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Ionia | A Wisdom Archive on Ionia | | Ionia A selection of articles related to Ionia | |
| We recommend this article: Ionia - 1, and also this: Ionia - 2. |
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ionia, Ionia, Ionia - Geography, Ionia - History, Ionia - Legacy
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Ionia | | | |  Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Hadrian - Hadrian and the militaryDespite his own excellence as a military administrator, Hadrian's reign was marked by a general lack of major military conflicts. He surrendered Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia, considering them to be indefensible. There was almost a war with Parthia around 121, but the threat was averted when Hadrian succeeded in negotiating a peace. Hadrian's army crushed a massive Jewish uprising in Judea (132-135) led by Bar Kokhba.
The peace policy was strengthened by the erection of permanent fortifications along the empire's borders (limit ...
See also:Hadrian, Hadrian - Early life, Hadrian - Securing power, Hadrian - Hadrian and the military, Hadrian - Cultural pursuits and patronage, Hadrian - Hadrian's travels, Hadrian - Britannia, Hadrian - Parthia and Asia Minor, Hadrian - Greece, Hadrian - Return to Italy, Hadrian - Greece and Asia, Hadrian - Notes Read more here: » Hadrian: Encyclopedia II - Hadrian - Hadrian and the military |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Hadrian - Cultural pursuits and patronage Above all Hadrian patronized the arts: Hadrian's Villa at Tibur (Tivoli) was the greatest Roman example of an Alexandrian garden, recreating a sacred landscape, lost now in large part to the despoliation of the ruins by the Cardinal d'Este who had much of the marble removed to build his gardens. In Rome, the Pantheon, Rome built by Agrippa was enriched under Hadrian and took the form in which it remains to this day.
Hadrian was a humanist and deeply Hellenophile in all his tastes. While visiting Greece in 125 he attempted to create a ...
See also:Hadrian, Hadrian - Early life, Hadrian - Securing power, Hadrian - Hadrian and the military, Hadrian - Cultural pursuits and patronage, Hadrian - Hadrian's travels, Hadrian - Britannia, Hadrian - Parthia and Asia Minor, Hadrian - Greece, Hadrian - Return to Italy, Hadrian - Greece and Asia, Hadrian - Notes Read more here: » Hadrian: Encyclopedia II - Hadrian - Cultural pursuits and patronage |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek coinage - Classical period The "Classical period" saw Greek coinage reach a high level of technical and aesthetic quality. Larger cities now produced a range of fine silver and gold coins, most bearing a portrait of their patron god or goddess, or a legendary hero, on one side, and a symbol of the city on the other. Some coins employed a visual pun: coins from Rhodes featured a rose, since the Greek word for rose is rhodon. The use of inscriptions on coins also began, usually the name of the issuing city. The wealthy cities of Sicily produced some especially fi ...
See also:Ancient Greek coinage, Ancient Greek coinage - Archaic period, Ancient Greek coinage - Classical period, Ancient Greek coinage - Hellenistic period, Ancient Greek coinage - Technique, Ancient Greek coinage - Ancient Greek coins today Read more here: » Ancient Greek coinage: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek coinage - Classical period |
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| | | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Romans Ρωμαίοι and Romioi Ρωμιοί Romans is the political name by which the Greeks were known during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The name originally signified the inhabitants of the city of Rome in Italy, but with the elevation of the Greeks in the Roman Empire, it soon lost its connection with the Latins. In 212 AD, Emperor Caracella's Constitutio Antoniniana granted all free people in all Roman provinces citizenship. However, the Greeks transmogrified their newly acquired political title (Romans) and began to refer to themselves as Romioi (Romios/Ρωμιο ...
See also:Names of the Greeks, Names of the Greeks - General Names of Greece, Names of the Greeks - Achaeans Αχαιοί, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes Έλληνες, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes and barbarians, Names of the Greeks - Greeks Γραικοί Yunani Ίωνες and Yavan יָוָן, Names of the Greeks - Hellene comes to mean pagan, Names of the Greeks - Romans Ρωμαίοι and Romioi Ρωμιοί, Names of the Greeks - Byzantines Βυζαντινοί, Names of the Greeks - Revival in the meaning of Hellene, Names of the Greeks - Hellenic continuity and Byzantine consciousness, Names of the Greeks - Contest between Hellene Roman and Greek, Names of the Greeks - Bibliography, Names of the Greeks - In English, Names of the Greeks - In other languages Read more here: » Names of the Greeks: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Romans Ρωμαίοι and Romioi Ρωμιοί |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Cyprus - Economy Economic affairs in Cyprus are dominated by the division of the country due to the Turkish occupation of the north part of the island.
The Cypriot economy is prosperous and has diversified in recent years. Cyprus has been sought as a basis for several offshore businesses, due to its highly developed infrastructure. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union.
Recently, oil has been discovered in the sea South of Cyprus (between Cyprus and Egypt) and talks are ...
See also:Cyprus, Cyprus - Terminology, Cyprus - History, Cyprus - Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus, Cyprus - Post-Classical and Modern Cyprus, Cyprus - Geography, Cyprus - Districts, Cyprus - Politics, Cyprus - Political division, Cyprus - Exclaves and enclaves, Cyprus - Reunification the Annan Plan and EU entry, Cyprus - Economy, Cyprus - Demographics, Cyprus - Education, Cyprus - Personalities, Cyprus - Educational Institutes, Cyprus - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Cyprus: Encyclopedia II - Cyprus - Economy |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Revival in the meaning of Hellene The secular use of Hellene revived in the 9th century, after paganism had been eclipsed and was no longer a threat to Christianity's dominance. The revival followed the same track as its disappearance. The name had originally declined from a national term in antiquity, to a cultural term in the Hellenistic years, to a religious term in the early Christian years. With the demise of paganism and the revival of learning in the Byzantine Empire it had regained its cultural meaning, and finally, by the 11th century it had returned to its ancie ...
See also:Names of the Greeks, Names of the Greeks - General Names of Greece, Names of the Greeks - Achaeans Αχαιοί, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes Έλληνες, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes and barbarians, Names of the Greeks - Greeks Γραικοί Yunani Ίωνες and Yavan יָוָן, Names of the Greeks - Hellene comes to mean pagan, Names of the Greeks - Romans Ρωμαίοι and Romioi Ρωμιοί, Names of the Greeks - Byzantines Βυζαντινοί, Names of the Greeks - Revival in the meaning of Hellene, Names of the Greeks - Hellenic continuity and Byzantine consciousness, Names of the Greeks - Contest between Hellene Roman and Greek, Names of the Greeks - Bibliography, Names of the Greeks - In English, Names of the Greeks - In other languages Read more here: » Names of the Greeks: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Revival in the meaning of Hellene |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Hellenic continuity and Byzantine consciousness The "Byzantines" did not only refer to themselves as Romioi in order to retain both their Roman citizenship and their ancient Hellenic heritage. In fact, the overwhelming majority of the "Byzantines" themselves were very conscious of their uninterrupted continuity with the ancient Greeks. Even though the ancient Greeks were not Christians, the "Byzantines" still regarded them as their ancestors. A common substitute for the term Hellene other than Romios was the term Graekos (Γραίκος). This term was us ...
See also:Names of the Greeks, Names of the Greeks - General Names of Greece, Names of the Greeks - Achaeans Αχαιοί, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes Έλληνες, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes and barbarians, Names of the Greeks - Greeks Γραικοί Yunani Ίωνες and Yavan יָוָן, Names of the Greeks - Hellene comes to mean pagan, Names of the Greeks - Romans Ρωμαίοι and Romioi Ρωμιοί, Names of the Greeks - Byzantines Βυζαντινοί, Names of the Greeks - Revival in the meaning of Hellene, Names of the Greeks - Hellenic continuity and Byzantine consciousness, Names of the Greeks - Contest between Hellene Roman and Greek, Names of the Greeks - Bibliography, Names of the Greeks - In English, Names of the Greeks - In other languages Read more here: » Names of the Greeks: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Hellenic continuity and Byzantine consciousness |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Contest between Hellene Roman and Greek After the fall of the Byzantine Empire and during the Ottoman occupation a fierce ideological battle ensued regarding the three rival national names of the Greeks: a struggle that may have settled down after the Greek War of Independence but was permanently resolved only recently in the 20th century after the loss of Asia Minor to the Turks.
The struggle reflected the diverging view of history between classicists and medievalists (katharevousa and demotic) in their attempt to define Greek nationality at a time without a Byzantine stat ...
See also:Names of the Greeks, Names of the Greeks - General Names of Greece, Names of the Greeks - Achaeans Αχαιοί, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes Έλληνες, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes and barbarians, Names of the Greeks - Greeks Γραικοί Yunani Ίωνες and Yavan יָוָן, Names of the Greeks - Hellene comes to mean pagan, Names of the Greeks - Romans Ρωμαίοι and Romioi Ρωμιοί, Names of the Greeks - Byzantines Βυζαντινοί, Names of the Greeks - Revival in the meaning of Hellene, Names of the Greeks - Hellenic continuity and Byzantine consciousness, Names of the Greeks - Contest between Hellene Roman and Greek, Names of the Greeks - Bibliography, Names of the Greeks - In English, Names of the Greeks - In other languages Read more here: » Names of the Greeks: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Contest between Hellene Roman and Greek |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Greeks Γραικοί Yunani Ίωνες and Yavan יָוָן The modern English word Greek is derived from Latin Graecus, which in turn comes from Greek Γραικός (Graikos), the name of a Boeotian tribe that migrated to Italy in the 8th century BC, and it is by that name the Hellenes were known in the West. Homer, while reciting the Boeotian forces in the Iliad's Catalogue of Ships, provides the first known reference to a Boeotian city named Graea,[24] and Pausanias mentions that Graea ...
See also:Names of the Greeks, Names of the Greeks - General Names of Greece, Names of the Greeks - Achaeans Αχαιοί, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes Έλληνες, Names of the Greeks - Hellenes and barbarians, Names of the Greeks - Greeks Γραικοί Yunani Ίωνες and Yavan יָוָן, Names of the Greeks - Hellene comes to mean pagan, Names of the Greeks - Romans Ρωμαίοι and Romioi Ρωμιοί, Names of the Greeks - Byzantines Βυζαντινοί, Names of the Greeks - Revival in the meaning of Hellene, Names of the Greeks - Hellenic continuity and Byzantine consciousness, Names of the Greeks - Contest between Hellene Roman and Greek, Names of the Greeks - Bibliography, Names of the Greeks - In English, Names of the Greeks - In other languages Read more here: » Names of the Greeks: Encyclopedia II - Names of the Greeks - Greeks Γραικοί Yunani Ίωνες and Yavan יָוָן |
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| | | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander Philip was succeeded by his 20-year-old son Alexander, who immediately set out to carry out his father's plans. He travelled to Corinth where the assembled Greek cities recognised him as leader of the Greeks, then set off north to assemble his forces. The army with which he invaded the Persian Empire was basically Macedonian, but many idealists from the Greek cities also enlisted. But while Alexander was campaigning in Thrace, he heard that the Greek cities had rebelled. He swept south again, captured Thebes, and razed the city to the ground as a warning to ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon The Kingdom of Macedon was formed in the 7th century BC out of northern Greek tribes. They played little part in Greek politics before the beginning of the 4th century, but Philip was an ambitious man who had been educated in Thebes and wanted to play a larger role. In particular, he wanted to be accepted as the new leader of Greece in recovering the freedom of the Greek cities of Asia from Persian rule. By seizing the Greek cities of Amphipolis, Methone and Potidaea, he gained control of the gold and silver mines of Macedonia. ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon |
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| | | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek religion - Suppression of paganism In the late 4th century, the Imperial courts were predominantly Christian; Christianity had relatively few internal quarrels; and a deep conviction that right belief, orthodoxy, was what mattered to God. The Christian emperors closed pagan oracles, temples and end the pagan games by degrees, in a series of increasingly stringent decrees. Finally, the public practice of the Greek religion was made illegal by the Emperor Theodosius I and this was enforced by his successors. The Greek religion, stigmatized as "paganism", the religion of country ...
See also:Ancient Greek religion, Ancient Greek religion - Overview, Ancient Greek religion - Worship, Ancient Greek religion - Theology, Ancient Greek religion - Mystery religions, Ancient Greek religion - Suppression of paganism, Ancient Greek religion - Revival of paganism Read more here: » Ancient Greek religion: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek religion - Suppression of paganism |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek religion - Revival of paganism Many neo-pagan religious paths, such as Wicca, use aspects of ancient Greek religions in their practice; Hellenic polytheism focuses exclusively thereon, as far as the fragmentary nature of the surviving source material allows. It reflects neo-Platonic speculation (which is represented in Porphyry, Libanius, and Julian), as well as Classical cult practice.
The overwhelming majority of modern Greeks are Greek Orthodox, although there is a growing minority of people following the ancient Greek religion, especially among the educated cla ...
See also:Ancient Greek religion, Ancient Greek religion - Overview, Ancient Greek religion - Worship, Ancient Greek religion - Theology, Ancient Greek religion - Mystery religions, Ancient Greek religion - Suppression of paganism, Ancient Greek religion - Revival of paganism Read more here: » Ancient Greek religion: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek religion - Revival of paganism |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance The end of the Peloponnesian War left Sparta the master of Greece, but the narrow outlook of the Spartan warrior elite did not suit them to this role. Within a few years the democratic party regained power in Athens and other cities. In 395 BC the Spartan rulers removed Lysander from office, and Sparta lost her naval supremacy. Athens, Argos, Thebes, and Corinth, the latter two formerly Spartan allies, challenged Spartan dominance in the Corinthian War, which ended inconclusively in 387 BC. That same year Sparta shocked Greek opinion by conc ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens The Persian Wars ushered in a century of Athenian dominance of Greek affairs. Athens was the unchallenged master of the sea, and also the leading commercial power, although Corinth remained a serious rival. The leading statesman of this time was Pericles, who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the Parthenon and other great monuments of classical Athens. By the mid 5th century the League had become an Athenian Empire, symbolised by the transfer of th ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Thales - Sources Most of our sources for information on the Miletian philosophers (Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes) are the works of much later writers. The primary source for Thales' philosophy is Aristotle, who credited him with the first inquiry into the causes of things.
Thales may or may not have written books. It is certain, however, that Aristotle did not have access to any work of Thales, and was writing from secondary sources of his own. While Thales' historical importance is unquestioned, this introduces a good deal of uncertai ...
See also:Thales, Thales - Life, Thales - Theories and influence, Thales - Sources, Thales - Interpretations, Thales - Trivia Read more here: » Thales: Encyclopedia II - Thales - Sources |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Sibyl - The later Sibyls The Sibyls were also represented in publicly available art. Michelangelo fixed our image of the sibyls forever, in his powerful representations of them, seated, both aged and ageless, beyond mere femininity, in the frescos of the Sistine Chapel. Five sibyls were painted on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo; the Delphic Sibyl, Lybian Sibyl, Persian Sibyl, Cumaean Sibyl and the Erythraean Sibyl. The library of Pope Julius II in the Vatican has images of sibyls and they a ...
See also:Sibyl, Sibyl - The number of Sibyls, Sibyl - The later Sibyls, Sibyl - Sibylline books Read more here: » Sibyl: Encyclopedia II - Sibyl - The later Sibyls |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Origins The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Balkan peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, the last being the Dorian invasion. The period from 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is described in History of Mycenaean Greece known for the reign of King Agamemnon and the wars against Troy as narrated in the epics of Homer. The period from 1100 BC to the 8th century BC is a "dark age" from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains. Secondary and tertiary texts such as Herodotu ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - Origins |
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| | | | | Ionia: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas In the 8th century BC Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and the Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet to Greek and from about 800 BC written records begin to appear. Greece was divided into many small self-governing communities, a pattern dictated by Greek geography, where every island, valley and plain is cut ...
See also:Ancient Greece, Ancient Greece - Origins, Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas, Ancient Greece - Social and political conflict, Ancient Greece - The Persian Wars, Ancient Greece - The dominance of Athens, Ancient Greece - The Peloponnesian War, Ancient Greece - Spartan and Theban dominance, Ancient Greece - The rise of Macedon, Ancient Greece - The conquests of Alexander, Ancient Greece - Society, Ancient Greece - Social Structure, Ancient Greece - Way of Life, Ancient Greece - Education Read more here: » Ancient Greece: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greece - The rise of Hellas |
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