ionizing

Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. At standard temperature and pressure ammonia is a gas. It is toxic and corrosive to some materials, and has a characteristic pungent odor. An ammonia molecule is not flat, but has the shape of a compressed tetrahedron known as a trigonal pyramid, as would be expected from VSEPR theory. This shape gives the molecule an overall dipole moment and makes it polar so that ammonia very readily dissolves in water. The nitrogen atom in the molecule has a lon ...

Including:

• Ammonia - History
• Ammonia - Production
• Ammonia - Properties
• Ammonia - Acidity
• Ammonia - Formation of other compounds
• Ammonia - Ammonia as a ligand
• Ammonia - Uses
• Ammonia - Liquid ammonia as a solvent
• Ammonia - Solubility of salts
• Ammonia - Solutions of metals
• Ammonia - Redox properties of liquid ammonia
• Ammonia - Detection and determination
• Ammonia - Safety precautions
• Ammonia - Toxicity
• Ammonia - Household use
• Ammonia - Laboratory use of ammonia solutions
• Ammonia - Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid
• Ammonia - Reference
• Ammonia - Bibliography

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A criticality accident (also sometimes referred to as an "excursion" or "power excursion") occurs when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material, such as enriched uranium or plutonium. This releases neutron radiation which is highly dangerous to surrounding personnel and which causes induced radioactivity in the surroundings. When such incidents occur outside reactor cores and test facilities where fission is intended to occur, they pose a high risk both of injury or death to su ...

Including:

• Criticality accident - Cause
• Criticality accident - Description
• Criticality accident - Confusion with Cherenkov radiation and other effects
• Criticality accident - Records

Read more here: » Criticality accident: Encyclopedia - Criticality accident

Aetherometry is the name given to the experimental and theoretical study of "massfree energy" developed by biophysicist and molecular biologist Paulo Correa and his collaborator Alexandra Correa. They have also described it as the "science of the metrics of the massfree aether". The term "massfree energy" is not in use by mainstream physicists, and aetherometry is not supported by scientific consensus, being in conflict with established theories such as relativity, conventional or Lorentz electrodyn ...

Including:

• Aetherometry - Aims
• Aetherometry - Central Concepts
• Aetherometry - Massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Graviton energy
• Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy
• Aetherometry - Theoretical research
• Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts
• Aetherometry - Theory
• Aetherometry - The dynamic aether
• Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy
• Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity
• Aetherometry - Experiments
• Aetherometry - The electroscope
• Aetherometry - The pendulum
• Aetherometry - Reich's orgone
• Aetherometry - Tesla radiation
• Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes
• Aetherometry - Predictions
• Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia - Aetherometry

Acoustic neuroma (or Vestibular Schwannoma) is a benign tumor of the the myelin forming cells called "Schwann cells" of the 8th cranial nerve, known as the acoustic nerve, (or more properly the vestibulocochlear nerve) just after it has left the brainstem, in the pontine angle; also at the point where the peripheral part of the nerve meets the brain part of the nerve called "Hensen's node". Acoustic neuroma - Assessment. Associated symptoms are unilateral sensorineural hearing loss/deafness and verti ...

Including:

• Acoustic neuroma - Assessment
• Acoustic neuroma - Treatment
• Acoustic neuroma - Surgery
• Acoustic neuroma - Radiation Therapy
• Acoustic neuroma - External Links

Read more here: » Acoustic neuroma: Encyclopedia - Acoustic neuroma

Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry - Types. Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative: Qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given element or inorganic compound in a sample. Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample. ...

Including:

• Analytical chemistry - Types
• Analytical chemistry - Techniques
• Analytical chemistry - Methods
• Analytical chemistry - Trends

Read more here: » Analytical chemistry: Encyclopedia - Analytical chemistry

A xenon flash lamp is a electric glow discharge lamp designed to produce extremely intense, incoherent, full-spectrum white light for very short durations. Xenon flash lamp - Construction. The lamp is comprised of a sealed tube, often made of fused quartz, which is filled with a mixture of gases, primarily xenon, and electrodes to carry electrical current to the gas mixture. Additionally, a high voltage power source is necessary to energize the gas mixture; this high voltage is usually stored on a capacitor ...

Including:

• Xenon flash lamp - Construction
• Xenon flash lamp - Operation
• Xenon flash lamp - Output spectrum
• Xenon flash lamp - Intensity and duration of flash
• Xenon flash lamp - Applications
• Xenon flash lamp - Animation

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Alpha particles or alpha rays (named after the first letter in the greek alphabet, α) are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation which have low penetration. They consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus; hence, it can be written as He2+. Alpha particles are emitted by radioactive nuclei such as uranium or radium in a process known as alpha decay. This sometimes leaves the nucleus in an excited state, with the emission of a gamma ray removing the excess energy. In contrast to beta decay, ...

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Radiotherapy is in itself painless. Many low-dose palliative treatments (e.g. radiotherapy to bony metastases) cause minimal or no side effects. Treatment to higher doses causes variable side effects during treatment (acute side effects) or in the months to years following treatment (long term side effects.) The nature of the side effects depends on the site which receives the radiation, and the treatment schedule (type of radiation, dose, fractionation, concurrent chemotherapy.) Individuals differ somewhat in their radiation reaction. Retre ...

See also:

Radiation therapy, Radiation therapy - Application, Radiation therapy - Side Effects, Radiation therapy - Acute Side Effects, Radiation therapy - Medium and Long-Term Side Effects, Radiation therapy - Dosage, Radiation therapy - Fractionation Schedules, Radiation therapy - How It Works, Radiation therapy - Kinds of Radiation Therapy, Radiation therapy - Conventional External Beam Radiotherapy, Radiation therapy - Virtual Simulation 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy and Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Read more here: » Radiation therapy: Encyclopedia II - Radiation therapy - Side Effects

Because the duration of the flash that is emitted by a xenon flash tube can be accurately controlled, and due to the high intensity of the light, xenon flash lamps are most commonly used as photographic strobe lights. Xenon flashlamps are also used in the technique of very high speed or "stop-motion" photography, which was pioneered by Harold Edgerton in the 1930s. Due to their high-intensity; relative brightness at short wavelengths (extending into the ultraviolet) and short pulsewidths, flashlamps are also ideally suited as light so ...

See also:

Xenon flash lamp, Xenon flash lamp - Construction, Xenon flash lamp - Operation, Xenon flash lamp - Output spectrum, Xenon flash lamp - Intensity and duration of flash, Xenon flash lamp - Applications, Xenon flash lamp - Animation

Read more here: » Xenon flash lamp: Encyclopedia II - Xenon flash lamp - Applications

The best understood biological effect of electromagnetic fields is to cause dielectric heating. For example, touching an antenna while a transmitter is in operation can cause severe burns. Birds sitting on very high-power antennas when transmission begins can be instantly cooked by RF energy. In fact, that is the principle behind the operation of a microwave oven. This heating effect varies with the frequency of the electromagnetic energy. The eyes are particularly vulnerable to RF energy in the microwave range, and prolonged exposure ...

See also:

Electromagnetic radiation hazard, Electromagnetic radiation hazard - Electrical hazards, Electromagnetic radiation hazard - Fire hazards, Electromagnetic radiation hazard - Biological hazards of EMF, Electromagnetic radiation hazard - U.S. military definition

Read more here: » Electromagnetic radiation hazard: Encyclopedia II - Electromagnetic radiation hazard - Biological hazards of EMF

Aetherometry - Massfree energy. The massfree energy theory proposes the existence of energy devoid of inertia, called 'massfree energy'. It follows on the steps of Wilhelm Reich's theory of a massfree Orgone energy and Maximo Aucci's theory of massless charges. It proposes that massfree energy does not merely fill up space, but produces or engineers it. It also examines the possibility that all motion of material objects depend on massfree energy, be they material particles or celestial bodies. In a wide sense, m ...

See also:

Aetherometry, Aetherometry - Aims, Aetherometry - Central Concepts, Aetherometry - Massfree energy, Aetherometry - Graviton energy, Aetherometry - Ambipolar massfree energy Orgone and DOR aka Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Latent heat or latent massfree energy, Aetherometry - Theoretical research, Aetherometry - Explicit conflicts, Aetherometry - Theory, Aetherometry - The dynamic aether, Aetherometry - Space and radiant energy, Aetherometry - Matter motion light and gravity, Aetherometry - Experiments, Aetherometry - The electroscope, Aetherometry - The pendulum, Aetherometry - Reich's orgone, Aetherometry - Tesla radiation, Aetherometry - Vacuum discharge tubes, Aetherometry - Predictions, Aetherometry - Proponents

Read more here: » Aetherometry: Encyclopedia II - Aetherometry - Central Concepts

Like infrared radiation or microwaves, these waves usually travel in line of sight. Terahertz radiation is non-ionizing and shares with microwaves the capability to penetrate a wide variety of non-conducting materials. They can pass through clothing, paper, cardboard, wood, masonry, plastic and ceramics. They can also penetrate fog and clouds but cannot penetrate metal or water. The Earth's atmosphere is a strong absorber of terahertz radiation, so the range of terahertz radiation is quite short, limiting its usefulness. In addition, producing and detecting coherent terahertz ra ...

See also:

Terahertz radiation, Terahertz radiation - Introduction, Terahertz radiation - Sources, Terahertz radiation - Theoretical and technological uses under development

Read more here: » Terahertz radiation: Encyclopedia II - Terahertz radiation - Introduction

Specialized low-pressure gas filled tube devices include the Nixie tube (used to display numerals) and the Decatron (used to count or divide pulses, with display as a secondary function). Neon signage and Neon lamps are other types of low-pressure gas filled tubes. Xenon flash lamps are gas filled tubes used in cameras and strobe lights to produce bright flashes of light. ...

See also:

Gas filled tube, Gas filled tube - Switching gas filled tubes, Gas filled tube - Lighting and display gas filled tubes, Gas filled tube - Other types of gas filled tubes

Read more here: » Gas filled tube: Encyclopedia II - Gas filled tube - Lighting and display gas filled tubes

Ionizing radiation - Natural background radiation. Natural background radiation comes from four primary sources: cosmic radiation, solar radiation, external terrestrial sources, and radon. The earth, and all living things on it, are constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system of positively charged ions from protons to iron nuclei. This radiation interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation that rains down, including x-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons. The dose f ...

See also:

Ionizing radiation, Ionizing radiation - Types of radiation, Ionizing radiation - Example: Electromagnetic radiation, Ionizing radiation - Sources of ionizing radiation, Ionizing radiation - Natural background radiation, Ionizing radiation - Man-made radiation sources, Ionizing radiation - The effects of ionizing radiation on animals, Ionizing radiation - Chronic radiation exposure, Ionizing radiation - Acute radiation exposure, Ionizing radiation - Radiation levels, Ionizing radiation - Minimizing health effects of ionizing radiation

Read more here: » Ionizing radiation: Encyclopedia II - Ionizing radiation - Sources of ionizing radiation

Spark gaps are frequently used to prevent voltage surges from damaging equipment. Spark gaps are used in high-voltage switches, for example, in power plants and electrical substations. Such switches are constructed with a large, remote-operated switching blade with a hinge as one contact and two leaf springs holding the other end as second contact. If the blade is opened, a spark may keep the connection between blade and spring conducting. (The spark ionizes the air, which becomes conductive, allowing an arc to form, which sustains io ...

See also:

Spark gap, Spark gap - Spark gaps as ignition devices, Spark gap - Spark gaps as radio transmitters, Spark gap - Spark gaps as protective devices, Spark gap - Spark gaps as power-switching devices, Spark gap - Spark gaps as entertainment, Spark gap - Spark gaps in nature

Read more here: » Spark gap: Encyclopedia II - Spark gap - Spark gaps as protective devices

Associated symptoms are unilateral sensorineural hearing loss/deafness and vertigo. Additionally more than 80% of patients having acoustic neuromas have reported tinnitus. Larger tumors can compress local structures such as the facial nerve, and lead to local symptoms such as hydrocephalus. If the tumor grows next to the brain stem and grows large enough, the brainstem may become compressed. Also associated with these nerves is the 7th cranial nerve; this nerve controls the muscles of the face, salivation, tearing, and taste. If a significantly large tumor develops it can involve the 5th cranial ...

See also:

Acoustic neuroma, Acoustic neuroma - Assessment, Acoustic neuroma - Treatment, Acoustic neuroma - Conservative treatment, Acoustic neuroma - Surgery, Acoustic neuroma - Radiation Therapy

Read more here: » Acoustic neuroma: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic neuroma - Assessment

Teleforce applications and particle beam device must meet four conditions and involved four inventions: Produce an electromotive force, in particular a method and process for producing very great electrical force (in the range of 50,000,000 volts electrical potential). A method and apparatus to produce rays"and other manifestations of energy" in natural media (e.g., the free air). Generate a force amplification or a method of amplifying manifestations of force. and, Generate an electri ...

See also:

Teleforce, Teleforce - Introduction, Teleforce - Conditions and inventions, Teleforce - Principles, Teleforce - Conspiracy, Teleforce - Quotes

Read more here: » Teleforce: Encyclopedia II - Teleforce - Conditions and inventions

Analytical chemistry can be split into two main types, qualitative and quantitative: Qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given element or inorganic compound in a sample. Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample. Quantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a ...

See also:

Analytical chemistry, Analytical chemistry - Types, Analytical chemistry - Techniques, Analytical chemistry - Methods, Analytical chemistry - Trends

Read more here: » Analytical chemistry: Encyclopedia II - Analytical chemistry - Types

Most criticality accidents result in what is called a "blue flash," when surrounding air is ionized by an intense pulse of X-rays and gamma rays (or, in some unusual instances such as when underwater, beta particles). Criticality accidents can be generally divided into one of two categories: process accidents, where controls are generally in place to prevent any criticality; and research reactor accidents, where criticality is purposely achieved in a nuclear reactor used for physical experimentation, but then goes out of control for one reason or another. Criticality accident - Confusio ...

See also:

Criticality accident, Criticality accident - Cause, Criticality accident - Description, Criticality accident - Confusion with Cherenkov radiation and other effects, Criticality accident - Records

Read more here: » Criticality accident: Encyclopedia II - Criticality accident - Description

Associated symptoms are unilateral sensorineural hearing loss/deafness and vertigo. Additionally more than 80% of patients having acoustic neuromas have reported tinnitus. Larger tumors can compress local structures such as the facial nerve, and lead to local symptoms such as hydrocephalus. If the tumor grow next to the brain stem and grows large enough, the brainstem may become compressed. Also associated with these nerves is the 7th cranial nerve; this nerve controls the muscles of the face, salivation, tearing, and taste. If a significantly large tumor develops it can involve the 5th cranial ...

See also:

Acoustic neuroma, Acoustic neuroma - Assessment, Acoustic neuroma - Treatment, Acoustic neuroma - Surgery, Acoustic neuroma - Radiation Therapy, Acoustic neuroma - External Links

Read more here: » Acoustic neuroma: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic neuroma - Assessment