Civil War, the Lords Spiritual were excluded altogether, but they returned under the Clergy ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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The contemporary Church of Ireland, despite having a small number of High Church (often described as Anglo-Catholic) parishes, is on the moderately Protestant part of the spectrum of world Anglicanism. Historically, it had little of the difference in churchmanship between parishes characteristic of other Anglican Provinces, although a number of more markedly liberal, High Church or evangelical parishes have developed in recent decades. It was the second province of the Anglican Communion after the Anglican Church of New Zealand (1857) to adopt, on its 1871 disestablishment, synodical government, and was one o ...

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Church of Ireland, Church of Ireland - History, Church of Ireland - The Church of Ireland today, Church of Ireland - Prominent Irish Anglicans

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The House of Lords has two maces, the earliest dating from the reign of William III. The dates of the eight large and massive silver-gilt maces of the serjeants-at-arms, kept in the jewel-house at the Tower of London, are as follows: two of Charles II, two of James II, three of William and Mary, and one of Queen Anne (the cypher of George I of Great Britain was subsequently added to the latter). All the foregoing are of the type which was almost universally adopted, with slight differences, at the Restoration. The silver mace with crystal globe of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, at Holyrood Palace ...

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Ceremonial mace, Ceremonial mace - History, Ceremonial mace - Britain, Ceremonial mace - North America Ireland, Ceremonial mace - Universities, Ceremonial mace - Others

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Among other maces, more correctly described as staves, in use today, are those carried before ecclesiastical dignitaries and clergy in cathedrals and parish churches and the maces of the universities. At Oxford there are three dating from the second half of the 16th century and six from 1723/1724, while at Cambridge there are three of 1626 and one of 1628 (but altered during the Commonwealth and again at the Restoration). The beautiful mace of the Cork gilds, made by Robert Goble of Cork in 1696 for the associated gilds, of which he h ...

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Ceremonial mace, Ceremonial mace - History, Ceremonial mace - Britain, Ceremonial mace - North America Ireland, Ceremonial mace - Universities, Ceremonial mace - Others

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The Parliament of the United Kingdom uses committees for a variety of purposes; one common use is for the review of bills. Committees of both Houses consider bills in detail, and may make amendments. In the House of Lords, the committee most commonly used for the consideration of bills is the Committee of the Whole House, which, as its name suggests, includes all members of the House. The Committee meets in the Lords Chamber, and is presided over not by the Lord Chancellor, but by the Chairman of Committees or a Deputy Chairman. Different pr ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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Most legislation may be introduced in either House, but, most commonly, is introduced in the House of Commons. Further information: Act of Parliament The power of the Lords to reject a bill passed by the House of Commons is severely restricted by the Parliament Acts. Under those Acts, certain types of bills may be presented for the Royal Assent without the consent of the House of Lords. The House of Lords cannot delay a money bill (a bill that, in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons, solely conce ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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Most legislation may be introduced in either House, but, most commonly, is introduced in the House of Commons. Further information: Act of Parliament, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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At this time religious animosity had almost died out in Ireland, and men of different faiths were ready to combine for common political objects. Thus the Presbyterians of the north, who were mainly republican in sentiment, combined with a section of the Roman Catholics to form the organization of the United Irishmen, to promote revolutionary ideas imported from France; and a party prepared to welcome a French invasion soon came into existence. Thus stimulated, the increasing disaffection culminated in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, whic ...

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Henry Grattan, Henry Grattan - Early Life, Henry Grattan - In the Irish Parliament, Henry Grattan - Grattan's Parliament, Henry Grattan - Rebellion and Union, Henry Grattan - In the British Parliament, Henry Grattan - Death and Legacy, Henry Grattan - Bibliography, Henry Grattan - Reference

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