IR

The 339 kilogram atmospheric probe measured about 1.3 meters across. Inside the heat shield, the scientific instruments were protected from ferocious heat during entry. The probe had to withstand extreme heat and pressure on its high speed journey at 47.8 km/s. The probe was released from the main spacecraft in July 1995, five months before reaching Jupiter, and entered Jupiter's atmosphere with no braking beforehand. It was slowed from the probe's arrival speed of ...

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Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Mission overview, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Propulsion, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's power, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation overview, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation details, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's atmospheric entry probe, Galileo spacecraft - Science performed by the Galileo Orbiter at Jupiter, Galileo spacecraft - Other science done with Galileo, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo Star Scanner, Galileo spacecraft - Remote detection of life, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo optical experiment, Galileo spacecraft - Asteroid encounters, Galileo spacecraft - Spacecraft malfunctions, Galileo spacecraft - Main antenna failure, Galileo spacecraft - Tape recorder anomalies and remote repair, Galileo spacecraft - Other radiation related anomalies, Galileo spacecraft - Near failure of atmospheric probe parachute, Galileo spacecraft - Future of Jupiter exploration

Read more here: » Galileo spacecraft: Encyclopedia II - Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's atmospheric entry probe

The RCX relies on sensors to interpret its environment. The Lego Mindstorms line has 4 different sensors - Touch Sensor - A small sensor that reacts to touch Light Sensor - A sensor which reacts to changes in light intensity Rotation Sensor - A sensor which measures rotations or angles Temperature Sensor - A sensor that can measure temperatures There are also a number of non-Lego sensors ...

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Lego Mindstorms, Lego Mindstorms - The RCX programmable brick, Lego Mindstorms - Sensors, Lego Mindstorms - Available programming languages, Lego Mindstorms - Mindstorms SDK, Lego Mindstorms - MindStorms NXT due August 2006

Read more here: » Lego Mindstorms: Encyclopedia II - Lego Mindstorms - Sensors

Lego supplied (both of them graphical): RCX Code (included in the Mindstorms consumer version sold at toystores) ROBOLAB (based on LabVIEW and developed at Tufts University) Third-party (all of them textual): Java under leJOS NQC ("Not Quite C") C and C++[3] under BrickOS (formerly LegOS) pbFORTH (extensions to the Forth programming language) Visual Basic^{See also:}

Lego Mindstorms, Lego Mindstorms - The RCX programmable brick, Lego Mindstorms - Sensors, Lego Mindstorms - Available programming languages, Lego Mindstorms - Mindstorms SDK, Lego Mindstorms - MindStorms NXT due August 2006

Read more here: » Lego Mindstorms: Encyclopedia II - Lego Mindstorms - Available programming languages

The primary problems with increasing ICF performance since the early experiments in the 1970s have been of energy delivery to the target and of symmetry of the imploding fuel and formation of a 'tight' shockwave convergence at fuel center. In order to focus the shock wave on the center of the target, the target must be made with extremely high precision and sphericity with abberations of no more than a few micrometres over its surface (inner and outer). Likewise the aiming of the laser beams must be extremely precise and the beams must arriv ...

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Inertial confinement fusion, Inertial confinement fusion - Basic fusion, Inertial confinement fusion - ICF design, Inertial confinement fusion - Issues with the successful achievement of ICF, Inertial confinement fusion - Brief history, Inertial confinement fusion - Inertial Fusion Energy

Read more here: » Inertial confinement fusion: Encyclopedia II - Inertial confinement fusion - Issues with the successful achievement of ICF

The use of a nuclear bomb to ignite a fusion reaction makes the concept less than useful as a power source. Not only would the bombs be prohibitively expensive to produce, but there is a minimum size that a bomb can be built, defined roughly by the critical mass of the plutonium fuel used. Generally it seems difficult to build nuclear devices smaller than about 1 kiloton in size, which would make it a difficult engineering problem to extract power from the resulting explosions. Also the smaller a thermonuclear bomb is, the "dirtier" it is, t ...

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Inertial confinement fusion, Inertial confinement fusion - Basic fusion, Inertial confinement fusion - ICF design, Inertial confinement fusion - Issues with the successful achievement of ICF, Inertial confinement fusion - Brief history, Inertial confinement fusion - Inertial Fusion Energy

Read more here: » Inertial confinement fusion: Encyclopedia II - Inertial confinement fusion - ICF design

Because of their large set of features and ease of use, graphing calculators are very commonly used in schools. Many vendors, especially Casio, market their graphing calculators primarily for educational use. Casio has focused its efforts at the high school/junior college user segment, most of their calculators offering relatively easy-to-use graphing features (some models incorporating a three-color display) without some of the most complex/flexible mathematical functions and programming languages found in the usually more expensive univers ...

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Graphing calculator, Graphing calculator - History, Graphing calculator - Graphing calculators in schools

Read more here: » Graphing calculator: Encyclopedia II - Graphing calculator - Graphing calculators in schools

To find the ISO 3166-2 codes for each country see ISO 3166-1, a list of countries. If you are familiar with the two-letter country codes (similar to internet country codes) you can also use the format matrix given below. Both ways would lead to articles like ISO 3166-2:XX, where XX stands for the ISO 3166-1 code, e.g. ISO 3166-2:AU leads to the code list for Australia. ...

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ISO 3166-2, ISO 3166-2 - Format, ISO 3166-2 - Changes / Editions, ISO 3166-2 - Decoding / Encoding lists, ISO 3166-2 - Format matrix with links to codes

Read more here: » ISO 3166-2: Encyclopedia II - ISO 3166-2 - Decoding / Encoding lists

Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo Star Scanner. The star scanner was a small optical telescope used to provide the spacecraft with an absolute attitude reference. It was also able to serendipitously make scientific discoveries [24]. In the prime mission, it was found that the star scanner was able to detect high energy particles as a noise signal. These data were eventually calibrated to show the particles were predominantl ...

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Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Mission overview, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Propulsion, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's power, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation overview, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation details, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's atmospheric entry probe, Galileo spacecraft - Science performed by the Galileo Orbiter at Jupiter, Galileo spacecraft - Other science done with Galileo, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo Star Scanner, Galileo spacecraft - Remote detection of life, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo optical experiment, Galileo spacecraft - Asteroid encounters, Galileo spacecraft - Spacecraft malfunctions, Galileo spacecraft - Main antenna failure, Galileo spacecraft - Tape recorder anomalies and remote repair, Galileo spacecraft - Other radiation related anomalies, Galileo spacecraft - Near failure of atmospheric probe parachute, Galileo spacecraft - Future of Jupiter exploration

Read more here: » Galileo spacecraft: Encyclopedia II - Galileo spacecraft - Other science done with Galileo

After arriving on December 7, 1995 and completing 35 orbits around Jupiter throughout a nearly eight year mission, the Galileo Orbiter was destroyed during a controlled impact with Jupiter on September 21, 2003. During that intervening time, Galileo forever changed the way scientists saw Jupiter and provided a wealth of information on the moons orbiting the planet which will be studied for years to come. Culled from NASA's press kit, the top orbiter science results were: 1. Galileo made the first observation of ammonia clouds in another planet's atmospher ...

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Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Mission overview, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Propulsion, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's power, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation overview, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation details, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's atmospheric entry probe, Galileo spacecraft - Science performed by the Galileo Orbiter at Jupiter, Galileo spacecraft - Other science done with Galileo, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo Star Scanner, Galileo spacecraft - Remote detection of life, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo optical experiment, Galileo spacecraft - Asteroid encounters, Galileo spacecraft - Spacecraft malfunctions, Galileo spacecraft - Main antenna failure, Galileo spacecraft - Tape recorder anomalies and remote repair, Galileo spacecraft - Other radiation related anomalies, Galileo spacecraft - Near failure of atmospheric probe parachute, Galileo spacecraft - Future of Jupiter exploration

Read more here: » Galileo spacecraft: Encyclopedia II - Galileo spacecraft - Science performed by the Galileo Orbiter at Jupiter

Galileo's launch had been significantly delayed by the hiatus in Space Shuttle launches that occurred after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. New safety protocols introduced as a result of the Challenger accident forced Galileo to use a lower-powered upper stage booster rocket, instead of a Centaur booster rocket, to send it from Earth orbit to Jupiter; several gravitational slingshots (once by Venus and twice by Earth), commonly called a "VEEGA" or Venus Earth Earth Gravity Assist maneuver, provided the additional velocit ...

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Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Mission overview, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Propulsion, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's power, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation overview, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation details, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's atmospheric entry probe, Galileo spacecraft - Science performed by the Galileo Orbiter at Jupiter, Galileo spacecraft - Other science done with Galileo, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo Star Scanner, Galileo spacecraft - Remote detection of life, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo optical experiment, Galileo spacecraft - Asteroid encounters, Galileo spacecraft - Spacecraft malfunctions, Galileo spacecraft - Main antenna failure, Galileo spacecraft - Tape recorder anomalies and remote repair, Galileo spacecraft - Other radiation related anomalies, Galileo spacecraft - Near failure of atmospheric probe parachute, Galileo spacecraft - Future of Jupiter exploration

Read more here: » Galileo spacecraft: Encyclopedia II - Galileo spacecraft - Mission overview

Each Bolo contains several computer "cores" with different functions, each of which contains multiple fully functional duplicates in case of failure. If a Bolo's logic becomes dysfunctional enough, it regresses to the original Resartus protocol, which was embedded in all following models just for such a case. Many Bolo stories are told from the point of the view of the Bolo itself, with its internal thoughts printed in italics throughout the text. ...

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Bolo self-aware tank, Bolo self-aware tank - Description and History, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Offensive Systems, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Defensive Systems, Bolo self-aware tank - Artificial Intelligence, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Marks Years of Introduction and Notable Bolos, Bolo self-aware tank - Books

Read more here: » Bolo self-aware tank: Encyclopedia II - Bolo self-aware tank - Artificial Intelligence

In the near past, mechanical and clerical aids such as abacuses, comptometers, Napier's bones, books of mathematical tables, slide rules, adding machines, were used for serious numeric work, and the word "calculator" denoted a person (most often male) who did such work for a living using such aids as well as pen and paper. This semi-manual process of calculation was tedious and error-prone. Modern calculators are electrically powered and are made by numerous manufacturers, in countless shapes and sizes varying from cheap, give-away, credit-card sized models to more sturdy adding mach ...

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Calculator, Calculator - Overview, Calculator - Electronic calculators, Calculator - A basic calculator, Calculator - Advanced electronic calculators, Calculator - Use in education, Calculator - Other concerns on useage, Calculator - Calculators vs. computing, Calculator - History, Calculator - Origin: The Abacus, Calculator - The 17th century, Calculator - 1930s to 1960s, Calculator - 1970s to mid-1980s, Calculator - Mid-1980s to present, Calculator - Trivia, Calculator - Patents

Read more here: » Calculator: Encyclopedia II - Calculator - Overview

There are other railroads that the APNC passes over or travels by. The Iowa, Chicago & Eastern railroad passes through and crosses over the APNC just a little ways south of Moravia. The IC&E travels between Kansas City and Chicago. It is the former I&M Raillink, and even earlier than that it was the Milwaukee Road. A nearby city that the IC&E services is Ottumwa, Iowa. The BNSF's mainline between Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska, splits in Albia, Iowa. The southern mainline track goes through a cutting and under Albia. The ...

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Appanoose County Community Railroad, Appanoose County Community Railroad - History, Appanoose County Community Railroad - Other railroads in the area, Appanoose County Community Railroad - The APNC's locomotives, Appanoose County Community Railroad - Excursion trains, Appanoose County Community Railroad - Driving directions

Read more here: » Appanoose County Community Railroad: Encyclopedia II - Appanoose County Community Railroad - Other railroads in the area

Galileo spacecraft - Main antenna failure. For reasons which are not currently known, and in all likelihood will never be known with certainty, Galileo's High Gain Antenna failed to fully deploy after its first flyby of Earth. Investigators speculate that during the time that Galileo spent in storage after the Challenger disaster, the lubricants evaporated, or the system was otherwise damaged. Engineers tried thermal cycling the antenna, rotating the spacecraft up to its maximum spin rate of ...

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Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Mission overview, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo spacecraft, Galileo spacecraft - Propulsion, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's power, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation overview, Galileo spacecraft - Instrumentation details, Galileo spacecraft - Galileo's atmospheric entry probe, Galileo spacecraft - Science performed by the Galileo Orbiter at Jupiter, Galileo spacecraft - Other science done with Galileo, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo Star Scanner, Galileo spacecraft - Remote detection of life, Galileo spacecraft - The Galileo optical experiment, Galileo spacecraft - Asteroid encounters, Galileo spacecraft - Spacecraft malfunctions, Galileo spacecraft - Main antenna failure, Galileo spacecraft - Tape recorder anomalies and remote repair, Galileo spacecraft - Other radiation related anomalies, Galileo spacecraft - Near failure of atmospheric probe parachute, Galileo spacecraft - Future of Jupiter exploration

Read more here: » Galileo spacecraft: Encyclopedia II - Galileo spacecraft - Spacecraft malfunctions

In most developed countries, students use calculators for schoolwork. There was some initial resistance to the idea out of fear that basic arithmetic skills would suffer. There remains disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations by hand or "in the head", with some curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of proficiency has been obtained, while others concentrate more on teac ...

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Calculator, Calculator - Overview, Calculator - Electronic calculators, Calculator - A basic calculator, Calculator - Advanced electronic calculators, Calculator - Use in education, Calculator - Other concerns on useage, Calculator - Calculators vs. computing, Calculator - History, Calculator - Origin: The Abacus, Calculator - The 17th century, Calculator - 1930s to 1960s, Calculator - 1970s to mid-1980s, Calculator - Mid-1980s to present, Calculator - Trivia, Calculator - Patents

Read more here: » Calculator: Encyclopedia II - Calculator - Use in education

Errors are not restricted to school pupils. Any user could carelessly rely on the calculator's output without double-checking the magnitude of the result - i.e. where the decimal point is positioned. This problem was all but nonexistent in the era of slide rules and pencil-and-paper calculations, when the task of establishing the magnitudes of results had to be done by the sufficiently meticulous user. Most everyday calculators are not completely accurate. There is a level of detail beyond which they truncate the number in memory, a s ...

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Calculator, Calculator - Overview, Calculator - Electronic calculators, Calculator - A basic calculator, Calculator - Advanced electronic calculators, Calculator - Use in education, Calculator - Other concerns on useage, Calculator - Calculators vs. computing, Calculator - History, Calculator - Origin: The Abacus, Calculator - The 17th century, Calculator - 1930s to 1960s, Calculator - 1970s to mid-1980s, Calculator - Mid-1980s to present, Calculator - Trivia, Calculator - Patents

Read more here: » Calculator: Encyclopedia II - Calculator - Other concerns on useage

The T-72 was the most common tank used by the Red Army from the 1970s to the collapse of the Soviet Union. It was also exported to other Warsaw Pact countries and Finland, India, Iran, Iraq, Syria and Yugoslavia, as well as being copied elsewhere, both with and without licenses. The Yugoslavs called their copy the M-84, and sold hundreds of them around the world during the 1980s. The Iraqis called theirs the Assad Babyl, which means "Lion of Babylon," though the Iraqis assembled theirs from "spare parts" sold to them by the Russians a ...

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T-72, T-72 - Production history, T-72 - Design characteristics, T-72 - Variants, T-72 - Combat history

Read more here: » T-72: Encyclopedia II - T-72 - Production history

The T-80's disadvantages are the product of the small size of the tank (about 1/2 to 3/4 that of the M1, depending on the aspect). Despite the Soviet tendency to select only soldiers of small stature as tank crew, the crew quarters are cramped and difficult to work in. Except in more modern versions of the tank (like the T-84 Oplot), the ammunition is stored below the crew inside the crew compartment in the autoloader carousel, which means that when the tank is penetrated, the ammunition can cook off, killing the crew and blowing the turret ...

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T-80, T-80 - Production history, T-80 - Design traits, T-80 - Variants

Read more here: » T-80: Encyclopedia II - T-80 - Design traits

The complex armor of a Bolo Unit of the Line can withstand direct hits from all weapons systems up to (and in later models, including) nuclear weapons. Hulls are built of either durachrome, or the stronger endurachrome, with a drivetrain made out of flintsteel. Later Marks were also protected by energized battlescreens, both external and internal. Each unit is also equipped with an impressive array of sensing equipment for all light conditions, IR, magnetic spectrum, and FTL comm. Units also came equipped with stealthy flying drones a ...

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Bolo self-aware tank, Bolo self-aware tank - Description and History, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Offensive Systems, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Defensive Systems, Bolo self-aware tank - Artificial Intelligence, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Marks Years of Introduction and Notable Bolos, Bolo self-aware tank - Books

Read more here: » Bolo self-aware tank: Encyclopedia II - Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Defensive Systems

A basic Bolo is roughly the equivalent in firepower to a division of heavy infantry with artillery support. Later Bolo models are classified as Continental Siege Units, and the Mark XXX and above could usually take on an entire planet's defenders by themselves. The main weapon of early Bolo Marks was either a regular tank gun or a railgun. As Mankind moved off-planet and the Bolo designs became bigger and more powerful, these were replaced by the Hellbore, a complex plasma weapon mounted centrally on top of the superstructure in one o ...

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Bolo self-aware tank, Bolo self-aware tank - Description and History, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Offensive Systems, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Defensive Systems, Bolo self-aware tank - Artificial Intelligence, Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Marks Years of Introduction and Notable Bolos, Bolo self-aware tank - Books

Read more here: » Bolo self-aware tank: Encyclopedia II - Bolo self-aware tank - Bolo Offensive Systems

Today most calculators are handheld microelectronic devices, but in the past some calculators were as large as today's computers. The first mechanical calculators were mechanical desktop devices, which were soon replaced by electromechanical desktop calculators, and then by electronic devices using first thermionic valves, then transistors, then hard-wired integrated circuit logic. A pocket calculator is a small battery-powered or solar powered electronic digital computer made possible by integrated circuit and semiconductor technolog ...

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Calculator, Calculator - Overview, Calculator - Electronic calculators, Calculator - Personal computing, Calculator - History, Calculator - Origin: The Abacus, Calculator - The 17th century, Calculator - 1930s to 1960s, Calculator - 1970s to mid-1980s, Calculator - Mid-1980s to present, Calculator - Drawbacks, Calculator - Trivia, Calculator - Patents

Read more here: » Calculator: Encyclopedia II - Calculator - Electronic calculators

Modern calculators are electrically powered, most often by battery, and are made by numerous manufacturers, in countless shapes and sizes varying from cheap, give-away, credit-card sized models to more sturdy adding machine-like models with built-in printers. Only a very few companies develop and make modern professional engineering and finance calculators: The most well-known are Casio, Sharp, Hewlett-Packard (HP) and Texas Instruments (TI). Such calculators are good examples of embedded systems. They are also often complex enough to be programmed; calculator applications include algebraic equation so ...

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Calculator, Calculator - Overview, Calculator - Electronic calculators, Calculator - Personal computing, Calculator - History, Calculator - Origin: The Abacus, Calculator - The 17th century, Calculator - 1930s to 1960s, Calculator - 1970s to mid-1980s, Calculator - Mid-1980s to present, Calculator - Drawbacks, Calculator - Trivia, Calculator - Patents

Read more here: » Calculator: Encyclopedia II - Calculator - Overview