Ireland 1691-1801 - The Penal Laws. The Irish Parliament of this era was almost exclusively Anglican in composition. Catholics had been barred from holding office in the early 17th century, barred from sitting in Parliament by mid century and finally disenfranchised in 1727. Jacobitism, the traditional ideology of Gaelic and Catholic Ireland, had been utterly defeated in the Williamite war in Ireland which ended in 1691. The defeat of the Catholic landed classes in this war meant meant that thier lands continued ...

See also:

Ireland 1691-1801, Ireland 1691-1801 - Economic Situation, Ireland 1691-1801 - Irish Parliament and Politics, Ireland 1691-1801 - The Penal Laws, Ireland 1691-1801 - Grattan's Parliament and the Volunteers, Ireland 1691-1801 - The United Irishmen the 1798 Rebellion and the Act of Union, Ireland 1691-1801 - Culture, Ireland 1691-1801 - Legacy, Ireland 1691-1801 - Sources

Read more here: » Ireland 1691-1801: Encyclopedia II - Ireland 1691-1801 - Irish Parliament and Politics

The Williamite war in Ireland, which could also be described as the Jacobite war in Ireland and is known in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings, was the opening conflict following the deposition of King James II in 1688 when he attempted to regain the throne of his Three Kingdoms from his daughter Mary II who replaced him jointly with her husband William of Orange. It influenced the Jacobite Rising in Scotland led by "Bonnie Dundee" which started at about the same time. While William successfu ...

Including:

• Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution
• Williamite war in Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster
• Williamite war in Ireland - William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne
• Williamite war in Ireland - Limerick Aughrim and the end of the War
• Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects
• Williamite war in Ireland - Sources

Read more here: » Williamite war in Ireland: Encyclopedia - Williamite war in Ireland

The War in Ireland began as a direct consequence of the Glorious Revolution in England. James, who was a Roman Catholic attempted to introduce freedom of religion for Catholics and to bypass the English Parliament in order to introduce unpopular laws. For many in England, this was an unpleasant reminder of the rule of Charles I, whose conflict with the Parliament had ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War. The breaking point in James' relationship with the English political class came when his wife gave birth to a son - which opene ...

See also:

Williamite war in Ireland, Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution, Williamite war in Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster, Williamite war in Ireland - William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne, Williamite war in Ireland - Limerick Aughrim and the end of the War, Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects, Williamite war in Ireland - Sources

Read more here: » Williamite war in Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution

The first Irish troops to serve as a unit for a continental power formed an Irish regiment in the Spanish army of Flanders in the Eighty Years War in the 1580s. The regiment had been raised by an English Catholic, William Stanley in Ireland, from native Irish soldiers and mercenaries, whom the English authorities wanted out of the country (See also Tudor re-conquest of Ireland). Stanley was given a commission by Elizabeth I and was intended to lead his regiment on the English side, in support of the Dutch United Provinces. However, in 1585, ...

See also:

Flight of the Wild Geese, Flight of the Wild Geese - Spanish service, Flight of the Wild Geese - French service, Flight of the Wild Geese - Austrian service, Flight of the Wild Geese - The End of the Wild Geese

Read more here: » Flight of the Wild Geese: Encyclopedia II - Flight of the Wild Geese - Spanish service

Since 1691 and the end of the Williamite war, Ireland had been controlled by a Protestant Ascendancy on behalf of the British Crown, governing the majority Catholic population via a form of institutionalised sectarianism known as the Penal Laws. As the century progressed, progressive elements among the ruling class were inspired by the example of the American Revolution and sought to form common cause with the Catholic populac ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background

The initial plan was to take Dublin, with the counties bordering Dublin to then rise to prevent the arrival of reinforcements with the remainder of the country to then rise and tie down other garrisons. The agreed signal for the rest of the country to rise was to be the interception of the outward bound mail coaches from Dublin. Last minute intelligence from informers provided details of rebel assembly points at Smithfield and Haymarket however, and they were occupied by a huge force of military barely one hour before rebels were to a ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan

The shaken Establishment responed by launching a campaign of repression and coercion using tactics that included house burnings, torture, pitchcapping and murder, particularly in Ulster as it was the one area of Ireland where large numbers of Catholics and Protestants, (mainly Presbyterians) had effected common cause. However, sectarianism was quickly recognised as a usefully divisive tool against the United Irishmen in the classic "divide and rule" method of colonial governance and officially encouraged by the Government. For example ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution

The shaken Establishment responed by launching a campaign of repression and coercion using tactics that included house burnings, torture, pitchcapping and murder, particularly in Ulster as it was the one area of Ireland where large numbers of Catholics and Presbyterians had effected common cause. Sectarianism was recognised as a usefully divisive tool in the classic "divide and rule" method of governance by the establishment and officially encouraged by the Government. For example, Brigadier-General C.E. Knox wrote to General L ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution

From the mid 17th century or so, France overtook Spain as the destination for Catholic Irishmen seeking a military career. the principal reason for this was that France was an ascendant power, rapidly expanding its armed forces, whereas Spain was a power in decline. However, the crucial turning point came during the Williamite war in Ireland (1698-91), when Louis XIV gave military and financial aid to the Irish Jacobites. In return for 6000 French troops, Louis demanded 6000 Irish recruits for use in the Nine Years War against the Dutch. The ...

See also:

Flight of the Wild Geese, Flight of the Wild Geese - Spanish service, Flight of the Wild Geese - French service, Flight of the Wild Geese - Austrian service, Flight of the Wild Geese - The End of the Wild Geese

Read more here: » Flight of the Wild Geese: Encyclopedia II - Flight of the Wild Geese - French service

The History of Ireland is the story of a large island in the north-west of Europe and is heavily influenced by the concurrent History of Britain, its larger neighbour to the east. The first humans inhabited Ireland from around 7500 BC and were later responsible for major Neolithic sites such as Newgrange. Following the arrival of St. Patrick and other Christian missionaries in the mid-fifth century, a syncretized form of Christianity subsumed the indigenous pagan religion by A.D. 600. This led to a golden age of monastic Irish writing and ar ...

Including:

• History of Ireland - Early history: 8000 BC–AD 400
• History of Ireland - Early Christian Ireland 400–800
• History of Ireland - Early medieval era 800–1166
• History of Ireland - Later Medieval Ireland
• History of Ireland - The Coming of the Normans 1167–1185
• History of Ireland - The Lordship of Ireland 1185–1254
• History of Ireland - Gaelic Resurgence Norman Decline 1254–1360
• History of Ireland - Reformation 1536–1654 and Protestant Ascendancy 1654–1801
• History of Ireland - Re-conquest and rebellion
• History of Ireland - Civil Wars and Penal Laws
• History of Ireland - Colonial Ireland
• History of Ireland - Union with Great Britain 1801-1922
• History of Ireland - Home Rule Easter 1916 and the War of Independence
• History of Ireland - Free State/Republic 1922-present
• History of Ireland - Northern Ireland
• History of Ireland - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of Ireland: Encyclopedia - History of Ireland

The promise of reform inspired liberals to found the Society of the United Irishmen in 1791, openly putting forward its policies of democratic reform and Catholic emancipation, reforms that the Irish Parliament had no intention of granting and the British government just as unwilling to enforce. The declaration of war against France in 1793 following the execution of Louis XVI forced the Society underground and toward the French revolutionary model of agitation as opposed to the American example. The avowed intent of the United Irishmen and ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen

The Williamite victory in the war in Ireland had two basic long term results. The first was to ensure that James II would not regain his thrones in England, Ireland and Scotland by military means. The second was to ensure future British and Protestant dominance over Ireland. Until the 19th century, Ireland would be ruled by the "Protestant Ascendancy" , the English Protestant ruling class. The majority Irish Catholic community and also the Ulster-Scots ...

See also:

Williamite war in Ireland, Williamite war in Ireland - The Glorious Revolution, Williamite war in Ireland - War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster, Williamite war in Ireland - William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne, Williamite war in Ireland - Limerick Aughrim and the end of the War, Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects, Williamite war in Ireland - Sources

Read more here: » Williamite war in Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Williamite war in Ireland - Long-Term Effects

The nucleus of the rebellion had imploded but the counties surrounding Dublin rose as planned and the long threatened rising finally began. Surrounding districts of Dublin were first to rise and rebels quickly began to assemble in Wicklow, Meath and Kildare. The first clashes of the rebellion took place just after dawn on May 24th, and widespread fighting quickly spread throughout Leinster with the county of Kildare bearing the brunt of the initial fighting. Despite the Government successfully beating off almost every rebel attack, al ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion

The promise of reform inspired liberals to found the Society of the United Irishmen in 1791, openly putting forward its policies of democratic reform and Catholic emancipation, reforms that the Irish Parliament had no intention of granting and the British government were just as unwilling to enforce. The declaration of war against France in 1793 following the execution of Louis XVI forced the Society underground and toward the French revolutionary model of agitation as opposed to the less radical American example. The avowed intent of the Un ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen

On 22 August, nearly two months after the main uprisings had been defeated, about 1,000 French soldiers under General Humbert landed in the north-west of the country, at Killala in County Mayo. Joined by up to 5,000 local rebels, they inflicted a humiliating defeat (known as the Castlebar races to commemorate the speed of the English retreat) on the British at Castlebar and set up a short-lived "Republic of Connaught", before final defeat at the Battle of Ballinamuck, in County Longford, on 8 September 1798. The French troops who surrendered were repatriated to France in exchange for British prisoners of war; ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing

In Wicklow large numbers rose but largely operated away from settled areas and engaged in a bloody rural guerilla war with the military and loyalist forces. "General" Joseph Holt led up to 1,000 men in the Wicklow Hills forcing the British to commit substantial forces to the area until his capitulation in October. In the north-east, Presbyterian rebels under Henry Joy McCracken briefly occupied Antrim town on 7 June before being defeated on 13 June. In Down, after initial success at Saintfield, the rebels led by Henry Munro were ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads

The nucleus of the rebellion had imploded but the counties surrounding Dublin rose as planned and the long threatened rising began, surrounding districts of Dublin were first to rise and rebels then began to assemble in Wicklow, Meath and Kildare. The first clashes of the rebellion took place just after dawn on May 24th, and widespread fighting quickly spreading throughout Leinster with the county Kildare bearing the brunt of rebel attacks. Despite the Government successfully beating off almost every rebel attack, all military forces ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion

The initial plan was to take Dublin, with the counties bordering Dublin to then rise to prevent the arrival of reinforcements with the remainder of the country to then rise and tie down other garrisons. The agreed signal for the rest of the country to rise was to be the simultaneous interception of the outward bound mail coaches from Dublin. Last minute intelligence from informers provided details of rebel assembly points at Smithfield and Haymarket however, and they were occupied by a huge force of military barely one hour before reb ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan

Pockets of rebel resistance remained in Wexford with the last rebel group under James Corocoran, veterans of the battle of New Ross, not being defeated until February 1804. Wicklow experienced a form of fugitive warfare in the years after 1798 but the failure of Robert Emmet's rebellion in 1803 finally convinced the last organised rebel forces under Michael Dwyer to a negotiated surrender a few months later. The 1798 rebellion was probably the most concentrated outbreak of violence in Irish history and resulted in the deaths of c. 30, ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath

The prelude to the rebellion was characterised by the vicious brutality of Crown forces towards rebels, real or imagined, but large scale massacres quickly accompanied the outbreak of the rebellion. Almost every British victory in the rising was marked by the massacre of captured and wounded rebels, and they were responsible for particularly gruesome massacres at Gibbet Rath, New Ross and Enniscorthy, burning rebels alive in the latter two. In addition, countless civilians were murdered by the rampaging military who also practiced gang rape ...

See also:

Irish Rebellion of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Background, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Society of United Irishmen, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Plan, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Outbreak of the Rebellion, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - The Rebellion Spreads, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - French Landing, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Aftermath, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Legacy of 1798, Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Sources

Read more here: » Irish Rebellion of 1798: Encyclopedia II - Irish Rebellion of 1798 - Atrocities