The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ʻarab) are a large and heterogenous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. Arab - Who is an Arab?. The definition of who an Arab is has several aspects: Ethnic identity: someone who considers himself to be an Arab (regardless of racial or ethnic origin) and is recognized as such by others. Linguistic: someone whose first language is Arabic (including any of its varieties); this d ...

Including:

• Arab - Who is an Arab?
• Arab - Religions
• Arab - History
• Arab - Traditional genealogy
• Arab - Etymology

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Many Mizrahi communities existed in Arab countries, and at various times spoke a number of Judeo-Arabic dialects, though these are now mainly used as a second language. Among other languages associated with Mizrahim are Dzhidi, Gruzinic, Bukhori, Judeo-Berber, Juhuri and Judeo-Aramaic dialects. Most of the many notable philosophical, religious, and grammatical works of the Mizrahim were written in ...

See also:

Mizrahi Jews, Mizrahi Jews - Language, Mizrahi Jews - Post 1948 Dispersal, Mizrahi Jews - Mizrahim in modern Israel, Mizrahi Jews - Distinguished Mizrahi figures

Read more here: » Mizrahi Jews: Encyclopedia II - Mizrahi Jews - Language

The definition of who an Arab is has several aspects: Ethnic identity: someone who considers himself to be an Arab (regardless of racial or ethnic origin) and is recognized as such by others. Linguistic: someone whose first language is Arabic (including any of its varieties); this definition covers more than 200 million people. Arabic belongs to the Semitic family of languages. Genealogical: someone who can trace his or her ancestry back to the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula. Political: ...

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Arab, Arab - Who is an Arab?, Arab - Religions, Arab - History, Arab - Traditional genealogy, Arab - Etymology

Read more here: » Arab: Encyclopedia II - Arab - Who is an Arab?

Among secular Israelis, Yosef is mainly famous for being the leader of the political party called Shas and for his fierce and sharp rhetoric, often combined with curses and ill-wishes to hated political leaders. Some argue that Yosef's quotes are hate speech. Ovadia Yosef - Politics. Reactions to Yosef's "political" quotes have ranged from laughter to fury. The Hofesh movement has called for Yosef to be tried for incitement. Shas spokespeople and Yosef's followers argue that his quotes are taken out of context and that they include technical religious terms which the average person is not ...

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Ovadia Yosef, Ovadia Yosef - Biography, Ovadia Yosef - Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Government Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Cultural Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Bibliography, Ovadia Yosef - Controversy, Ovadia Yosef - Politics, Ovadia Yosef - Theodicy, Ovadia Yosef - Peace Advocacy, Ovadia Yosef - Notes, Ovadia Yosef - External link

Read more here: » Ovadia Yosef: Encyclopedia II - Ovadia Yosef - Controversy

The first legal expression of Islam toward the Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians after the conquests of the 630s were the poll-tax ("jizyah"), the tax upon real estate ("kharaj") was instituted. The first calif, Abu Baḳr, sent the famous warrior Ḥalid against Irak; and a Jew, by name Ka'abal-Aḥbar, is said to have fortified the general with prophecies of success. The Jews may have favored the advance of the Arabs, from whom they could expect mild treatment. Some such services it must have been that secured for the exilarch Bostanai th ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258

Many Mizrahi communities existed in Arab countries, and at various times spoke a number of Judeo-Arabic dialects, though these are now mainly used as a second language. Among other languages associated with Mizrahim are Dzhidi, Gruzinic, Bukhori, Kurdish, Judeo-Berber, Juhuri and Judeo-Aramaic dialects. Most of the many notable philosophical, religious, and grammatical works of the Mizrahim were written in Arabic using a modified Hebrew alphabet. ...

See also:

Mizrahi Jews, Mizrahi Jews - Language, Mizrahi Jews - Post-1948 Dispersal, Mizrahi Jews - Mizrahim in modern Israel, Mizrahi Jews - Distinguished Mizrahi figures

Read more here: » Mizrahi Jews: Encyclopedia II - Mizrahi Jews - Language

Since 1945 in Iraq, there were frequent demonstrations against the Jews and especially against Zionism. On 1947 with the affirmation of the Partition Plan for Palestine, the Jews were in danger of their lives. Many received harsh legal sentences and were forced to pay heavy fines. Between the years 1949 and 1952, about 130,000 Jews immigrated to Israel from Iraq, thanks largely to the efforts of emissaries from Israel and activists of the "Halutz Movement" in Iraq. This astounding Zionist accomplishment, known as Operation Ezra and Nehemi ...

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Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Background, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Airlift, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Aftermath

Read more here: » Operation Ezra and Nehemiah: Encyclopedia II - Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Background

Because of the independence of local communities, Jewish "ethnicities", even when they circumscribe differences in liturgy, language, cuisine and other cultural accoutrements, are more often a reflection of geographic and historical isolation from other communities. It is for this reason that communities are referred to by referencing the historical region in which the community cohered when discussing their practices, regardless of where those practices are found today. The Jewish communities of the modern world can all be found represented today in Israel, ...

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Jewish ethnic divisions, Jewish ethnic divisions - History, Jewish ethnic divisions - In Israel, Jewish ethnic divisions - Divisions, Jewish ethnic divisions - Europe and the Caucasus, Jewish ethnic divisions - Middle East and Central Asia, Jewish ethnic divisions - Africa, Jewish ethnic divisions - India and China, Jewish ethnic divisions - Americas

Read more here: » Jewish ethnic divisions: Encyclopedia II - Jewish ethnic divisions - Divisions

The first written attestation of the ethnonym "Arab" occurs in an Assyrian inscription of 853 BC, where Shalmaneser III lists a King Gindibu of mâtu arbâi (Arab land) as among the people he defeated at the Battle of Karkar. Some of the names given in these texts are Aramaic, while others are the first attestations of Proto-Arabic dialects. The Hebrew Bible likewise refers occasionally to peoples called `Arvi (or variants thereof), translated as "Arab" or "Arabian". The scope of the Hebrew term at this early stage is unclear, ...

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Arab, Arab - Who is an Arab?, Arab - Religions, Arab - History, Arab - Traditional genealogy, Arab - Etymology

Read more here: » Arab: Encyclopedia II - Arab - History

Medieval Arab genealogists divided the Arabs into three groups: the "ancient Arabs", tribes that had been destroyed or vanished, such as Ad and Thamud; they are often alluded to in the Qur'an as examples of God's power to destroy wicked peoples. the "Pure Arabs" of South Arabia, descending from Qahtan. The Qahtanites (Qahtanis) are said to have migrated the land of Yemen following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib). The Qahtanite Arabs were responsible for the ancient civilizations of Yemen, notably ...

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Arab, Arab - Who is an Arab?, Arab - Religions, Arab - History, Arab - Traditional genealogy, Arab - Etymology

Read more here: » Arab: Encyclopedia II - Arab - Traditional genealogy

In the Bible, Babylon and the country of Babylonia are not always clearly distinguished, in most cases the same word being used for both. In some passages the land of Babylonia is called Shinar, while in the post-exilic literature it is called the land of the Chaldeans. In the Book of Genesis, Babylonia is described as the land in which are located Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh (Gen. x. 10), which are declared to have formed the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom. In this land was located the Tower of Babel (Gen. xi. 1-9 ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history

Most Mizrahi Jews fled their countries of birth when, in reaction to the events leading up the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and subsequent establishment of the state of Israel, citizens of Arab countries acted out violently against their local Jewish populations. Further anti-Jewish actions by Arab governments in the 1950s and 1960s, including the expulsion of 25,000 Mizrahi Jews from Egypt following the 1956 Suez Crisis, led to the overwhelming majority of Mizrahim becom ...

See also:

Mizrahi Jews, Mizrahi Jews - Language, Mizrahi Jews - Post-1948 Dispersal, Mizrahi Jews - Mizrahim in modern Israel, Mizrahi Jews - Distinguished Mizrahi figures

Read more here: » Mizrahi Jews: Encyclopedia II - Mizrahi Jews - Post-1948 Dispersal

Since their arrival in Israel, the Mizrahim have distinguished themselves from their Ashkenazi and Sephardi counterparts in culture, customs, and language. Arabic was the mother tongue of some, Persian for those from Iran, and Gruzinic, Georgian, Tajik, Juhuri, and various other languages for those who emigrated from elsewhere. Some Israeli Mizrahim still primarily use these languages. Before emigrat ...

See also:

Mizrahi Jews, Mizrahi Jews - Language, Mizrahi Jews - Post-1948 Dispersal, Mizrahi Jews - Mizrahim in modern Israel, Mizrahi Jews - Distinguished Mizrahi figures

Read more here: » Mizrahi Jews: Encyclopedia II - Mizrahi Jews - Mizrahim in modern Israel

Waiting in Baghdad was a tense and difficult period. Some 50,000 Jews signed up in one month, and two months later there were 90,000 on the list. This mass movement stunned the Iraqi Government, which had not expected the number of immigrants to exceed 8,000, and feared that administrative institutions run by Jews might collapse. At the same time, the Zionist movement issued a manifesto calling on the Jews to sign up for immigration. It started with the following: "O, Zion, flee, daughter of Babylon," and concluded thus: ...

See also:

Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Background, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Airlift, Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Aftermath

Read more here: » Operation Ezra and Nehemiah: Encyclopedia II - Operation Ezra and Nehemiah - Airlift

Before the coming of Islam, most Arabs followed a religion featuring the worship of a number of deities, including Hubal, Wadd, Al-Lat, Manat, and Uzza, while some tribes had converted to Christianity or Judaism, and a few individuals, the hanifs, had apparently rejected polytheism in favor of a vague monotheism. The most prominent Arab Christian kingdoms were the Ghassanid and Lakhmid kingdoms. With the expansion of Islam, the majority of Arabs rapidly became Muslim, and the pre-Islamic po ...

See also:

Arab, Arab - Who is an Arab?, Arab - Religions, Arab - History, Arab - Traditional genealogy, Arab - Etymology

Read more here: » Arab: Encyclopedia II - Arab - Religions

Sociologist Philip Mendes asserts that before the anti-Jewish actions of the 1930s and 1940s, overall Iraqi Jews "viewed themselves as Arabs of the Jewish faith, rather than as a separate race or nationality". [1] Additionally, early Labor Zionism mostly concentrated on the Jews of Europe, skipping Iraqi Jews because of their lack of interest in agriculture. The result was that "Until World War II, Zionism made little headway because few Iraqi Jews were interested in the socialist ideal ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Ovadia Yosef - Government Influence. In 1990 he used his position as Shas spiritual leader to pressure Prime Minister Itzhak Shamir into agreeing to hold negotiations with Arab states for a peaceful settlement to the Arab-Israeli Wars. Shamir, a member of the Likud Party, refused to make any commitments. The relationship between the two had never been comfortable, according to one biography of the Rabbi,Ben Porat Yosef because of Shamir's unstudious personality. As a way of gaining a character analy ...

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Ovadia Yosef, Ovadia Yosef - Biography, Ovadia Yosef - Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Government Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Cultural Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Bibliography, Ovadia Yosef - Controversy, Ovadia Yosef - Politics, Ovadia Yosef - Theodicy, Ovadia Yosef - Peace Advocacy, Ovadia Yosef - Notes, Ovadia Yosef - External link

Read more here: » Ovadia Yosef: Encyclopedia II - Ovadia Yosef - Influence

Yosef was born in Baghdad, Iraq, part of the ancient community of Iraqi Jews, but moved to Jerusalem with his family when he was four years old. He received semicha ("rabbinical ordination") at the age of 20. He served at various times as chief rabbi of the country of Egypt, the city of Tel Aviv and the city of Haifa. Yosef is considered to be a genius scholar with an encyclopedic memory, and a grand halakha arbiter (פוסק הלכות, posek halakot) by many religious Jews. He is generally considered one of the most important religious authorities for Sephardi Jews and Mizrahi Jews. He lives ...

See also:

Ovadia Yosef, Ovadia Yosef - Biography, Ovadia Yosef - Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Government Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Cultural Influence, Ovadia Yosef - Bibliography, Ovadia Yosef - Controversy, Ovadia Yosef - Politics, Ovadia Yosef - Theodicy, Ovadia Yosef - Peace Advocacy, Ovadia Yosef - Notes, Ovadia Yosef - External link

Read more here: » Ovadia Yosef: Encyclopedia II - Ovadia Yosef - Biography

As long ago as Biblical times, cultural and linguistic differences between Jewish communities even within the area of Palestine are observed both within the Bible itself as well as from archeological remains. The full extent of these differences, however, is unknown at this time. Following the defeat of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the Jewish people were dispersed throughout the Middle East, especially in Egypt, Yemen and Mesopotamia. By the height of the Roman Empire, Jewish communities could be found in nearly every notable settlement ...

See also:

Jewish ethnic divisions, Jewish ethnic divisions - History, Jewish ethnic divisions - In Israel, Jewish ethnic divisions - Divisions, Jewish ethnic divisions - Europe and the Caucasus, Jewish ethnic divisions - Middle East and Central Asia, Jewish ethnic divisions - Africa, Jewish ethnic divisions - India and China, Jewish ethnic divisions - Americas

Read more here: » Jewish ethnic divisions: Encyclopedia II - Jewish ethnic divisions - History

After various changes of fortune, Mesopotamia and Iraq came into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, when Sultan Sulaiman II in 1534 took Tebriz and Bagdad from the Persians, leading to an improvement in the life of the Jews. The Persian reconquest in 1623 led to a much worse situation, so that the re-conquest of Iraq by the Turks in 1638 included an army with a large population of Jews, some sources say they made up 10% of the army. The day o ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Iraq, History of the Jews in Iraq - Early Biblical history, History of the Jews in Iraq - Late Biblical history and the Babylonian exile, History of the Jews in Iraq - Greek Period 300s BCE - 160 BCE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Parthian Period, History of the Jews in Iraq - Babylonia as the center of Judaism 219 CE - ~1050 CE, History of the Jews in Iraq - Sassanid Period 225-634, History of the Jews in Iraq - Arab Period 634-1258, History of the Jews in Iraq - Middle Ages, History of the Jews in Iraq - Mongolian period 1258-1534, History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922, History of the Jews in Iraq - Modern times 1922-

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Iraq: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Iraq - Turkish rule 1534-1922