Many of Parmenides's qualities were the direct opposite of Heraclitus. Heraclitus grasped his truths through intuition. He saw and knew the world of Becoming. Parmenides, however, arrived at his truths through pure logic. He calculated and deduced his doctrine of Being. Parmenides had an early doctrine and a later, different, teaching. Nietzsche claimed that Parmenides's two ways of thinking not only divided his own life into two periods but also separated all pre-Socratic thinking into two halves. The earlier way was the Anaximandrea ...

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Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Early preface, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Later preface, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - A justification of philosophy, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Thales, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Anaximander, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Heraclitus, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Parmenides, Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks - Anaxagoras

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The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart introduces two temporal series that are central to our understanding of time. The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series, which does not worry at all about the "when" of the p ...

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Philosophy of space and time, Philosophy of space and time - Idealism and anti-realism, Philosophy of space and time - Absolutism vs. Relationalism, Philosophy of space and time - Leibniz and Newton, Philosophy of space and time - Mach, Philosophy of space and time - Einstein, Philosophy of space and time - Conventionalism, Philosophy of space and time - The structure of spacetime, Philosophy of space and time - Invariance vs. Covariance, Philosophy of space and time - Historical Frameworks, Philosophy of space and time - Holes, Philosophy of space and time - The direction of time, Philosophy of space and time - The Causation solution, Philosophy of space and time - The Thermodynamics solution, Philosophy of space and time - The Laws Solution, Philosophy of space and time - The flow of time, Philosophy of space and time - Dualities, Philosophy of space and time - Quantum gravity, Philosophy of space and time - Presentism and Eternalism, Philosophy of space and time - Endurantism and perdurantism

Read more here: » Philosophy of space and time: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of space and time - The flow of time

The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart introduces two temporal series that are central to our understanding of time. The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series, which does not worry at all about the "when" of the p ...

See also:

Philosophy of space and time, Philosophy of space and time - Idealism and anti-realism, Philosophy of space and time - Absolutism vs. relationalism, Philosophy of space and time - Leibniz and Newton, Philosophy of space and time - Mach, Philosophy of space and time - Einstein, Philosophy of space and time - Conventionalism, Philosophy of space and time - The structure of spacetime, Philosophy of space and time - Invariance vs. covariance, Philosophy of space and time - Historical frameworks, Philosophy of space and time - Holes, Philosophy of space and time - The direction of time, Philosophy of space and time - The causation solution, Philosophy of space and time - The thermodynamics solution, Philosophy of space and time - The laws solution, Philosophy of space and time - The flow of time, Philosophy of space and time - Dualities, Philosophy of space and time - Quantum gravity, Philosophy of space and time - Presentism and eternalism, Philosophy of space and time - Endurantism and perdurantism

Read more here: » Philosophy of space and time: Encyclopedia II - Philosophy of space and time - The flow of time

Morphosis’s design philosophy arises from an interest in producing work with a meaning that can be understood by absorbing the culture for which it was made. This is in opposition to typical architectural philosophies which overlay meaning from outside influences and are distant from the question at hand. The word “metamorphosis” (from which the name Morphosis is derived) means a “change in form or transformation.” For Morphosis this reflects a design process intuitively embedded within an increasingly groundless modern soci ...

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Thom Mayne, Thom Mayne - Firm, Thom Mayne - Design Philosophy, Thom Mayne - Awards and Honors, Thom Mayne - Major Projects, Thom Mayne - Completed, Thom Mayne - In Progress

Read more here: » Thom Mayne: Encyclopedia II - Thom Mayne - Design Philosophy

Common sense is sometimes regarded as an impediment to abstract and even logical thinking. This is especially the case in mathematics and physics, where human intuition often conflicts with provably correct or experimentally verified results. A definition attributed to Albert Einstein states: "Common sense is the collection of prejudices acquired by age eighteen." Common sense is sometimes appealed to in political debates, particularly when other arguments have been exhausted. Civil rights for African Americans, women's suffrage, and ...

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Common sense, Common sense - Philosophy and common sense, Common sense - Other uses, Common sense - Projects to collect common sense

Read more here: » Common sense: Encyclopedia II - Common sense - Other uses

In philosophical terminology abstraction is the thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects. Abstraction uses a strategy of simplification of detail, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined; thus speaking of things in the abstract demands that the listener have an intuitive or common experience with the speaker, if the speaker expects to be understood (as in picture 1, to the right). For example, many different things have the property of redness: l ...

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Abstraction, Abstraction - Thought process, Abstraction - Conceptual schemes for abstraction, Abstraction - Referents, Abstraction - Instantiation, Abstraction - Physicality, Abstraction - Realness, Abstraction - Precise semantic meaning, Abstraction - Abstraction used in philosophy, Abstraction - Ontological status, Abstraction - Reification, Abstraction - Compression, Abstraction - The neurology of abstraction, Abstraction - Abstraction in Art

Read more here: » Abstraction: Encyclopedia II - Abstraction - Thought process

In the science of ethology (the study of behavior), altruism refers to behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor. This would appear to be counter-intuitive if one presumes that natural selection acts on the individual. Natural selection, however, acts on the gene pool of the subjects, not on each subject individually. Recent developments in game theory have provided some explanations for apparent altruism, as have traditional evolutionary analyses. Among the proposed ...

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Altruism, Altruism - Altruism in philosophy and ethics, Altruism - Altruism in ethology and evolutionary biology, Altruism - Altruism in psychology and sociology, Altruism - Comparison of Altruism and Tit for Tat, Altruism - Altruism in politics, Altruism - Altruism and religion

Read more here: » Altruism: Encyclopedia II - Altruism - Altruism in ethology and evolutionary biology

Poincaré had the opposite philosophical views of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege, who believed that mathematics were a branch of logic. Poincaré strongly disagreed, claiming that intuition was the life of mathematics. Poincaré gives an interesting point of view in his book Science and Hypothesis: For a superficial observer, scientific truth is beyond the possibility of doubt; the logic of science is infallible, and if the scientists are sometimes mistaken, this is ...

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Henri Poincaré, Henri Poincaré - Life, Henri Poincaré - Education, Henri Poincaré - Early career, Henri Poincaré - The three-body problem, Henri Poincaré - Work on relativity, Henri Poincaré - Section References, Henri Poincaré - Late career, Henri Poincaré - Character, Henri Poincaré - Toulouse' characterization, Henri Poincaré - Work, Henri Poincaré - Philosophy, Henri Poincaré - Honors, Henri Poincaré - Publications

Read more here: » Henri Poincaré: Encyclopedia II - Henri Poincaré - Philosophy

The fourth essay opens with an analysis of the various names of God found in the Bible. According to Judah, all these names, with the exception of the Tetragrammaton, are attributes expressing the various states of God's activity in the world. The multiplicity of names no more implies a multiplicity in His essence than do the multifarious influences of the rays of the sun on various bodies imply a multiplicity of suns. To the intuitive vision of the prophet the actions proceeding from God appear under the images of the corresponding human actions. Angels are God's messengers; and either they exist for a length of time, or they ...

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Kuzari, Kuzari - Introduction, Kuzari - Creatio ex Nihilo, Kuzari - Superiority of his faith, Kuzari - Question of attributes, Kuzari - Names of God, Kuzari - Arguments against philosophy, Kuzari - Influence of the Kuzari, Kuzari - The Kuzari Principle, Kuzari - Bibliography

Read more here: » Kuzari: Encyclopedia II - Kuzari - Names of God

A good part of a year was taken up by meetings and planning, the result of which was an extensive and detailed functional specification (the Red Book). This became the bible for all development tasks. It defined the interface and enforced consistency in all modules and tasks. All changes to the functional specification had to be approved by a review team which rigorously maintained standards. The key philosophy of the user interface was to mimic the office paradigm as much as possible in order to make it intuitive for users. The conce ...

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Xerox Star, Xerox Star - Background, Xerox Star - User Interface, Xerox Star - The Development Process, Xerox Star - Hardware Description, Xerox Star - Marketing of the Star, Xerox Star - Legacy of the Star

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The above theories are attempts to define a reflectively stable notion of causality. This process uses our standard causal intuitions to develop a theory that we would find satisfactory in identifying causes. Another avenue of research is to discover how ordinary causal talk is employed by everyday people without challenging them. This is often studied in psychology. Causality - Attribution. Attribution theory is the theory concerning how people explain individual occurrences of causation. Attribution can ...

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Causality, Causality - Causation in the history of philosophy, Causality - Aristotle, Causality - Hume, Causality - Spinoza, Causality - Causality determinism and existentialism, Causality - Necessary and sufficient causes, Causality - Causality contrasted with logical implication, Causality - Counterfactual theories of causation, Causality - Probabilistic causation, Causality - Derivation theories, Causality - Manipulation theories, Causality - Process theories, Causality - Causality in psychology, Causality - Attribution, Causality - Causation and salience, Causality - Symbolism and causality, Causality - Causation in religion and theology, Causality - Cosmological argument, Causality - Karma, Causality - Reversed causality, Causality - Causality in science and the humanities, Causality - Physics, Causality - Engineering, Causality - History, Causality - Causality in law

Read more here: » Causality: Encyclopedia II - Causality - Causality in psychology

World-around is a term coined by Fuller to replace worldwide. The general belief in a flat Earth died out in the Middle Ages, so using wide is an anachronism when referring to the surface of the Earth — a spheroidal surface has area and encloses a volume, but has no width. Fuller held that unthinking use of obsolete scientific ideas detracts from and misleads intuition. The terms sunsight and sunclipse are other neologisms, according to Allegra Fuller Snyder collectively coined by the Fuller family, replacing sunrise and sunset in order to overturn the geocentric ...

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Buckminster Fuller, Buckminster Fuller - Major design projects, Buckminster Fuller - Practical achievements, Buckminster Fuller - Philosophy and worldview, Buckminster Fuller - Biography, Buckminster Fuller - Death, Buckminster Fuller - Trivia, Buckminster Fuller - Neologisms, Buckminster Fuller - Concepts and buildings, Buckminster Fuller - Literature, Buckminster Fuller - Secondary literature, Buckminster Fuller - Former students

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Poincaré's work habits have been compared to a bee flying from flower to flower. Poincaré was interested in the way his mind worked; he studied his habits and gave a talk about his observations in 1908 at the Institute of General Psychology in Paris. He linked his way of thinking to how he made several discoveries. The mathematician Darboux claimed he was un intuitif (intuitive), arguing that this is demonstrated by the fact that he worked so often by visual representation. He did not care about being rigorous and disliked logic. He believed that logic was not a way to invent but a way to ...

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Henri Poincaré, Henri Poincaré - Life, Henri Poincaré - Education, Henri Poincaré - Early career, Henri Poincaré - The three-body problem, Henri Poincaré - Work on relativity, Henri Poincaré - Section References, Henri Poincaré - Late career, Henri Poincaré - Character, Henri Poincaré - Toulouse' characterization, Henri Poincaré - Work, Henri Poincaré - Philosophy, Henri Poincaré - Honors, Henri Poincaré - Publications

Read more here: » Henri Poincaré: Encyclopedia II - Henri Poincaré - Character

World-around is a term coined by Fuller to replace worldwide. The general belief in a flat Earth died out in the Middle Ages, so using wide is an anachronism when referring to the surface of the Earth — a spheroidal surface has area and encloses a volume, but has no width. Fuller held that unthinking use of obsolete scientific ideas detracts from and misleads intuition. The terms sunsight and sunclipse are other neologisms, according to Allegra Fuller Snyder collectively coined by the Fuller family, replacing sunrise and sunset in order to overturn the geocentric ...

See also:

Buckminster Fuller, Buckminster Fuller - Biography, Buckminster Fuller - Philosophy and worldview, Buckminster Fuller - Major design projects, Buckminster Fuller - Practical achievements, Buckminster Fuller - Trivia, Buckminster Fuller - Neologisms, Buckminster Fuller - Concepts and buildings, Buckminster Fuller - Literature, Buckminster Fuller - Secondary literature, Buckminster Fuller - Former students

Read more here: » Buckminster Fuller: Encyclopedia II - Buckminster Fuller - Neologisms

Poincaré's work habits have been compared to a bee flying from flower to flower. Poincaré was interested in the way his mind worked; he studied his habits and gave a talk about his observations in 1908 at the Institute of General Psychology in Paris. He linked his way of thinking to how he made several discoveries. The mathematician Darboux claimed he was un intuitif (intuitive), arguing that this is demonstrated by the fact that he worked so often by visual representation. He did not care about being rigorous and disliked logic. He believed that logic was not a way to invent but a way to ...

See also:

Henri Poincaré, Henri Poincaré - Life, Henri Poincaré - Education, Henri Poincaré - Career, Henri Poincaré - Work, Henri Poincaré - The three-body problem, Henri Poincaré - Work on Relativity, Henri Poincaré - The one and unique theory of relativity, Henri Poincaré - Character, Henri Poincaré - Toulouse' characterization, Henri Poincaré - Honors, Henri Poincaré - Publications, Henri Poincaré - Philosophy

Read more here: » Henri Poincaré: Encyclopedia II - Henri Poincaré - Character

The Living Force was thought to be in most living beings. It is what "makes you sensitive to other living things, makes you intuitive, and allows you to read other people's minds, et cetera" (The Making of Episode I). Jedi can sense Living Force in life-forms. Sick or dying organisms have little Living Force, while healthy ones usually have the quantity of their midi-chlorian count. The connection to the Living Force apparently also allow Jedi Masters to retain their identity when they become one with the Force. Qui-Gon Jinn was said ...

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Force Star Wars, Force Star Wars - Definition, Force Star Wars - Sources, Force Star Wars - The sides of the Force, Force Star Wars - Orthodox Jedi philosophy, Force Star Wars - Sith philosophy, Force Star Wars - Potentium and unitary views of the Force, Force Star Wars - Organized Force traditions, Force Star Wars - The abilities of Force users, Force Star Wars - Longevity and Athletic Enhancement, Force Star Wars - Disturbances in the Force, Force Star Wars - May the Force be with you, Force Star Wars - The Living Force, Force Star Wars - The Unifying Force, Force Star Wars - Force ghosts, Force Star Wars - Unusual Force occurrences in nature

Read more here: » Force Star Wars: Encyclopedia II - Force Star Wars - The Living Force

THEOSOPHY:

 Any philosophy that teaches the achievement of knowledge of God (s) by spiritual ecstasy, direct intuition, or a special relationship to the deities.

 The modern traditions based on the teachings of the Theosophical Society which combined Western magickal systems and mysticism with Buddhist and Hindu teachings.

(See also: THEOSOPHY, Magickal Traditions, Magickal Paths, Paganism, Pagan Dictionary)

AMERICAN ECLECTIC WICCA: A broad range of individuals or groups that have based their philosophy, rituals and practices on the published works of Scott Cunningham and StarHawk.

American Eclectic Wiccans emphasize spontaneity and intuitive understanding of the Mysteries. Because they downplay, or discarded, the importance of Oaths, Initiations, Lineage, and Tradition many Traditional Wiccans object to these groups using the name Wicca, and believe they should be called American Eclectic Witchcraft.

(See also: AMERICAN ECLECTIC WICCA, Magickal Traditions, Magickal Paths, Paganism, Pagan Dictionary)

Adrishta (Sanskrit) (from a not + the verbal root dris to see, learn, perceive with the mind or intuition)

Unseen, unforeseen, invisible; an unforeseen danger. In philosophy, that which is beyond the reach or observation of the percipient consciousness. W. Q. Judge defines it as "the merit or demerit attaching to a man's conduct in a former incarnation, and the corresponding (apparently arbitrary) punishment or reward in the present or a future incarnation" (WG 2). This is clearly seen in the compound term adrishta-phala (unseen fruit), karma not yet come into force. Hence the connotation of fate, luck (sometimes bad luck) that is attached to adrishta. (BCW 5:580 connects with Kanada as "unseen force"; 4:61 with Nyayas as invisible principle)

(See also: Adrishta, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

Evil Good and evil are attributes of relativity in nature as cognized by the minds of percipient beings.

"Esoteric philosophy admits neither good nor evil per se as existing independently in nature. The cause for both is found, as regards the Kosmos, in the necessity of contraries or contrasts, and with respect to man, in his human nature, his ignorance and passions. There is no devil or the utterly depraved, as there are no Angels absolutely perfect, though there may be spirits of Light and of Darkness . . ." (SD 2:162).

Pythagorean philosophy regards the duad as evil, and the One as the only good; which symbolizes that manifested qualities are in pairs of opposites, so that contrast subsists not merely within the pair itself but also between the pair considered as a whole and the One which is superior to it. Since throughout nature we find such pairs of opposites, reconciled by a synthesizing unity, it follows that the words good and evil of necessity are used in a relative sense, and convey the notion of incompleteness as contrasted with an intuitively conceived perfection. We cannot suppose that things can be good or evil in themselves, except relatively, or even in their relations to other things.

(See also: Evil, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary, Occultism, Occultism Dictionary)

A Theosophical definition of Religion :

Religion

An operation of the human spiritual mind in its endeavor to understand not only the how and the why of things, but comprising in addition a yearning and striving towards self-conscious union with the divine All and an endlessly growing self-conscious identification with the cosmic divine-spiritual realities. One phase of a triform method of understanding the nature of nature, of universal nature, and its multiform and multifold workings; and this phase cannot be separated from the other two phases (science and philosophy) if we wish to gain a true picture of things as they are in themselves.

Human religion is the expression of that aspect of man's consciousness which is intuitional, aspirational, and mystical, and which is often deformed and distorted in its lower forms by the emotional in man.

It is usual among modern Europeans to derive the word religion from the Latin verb meaning "to bind back"  - religare. But there is another derivation, which is the one that Cicero chooses, and of course he was a Roman himself and had great skill and deep knowledge in the use of his own native tongue. This other derivation comes from a Latin root meaning "to select," "to choose," from which, likewise, we have the word lex, "law," i.e., the course of conduct or rule of action which is chosen as the best, and is therefore followed; in other words, that which is the best of its kind, as ascertained by selection, by trial, and by proof.

Thus then, the meaning of the word religion from the Latin religio, means a careful selection of fundamental beliefs and motives by the higher or spiritual intellect, a faculty of intuitional judgment and understanding, and a consequent abiding by that selection, resulting in a course of life and conduct in all respects following the convictions that have been arrived at. This is the religious spirit.

To this the theosophist would add the following very important idea: behind all the various religions and philosophies of ancient times there is a secret or esoteric wisdom given out by the greatest men who have ever lived, the founders and builders of the various world religions and world philosophies; and this sublime system in fundamentals has been the same everywhere over the face of the globe.

This system has passed under various names, e.g., the esoteric philosophy, the ancient wisdom, the secret doctrine, the traditional teaching, theosophy, etc. (See also Science, Philosophy)

See also: Religion , Mysticism, Body Mind and Soul