The ceremonial mace derives from the mace used as a weapon. The earliest ceremonial maces were practical weapons intended to protect the king's person, borne by the serjeants-at-arms, a royal bodyguard established in France by Philip II, and in England probably by Richard I. By the 14th century, these serjants' maces had started to become increasingly decorative, encased in precious metals. Ceremonial mace - History. The history of the civic mace (carried by the serjeants-at-arms) begins around the m ...

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• Ceremonial mace - History
• Ceremonial mace - Britain
• Ceremonial mace - North America Ireland
• Ceremonial mace - Universities
• Ceremonial mace - Others

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The Church of Ireland is an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating seamlessly across the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It is the largest Protestant Church on the island of Ireland and the second largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland. The church considers itself to be in direct succession to Ireland's ancient Celtic Christianity and the mediaeval Irish Catholic Church. When Henry VIII and the Church of England broke with the Pope, he took the Catholic Church in Irela ...

Including:

• Church of Ireland - History
• Church of Ireland - The Church of Ireland today
• Church of Ireland - Prominent Irish Anglicans

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The Church of Ireland claims that its origins go back to the ancient Celtic Church in Ireland, which was founded at Paris by disciples of St. Phillip c. AD 108 and expanded into Britain and Ireland shortly thereafter, however these claims are not left undisputed as the Catholic Church in Ireland has a longer history. Originally a form of Christianised Druidism, Saint Patrick was instrumental in the formal re-organisation of the Celtic Church two centuries later. A monastically-centred institution, the unique calendar and usages of the Celtic ...

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Church of Ireland, Church of Ireland - History, Church of Ireland - The Church of Ireland today, Church of Ireland - Prominent Irish Anglicans

Read more here: » Church of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Church of Ireland - History

Despite the progess made in improving the street's architectural coherence post-1916 and 1922, poor planning controls in the 1970s and 1980s had a severely negative impact on the street. Like so much of Dublin of that time, property speculators and developers were permitted to construct inappropriate buildings on the thoroughfare, in spite of its Conservation Area status. Fine Victorian and 1920s buildings were demolished in the 1970s including the highly elaborate Gilbey's at the northern end, the Metropole and Capitol cinemas next to the G ...

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O'Connell Street, O'Connell Street - Introduction, O'Connell Street - History, O'Connell Street - 19th Century, O'Connell Street - Impact of Events of 1916 and 1922, O'Connell Street - Modern O'Connell Street

Read more here: » O'Connell Street: Encyclopedia II - O'Connell Street - Modern O'Connell Street

One of the first acts of Grattan's parliament was to prove its loyalty to England by passing a vote for the support of 20,000 sailors for the navy. Grattan was loyal to the crown and the English connection. He was, however, anxious for moderate parliamentary reform, and, unlike Flood, he favored Catholic emancipation. It was evident that without reform the Irish House of Commons would not be able to make much use of its newly-won independence. Though now free from constitutional control, it was still subject to the influence of corruption, w ...

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Henry Grattan, Henry Grattan - Early Life, Henry Grattan - In the Irish Parliament, Henry Grattan - Grattan's Parliament, Henry Grattan - Rebellion and Union, Henry Grattan - In the British Parliament, Henry Grattan - Death and Legacy, Henry Grattan - Bibliography, Henry Grattan - Reference

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Main article: Parliament of Ireland This body consisted of the King of Ireland and two chambers: the Irish House of Commons and the Irish House of Lords) which existed in Lordship of Ireland (1171-1541) and the Kingdom of Ireland (1541-1800). This parliament operated under major restrictions, including Poyning's Law and the Penal Laws, imposed by the English and British Crown, by the English and British Parliament and by the King-in-Council. Many of these restrictions were removed in 1782, producing what became known as the Con ...

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Historical Irish legislatures, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Dáil Éireann 1919-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Southern Ireland 1920-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas of the Irish Free State 1922-1937, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas Éireann 1937-present, Historical Irish legislatures - Legislatures in Northern Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Additional reading

Read more here: » Historical Irish legislatures: Encyclopedia II - Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Ireland

King of Ireland - Kingdom of Ireland 1542-1801. The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the Irish Parliament in 1541, to replace the Lordship of Ireland which had existed since 1171 with the Kingdom of Ireland. The Crown of Ireland Act established a personal union between the English and Irish crowns, providing that whoever was king of England was to be king of Ireland as well, and so its f ...

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King of Ireland, King of Ireland - History, King of Ireland - Kingdom of Ireland 1542-1801, King of Ireland - Irish Free State 1927-1936, King of Ireland - 1936-1949, King of Ireland - List of Lords Kings and Queens of Ireland Non-Native, King of Ireland - 1171-1541, King of Ireland - 1541-1801, King of Ireland - 1801-1927, King of Ireland - 1927-1949

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The office of Lord Lieutenant, like the English and British government in Ireland was generally unpopular with Irish nationalists, though it was supported with varying degrees of enthusiasm by the Irish unionist community. Some Lords Lieutenants did earn a measure of popularity in a personal capacity among nationalists. From the early nineteenth century, calls were made frequently for the abolition of the office and its replacement by a Secretary of State for Ireland. Though on one occasion, a Bill was even introduced by one government to make thi ...

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Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland - Official Residence, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland - Role in Government, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland - Irish Attitudes towards the Lord Lieutenant

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The Church of Ireland claims that its origins go back to the ancient Celtic Church in Ireland, which was founded at Paris by disciples of St. Phillip c. AD 108 and expanded into Britain and Ireland shortly thereafter, however these claims are not left undisputed as the Catholic Church in Ireland has a longer history. Originally a form of Christianised Druidism, Saint Patrick was instrumental in the formal re-organisation of the Celtic Church two centuries later. A monastically-centred institution, the unique calendar and usages of the Celtic ...

See also:

Church of Ireland, Church of Ireland - History, Church of Ireland - The Church of Ireland today, Church of Ireland - Irish Anglicans

Read more here: » Church of Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Church of Ireland - History

Under the Act of Union of 1707, the peers of Scotland were entitled to elect sixteen representative peers. Each representative peer served for the duration of one Parliament (a maximum of seven years), but could be re-elected during future Parliaments. Upon the summons of a new Parliament following the dissolution of a previous one, the Sovereign would issue a proclamation summoning Scottish peers to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. The elections were held in the Great Gallery, the large room that was decorated by eighty-nine of Jacob de Wet's p ...

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Representative peer, Representative peer - Scotland, Representative peer - Ireland, Representative peer - House of Commons

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Until 1936, to become law a bill had to be approved by both houses of the Oireachtas, and then receive the Royal Assent from the Governor-General, acting on behalf of the King. In 1936, when the King ceased to be a part of the Oireachtas, the responsibility for signing bills into law became a formality exercised by the Ceann Comhairle. Whatever the procedure in practice the Dáil had power to ensure the enactment of almost any law it chose. Before its abolition the Seanad merely had power to delay ...

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Oireachtas of the Irish Free State, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Composition, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Role, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Powers, Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - Limitations

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The history of the civic mace (carried by the serjeants-at-arms) begins around the middle of the 13th century, though no examples from that period remain today. At the time, ornamented civic maces were considered an infringement of one of the privileges of the king's serjeants, who alone deserved to bear maces enriched with costly metals according to a Commons petition of 1344. However, the serjeants of London later gained this privilege, as did later those of York (1396), Norwich (1403/4) Chester (1506). Records exist of maces covered with ...

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Ceremonial mace, Ceremonial mace - History, Ceremonial mace - Britain, Ceremonial mace - North America Ireland, Ceremonial mace - Universities, Ceremonial mace - Others

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(Members who actually attended the first meeting of the Senate in bold) Lord Chancellor of Ireland Sir John Ross (too ill to attend) Peers of the Realm The Lord Cloncurry The Lord de Freyne The Earl of Desart The Earl of Donoughmore The Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl The Lord HolmPatrick The Lord Inchiquin The Earl of Kenmare The Earl of Mayo The Earl of Midleton The Lord Oranmo ...

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Senate of Southern Ireland, Senate of Southern Ireland - Composition, Senate of Southern Ireland - Members of the Senate of Southern Ireland 1921, Senate of Southern Ireland - Footnote

Read more here: » Senate of Southern Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Senate of Southern Ireland - Members of the Senate of Southern Ireland 1921

Parliament developed from the council that advised the King during mediæval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, and representatives of the counties (afterwards, representatives of the boroughs as well). The first Parliament is often considered to be the "Model Parliament" (held in 1295), which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs. The power of Parliament grew slowly, changing as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined. For example, du ...

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House of Lords, House of Lords - History, House of Lords - Reform, House of Lords - Lords Spiritual, House of Lords - Lords Temporal, House of Lords - Qualifications, House of Lords - Officers, House of Lords - Procedure, House of Lords - Committees, House of Lords - Legislative functions, House of Lords - Judicial functions, House of Lords - Relationship with the Government, House of Lords - Current composition

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The 1922 Constitution provided for a Senate of 60 members who would be directly elected. Members would serve 12 year terms, with one quarter of the house elected every three years. The members would be elected under the system of proportional representation by means of the Single Transferable Vote (STV) in a single, nationwide, fifteen seat constituency. However, to get the house off the ground, the body's initial membership would be appointed by Dáil Éireann (the lower house) and the president. To further complicate matters, after ...

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Seanad Éireann Irish Free State, Seanad Éireann Irish Free State - Powers, Seanad Éireann Irish Free State - Composition and election, Seanad Éireann Irish Free State - 1922 Election, Seanad Éireann Irish Free State - 1925 Election, Seanad Éireann Irish Free State - 1928 Election, Seanad Éireann Irish Free State - Famous members, Seanad Éireann Irish Free State - Footnotes

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Main article: Oireachtas of the Irish Free State This legislature consisted of the King and two chambers: the Free State Dáil and the Free State Seanad (Senate of Ireland). It created by the Irish Free State's 1922 Constitution. The Seanad and the King's role in the Oireachtas were both abolished by constitutional amendment in 1936. The executive was answerable to Dáil Éireann, was called the Executive Co ...

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Historical Irish legislatures, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Dáil Éireann 1919-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Southern Ireland 1920-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas of the Irish Free State 1922-1937, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas Éireann 1937-present, Historical Irish legislatures - Legislatures in Northern Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Additional reading

Read more here: » Historical Irish legislatures: Encyclopedia II - Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas of the Irish Free State 1922-1937

Main article: Parliament of Southern Ireland The Parliament of Southern Ireland was created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and consisted of the House of Commons of Southern Ireland and the Senate. This parliament did not in reality function, except to ratify the Anglo-Irish Treaty in January 1922. In 1922, a government theoretically answerable to the House of Commons of Southern ...

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Historical Irish legislatures, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Dáil Éireann 1919-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Southern Ireland 1920-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas of the Irish Free State 1922-1937, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas Éireann 1937-present, Historical Irish legislatures - Legislatures in Northern Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Additional reading

Read more here: » Historical Irish legislatures: Encyclopedia II - Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Southern Ireland 1920-1922

Main article: Dáil Éireann (1919-1922) This was a revolutionary parliament formed by Irish MPs elected to the British House of Commons, who assembled in Dublin in January 1919. Dáil Éireann operated under a temporary constitution, called the Dáil Constitution, which created a prime minister called the President of Dáil Éireann (also known as Príomh Áire) and a ministry called the Áireacht. The prime ministerial office was updated ...

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Historical Irish legislatures, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Dáil Éireann 1919-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Southern Ireland 1920-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas of the Irish Free State 1922-1937, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas Éireann 1937-present, Historical Irish legislatures - Legislatures in Northern Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Additional reading

Read more here: » Historical Irish legislatures: Encyclopedia II - Historical Irish legislatures - Dáil Éireann 1919-1922

Main article: Oireachtas Éireann This Oireachtas consists of the President of Ireland and two chambers: the modern Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann. It was established by the 1937 Constitution. The executive is called the Government and is answerable to the Dáil. It is presided over by a prime minister called the Taoiseach. Though plans were periodically discussed for the erection of a new parliament building (a site was even considered in the Phoenix Park), parliament has remained in Leinster House ...

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Historical Irish legislatures, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Dáil Éireann 1919-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Parliament of Southern Ireland 1920-1922, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas of the Irish Free State 1922-1937, Historical Irish legislatures - Oireachtas Éireann 1937-present, Historical Irish legislatures - Legislatures in Northern Ireland, Historical Irish legislatures - Additional reading

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O'Connell Street has its origins in a street named Drogheda Street dating from the 17th century. Laid out by Henry Moore, Earl of Drogheda, it was a third of the width of the present day O'Connell Street and extended from the very top of the northern end down to the current junction with Abbey Street. In the 1740s, a wealthy banker and property speculator by the name of Luke Gardiner acquired the upper part of Drogheda Street (extending down to Henry Street) as part of a much larger land deal. He demolished the western side of Droghed ...

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O'Connell Street, O'Connell Street - Introduction, O'Connell Street - History, O'Connell Street - 19th Century, O'Connell Street - Impact of Events of 1916 and 1922, O'Connell Street - Modern O'Connell Street

Read more here: » O'Connell Street: Encyclopedia II - O'Connell Street - History