Ion Iliescu - Mineriads. He was responsible for calling the miners of Jiu Valley to Bucharest on 28 January and June 14, 1990 to end the non-violent protests against the ex-communist leaders of Romania (the Golaniad). This ended in violence, as the miners armed with clubs attack the protesters and trashed the Bucharest University, various museums and the headquarters of opposition parties, claiming to have discovered them as havens of decadence and immorality - drugs, false currency printing machines and firearms ...

See also:

Ion Iliescu, Ion Iliescu - Family background, Ion Iliescu - Early life, Ion Iliescu - After the 1989 Revolution, Ion Iliescu - Controversies, Ion Iliescu - Mineriads, Ion Iliescu - Constitution violations, Ion Iliescu - Alleged KGB connections, Ion Iliescu - Pardons, Ion Iliescu - Others, Ion Iliescu - Quotes

Read more here: » Ion Iliescu: Encyclopedia II - Ion Iliescu - Controversies

The 1990s decade refers to the years from 1990 to 1999, inclusive, the last decade of the 20th Century. Informally, it can also include a few years at the end of the preceding decade or the beginning of the following decade. The 90s were marked with rapid progression of democracy, globalization and global capitalism following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Key forces shaping the decade were the Gulf War; popularization of Personal Computers and the Internet, leading to the .com boom. ...

Including:

• 1990s - Events and trends
• 1990s - Similarities with the 2000s Decade
• 1990s - Technology
• 1990s - Science
• 1990s - War, peace, and politics
• 1990s - Economics
• 1990s - Culture
• 1990s - Other significant events
• 1990s - People
• 1990s - World leaders
• 1990s - Entertainers
• 1990s - Films
• 1990s - Books & Literature
• 1990s - Sports figures

Read more here: » 1990s: Encyclopedia - 1990s

1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The world population growth in absolute numbers is believed to have been the highest ever around this time. [1] 1989 - Events. January 8 - the Kegworth Air Disaster - A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport - 44 dead January 16–18 - Race riots in Overtown, Miami January 10 - Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola January 10 - Assistant Austra ...

Including:

• 1989 - Events
• 1989 - February
• 1989 - March
• 1989 - April
• 1989 - May
• 1989 - June
• 1989 - July
• 1989 - August
• 1989 - September
• 1989 - October
• 1989 - November
• 1989 - December
• 1989 - Unknown Dates
• 1989 - Births
• 1989 - Deaths
• 1989 - January
• 1989 - February
• 1989 - March
• 1989 - April
• 1989 - May
• 1989 - June
• 1989 - July
• 1989 - August
• 1989 - September
• 1989 - October
• 1989 - November
• 1989 - December
• 1989 - Nobel Prizes
• 1989 - Templeton Prize
• 1989 - Right Livelihood Award

Read more here: » 1989: Encyclopedia - 1989

This article describes the positions of world governments prior to the actual initiation of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and not their current positions as they may have changed since then. Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Background. In 2002, the United States began to campaign for the overthrow of Iraq's dictatorial president, Saddam Hussein. The United States, under the administration of George W. Bush, argued that Saddam Hussein was a threat to global peace, a vicious tyrant, and a sponsor of i ...

Including:

• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Background
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Varying levels of support
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Countries supporting the U.S. position
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Europe
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Asia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Australia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Opposing U.S. Position
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Europe
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Americas
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Africa
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Asia
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - New Zealand
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Neutral unclear
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Ireland
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Taiwan
• Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq - Solomon Islands

Read more here: » Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq: Encyclopedia - Governments' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq

This article is about the decade starting at the beginning of 2000 and ending at the end of 2009. For the century or millennium starting in 2001, see the links below. 2000s - The decade as a whole. The 2000s decade refers to the years from 2000 to 2009, inclusive. Informally, it can also include a few years at the end of the preceding decade or the beginning of the following decade. So far, the 2000s has been marked generally with an escalation of the social issues a ...

Including:

• 2000s - The decade as a whole
• 2000s - Names of the decade
• 2000s - Criticisms of the Decade
• 2000s - Events and trends
• 2000s - Technology
• 2000s - Science
• 2000s - War peace and politics
• 2000s - Economics
• 2000s - Culture and religion
• 2000s - Other
• 2000s - Trends and Fashion
• 2000s - United States
• 2000s - Music
• 2000s - United States and Canada
• 2000s - Europe
• 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean
• 2000s - Film
• 2000s - Video Games
• 2000s - Television and Radio
• 2000s - Sports
• 2000s - People
• 2000s - World leaders
• 2000s - Entertainers
• 2000s - Sports figures

Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia - 2000s

Olteniţa is the ancient Constantiola, which was the seat of the first bishopric established in Dacia. During the Crimean War the Ottomans attempted to cross the river at this point and inflicted heavy losses on the Russians. During the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878, Oltenita was an important crossing point into Bulgaria for Romanian troops called to the aid of the Russian Army during the siege ...

See also:

Olteniţa, Olteniţa - Population, Olteniţa - History, Olteniţa - Persons

Read more here: » Olteniţa: Encyclopedia II - Olteniţa - History

While the term Ceauşism became widely used inside Romania, usually as a pejorative, it never achieved status in academia. This feature can be explained taking in view the largely crude and syncretic character of the dogma. Ceauşescu attempted the inclusion of his views in mainstream Marxist theory, to which he added his belief in a "multilaterally developed socialist society" as a necessary stage between the Marxist concepts of Socialist and Communist societies (a critical view reveals that the main reason for the interval is ...

See also:

Nicolae Ceauşescu, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Early life and career, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Leadership of Romania, Nicolae Ceauşescu - The Pacepa defection, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Personality cult and authoritarianism, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Ceauşescu's statesmanship, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Foreign debt, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Leadership weaknesses, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Tensions grow, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Revolution, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Coup, Nicolae Ceauşescu - The end of Ceauşescu, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Other, Nicolae Ceauşescu - A rough sketch of Ceauşism, Nicolae Ceauşescu - Bibliography

Read more here: » Nicolae Ceauşescu: Encyclopedia II - Nicolae Ceauşescu - A rough sketch of Ceauşism

Gheorghiu-Dej died in 1965 in unclear circumstances (his death apparently occurred when he was in Moscow for medical treatment) and, after the inevitable power struggle, was succeeded by the previously obscure Nicolae Ceauşescu. Where Gheorghiu-Dej had hewed to a Stalinist line while the Soviet Union was in a reformist period, Ceauşescu initially appeared to be a reformist, precisely as the Soviet Union w ...

See also:

Communist Romania, Communist Romania - Rise of the Communists, Communist Romania - Internecine struggle, Communist Romania - The Gheorghiu-Dej era, Communist Romania - The Ceauşescu regime, Communist Romania - Downfall, Communist Romania - Controversy over the events of December 1989

Read more here: » Communist Romania: Encyclopedia II - Communist Romania - The Ceauşescu regime

Non-violent revolution - Decolonization. Non-violent revolution - Cold War. 1968 - The Prague Spring a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia. 1981-1989 - The Solidarity movement in Poland marshals popular resistance to communist rule, though progress is halted by the imposition of martial law. 1988, 1989 - The Singing Revolution - a cycle of singing mass demonstrations, followed by a living chain across the Baltic st ...

See also:

Non-violent revolution, Non-violent revolution - Overview, Non-violent revolution - List of non-violent revolutions by era, Non-violent revolution - Decolonization, Non-violent revolution - Cold War, Non-violent revolution - Post-Cold War period, Non-violent revolution - Organizers and supporters, Non-violent revolution - Foundations, Non-violent revolution - Other organizations, Non-violent revolution - Current non-violent resistance, Non-violent revolution - Armenia, Non-violent revolution - Azerbaijan, Non-violent revolution - Belarus, Non-violent revolution - Moldova, Non-violent revolution - Mongolia, Non-violent revolution - Russia Bashkortostan, Non-violent revolution - Uzbekistan

Read more here: » Non-violent revolution: Encyclopedia II - Non-violent revolution - List of non-violent revolutions by era

Romanian Communist Party - Early history. The party was founded in 1921 when the Communist faction won control of Romania's Social-Democratic party (Socialist Party of Romania, successor to the defunct Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party and short-lived Romanian Social Democratic Party), renaming it the Socialist-Communist Party (Partidul Socialist-Comunist; soon after, the Communist Party of Romania - Partidul Comunist din România or PCdR). At the end of World War II it ...

See also:

Romanian Communist Party, Romanian Communist Party - History, Romanian Communist Party - Early history, Romanian Communist Party - Gaining power, Romanian Communist Party - Stalinism, Romanian Communist Party - Ceauşescu Era, Romanian Communist Party - Membership, Romanian Communist Party - Organization, Romanian Communist Party - General Secretaries, Romanian Communist Party - Other notable communists

Read more here: » Romanian Communist Party: Encyclopedia II - Romanian Communist Party - History

Most Romanians live in Romania and Moldova, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour them. Romanians can also be found in many countries as immigrants, notably in the United States, Italy, Spain, Canada, France and Germany. The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty. A disparity can be observed between "official" sources (such as census counts) where they exist, and estimates which come from non-official sources and i ...

See also:

Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

Read more here: » Romanians: Encyclopedia II - Romanians - Population

Main article: History of Romania In 513 BC, south of the Danube, the tribal confederation of the Getae were defeated by Darius during his campaign against the Scythians (Herodotus IV.93). Over half a millennium later, the Getae (also named Daci by Romans) were defeated by the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan in two campaigns stretching from 101 to 106, and the core of their kingdom was turned into the Roman province of Dacia. The Gothic and Carpic campaigns in the Balkans during 238–256 forced the Roman Empire to reorganize a new Roman province of Dacia south of Dan ...

See also:

Romania, Romania - Name, Romania - History, Romania - Romanian heads of state from the Unification of 1859, Romania - Politics, Romania - Administrative divisions, Romania - Geography, Romania - Largest cities, Romania - Economy, Romania - Trade, Romania - Taxation, Romania - Debt, Romania - Wages, Romania - Currency, Romania - National Budget, Romania - National Holidays, Romania - Sport in Romania, Romania - Demographics, Romania - Ethnicity, Romania - Language, Romania - Religion, Romania - Culture, Romania - Miscellaneous topics, Romania - Gallery, Romania - International rankings

Read more here: » Romania: Encyclopedia II - Romania - History

Romania has made great progress in institutionalizing democratic principles, civil liberties, and respect for human rights since 1989. However, a large number of present-day Romanian politicians (members of all parties across the current political spectrum) are former members of the Romanian Communist Party. Since membership in the party was a key requirement for advancing to high-level positions before 1989, however, people joined more out of a desire to get ahead than as a result of any deep political persuasion. Nevertheless, the Communist past of the majority of current Romanian ...

See also:

Politics of Romania, Politics of Romania - Executive branch, Politics of Romania - Legislative branch, Politics of Romania - Political parties and elections, Politics of Romania - Judicial branch, Politics of Romania - Regional institutions, Politics of Romania - Developments, Politics of Romania - 1990-1992, Politics of Romania - 1992-1996, Politics of Romania - 1996-2000, Politics of Romania - 2000-2004, Politics of Romania - 2004-2009, Politics of Romania - International organization participation

Read more here: » Politics of Romania: Encyclopedia II - Politics of Romania - Developments

Main article: Kingdom of Romania History of Romania - The Old Kingdom. In 1866, the German prince Carol I (Charles or Karl) of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was appointed as Domnitor of the Principality of Romania, to end the rivalry and struggle for the seat of power by the Romanian boyar factions. In 1877, Romania declared independence from the Ottoman Empire and, following a Russian-Romanian-Turkish war, its independence was recognized by the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, making it the first independent nat ...

See also:

History of Romania, History of Romania - Dacia, History of Romania - Romania in the Middle Ages, History of Romania - National awakening of Romania, History of Romania - Kingdom of Romania, History of Romania - The Old Kingdom, History of Romania - Greater Romania România Mare, History of Romania - Romania during World War II, History of Romania - Communist Romania, History of Romania - Romania since 1989, History of Romania - Romanian rulers

Read more here: » History of Romania: Encyclopedia II - History of Romania - Kingdom of Romania

1989 - January. January 7 - Last day of the Showa period due to the death of Emperor Hirohito(aka Emperor Showa after his death) in Japan. Akihito became Emperor of Japan, and the Heisei period had begun from the following day. January 8 - the Kegworth Air Disaster - A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport - 44 dead January 16–18 - Race riots in Overtown, Miami January 10 - Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola January 10 - Assista ...

See also:

1989, 1989 - Events, 1989 - January, 1989 - February, 1989 - March, 1989 - April, 1989 - May, 1989 - June, 1989 - July, 1989 - August, 1989 - September, 1989 - October, 1989 - November, 1989 - December, 1989 - Unknown Dates, 1989 - Births, 1989 - Deaths, 1989 - January, 1989 - February, 1989 - March, 1989 - April, 1989 - May, 1989 - June, 1989 - July, 1989 - August, 1989 - September, 1989 - October, 1989 - November, 1989 - December, 1989 - Nobel Prizes, 1989 - Templeton Prize, 1989 - Right Livelihood Award

Read more here: » 1989: Encyclopedia II - 1989 - Events

During World War I, as Bucharest being occupied by Germany, the Romanian administration moved to Iaşi, and with them, the most valuable objects which belong to the Romanian state. Fearing an eventual victory of the Germans, the Romanian government decided to send the Treasure abroad. Among the ideas was sending it for safekeeping to the vaults of the Bank of England or even to send it to the United States, but there was the problem of transporting it there, since Germany and its allies controlled most of Central Europe and sending it via Northern Euro ...

See also:

Romanian Treasure, Romanian Treasure - Historical background, Romanian Treasure - Sending the Treasure, Romanian Treasure - The Communist Revolution in Russia, Romanian Treasure - The Treasure since 1917, Romanian Treasure - Recent negotiations

Read more here: » Romanian Treasure: Encyclopedia II - Romanian Treasure - Historical background

2000s - Technology. A huge jump in broadband internet usage, from 6% of U.S. internet users in June, 2000 to what one study predicts will be 62% by 2010. Boom in music downloading and the use of data compression to quickly transfer music over the Internet, with a corresponding rise of portable digital audio players typified by Apple Computer's iPod. Digital cameras become very popular due to rapid decreases in size and cost while photo resolution steadily increases. Sales of film reel came ...

See also:

2000s, 2000s - The decade as a whole, 2000s - Names of the decade, 2000s - Criticisms of the decade, 2000s - Events and trends, 2000s - Technology, 2000s - Science, 2000s - War peace and politics, 2000s - Economics, 2000s - Culture and religion, 2000s - Other, 2000s - Trends and Fashion, 2000s - United States, 2000s - Music, 2000s - United States and Canada, 2000s - Europe, 2000s - Latin America/Caribbean, 2000s - Film, 2000s - Internet, 2000s - Video Games, 2000s - Television and Radio, 2000s - Sports, 2000s - People, 2000s - World leaders, 2000s - Entertainers, 2000s - Sports figures

Read more here: » 2000s: Encyclopedia II - 2000s - Events and trends

Most Romanians live in Romania and Moldova, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour them. Romanians can be found in many countries as immigrants, notably in the United States, Italy, Spain, Canada, France and Germany. The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty. A disparity can be observed between "official" sources (such as census counts) where they exist, and estimates which come from non-official sources and intere ...

See also:

Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references

Read more here: » Romanians: Encyclopedia II - Romanians - Population

National Salvation Front - Creation and rise to power. FSN was created on 22 December 1989 and took the power from the Communist authorities. Leadership of the FSN was assumed by Ion Iliescu. Iliescu named Petre Roman as interim Prime Minister. Other early members of the FSN were Dumitru Mazilu, Silviu Brucan, Mircea Dinescu, Ion Caramitru. FSN decreed the abolishment of the one-party system and the convocation of elections. Shortly after, the two most important pre-Communist Romanian parties, the National Peasants' Party and the National Liberal Par ...

See also:

National Salvation Front, National Salvation Front - History, National Salvation Front - Creation and rise to power, National Salvation Front - First post-Communist government, National Salvation Front - Breakup, National Salvation Front - Election results, National Salvation Front - Chamber of deputies, National Salvation Front - Senate

Read more here: » National Salvation Front: Encyclopedia II - National Salvation Front - History

While optimism and hopes were high following the collapse of Communism, the backlash of the Cold War's effect was only beginning, precipitating the continuation of terrorism in Third World regions that were once the frontlines for American and Soviet foreign politics, particularly in Asia. However, during the 1990s many First World economies such as the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and South Korea experienced steady economic growth for nearly the entire decade. The United Kingdom, after the recession of 1991-92 and Black Wednes ...

See also:

1990s, 1990s - Overview, 1990s - Technology, 1990s - Science, 1990s - War peace and politics, 1990s - Economics, 1990s - Culture, 1990s - Video Games, 1990s - Internet, 1990s - Other significant events, 1990s - People, 1990s - World leaders, 1990s - Entertainers, 1990s - Films, 1990s - Books & Literature, 1990s - Sports figures

Read more here: » 1990s: Encyclopedia II - 1990s - Overview