AIDS is the most severe manifestation of infection with HIV. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital components of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. It also directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells. As CD4+ T cells are required for the proper functioning of the immune system, when enough CD4+ cells have been destroyed by HIV, the immune system barely works, leading to AIDS. Acute HIV infection progresses over time to clinical latent HIV infection and then to early symptomatic HIV inf ...

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AIDS, AIDS - Infection by HIV, AIDS - Diagnosis, AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions, AIDS - HIV test, AIDS - Symptoms and Complications, AIDS - The major pulmonary illnesses, AIDS - The major gastro-intestinal illnesses, AIDS - The major neurological illnesses, AIDS - The major HIV-associated malignancies, AIDS - Other opportunistic infections, AIDS - Transmission, AIDS - Prevention, AIDS - Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV, AIDS - Prevention of blood or blood product route of HIV transmission, AIDS - Mother to child transmission, AIDS - Treatment, AIDS - Alternative medicine, AIDS - Epidemiology, AIDS - Origin of HIV/AIDS, AIDS - Alternative theories, AIDS - AIDS News

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AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions. Since 1981, many different definitions have been developed for epidemiological surveillance such as the Bangui definition and the 1994 expanded World Health Organization AIDS case definition. However, these were never intended to be used for clinical staging of patients, for which they are neither sensitive nor specific. The World Health Organizations (WHO) staging system for HIV infection and disease, using clinical and laboratory data, can be used in developing countries and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Classification System can be ...

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AIDS, AIDS - Infection by HIV, AIDS - Diagnosis, AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions, AIDS - HIV test, AIDS - Symptoms and Complications, AIDS - The major pulmonary illnesses, AIDS - The major gastro-intestinal illnesses, AIDS - The major neurological illnesses, AIDS - The major HIV-associated malignancies, AIDS - Other opportunistic infections, AIDS - Transmission, AIDS - Prevention, AIDS - Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV, AIDS - Prevention of blood or blood product route of HIV transmission, AIDS - Mother to child transmission, AIDS - Treatment, AIDS - Alternative medicine, AIDS - Epidemiology, AIDS - Origin of HIV/AIDS, AIDS - Alternative theories, AIDS - AIDS News

Read more here: » AIDS: Encyclopedia II - AIDS - Diagnosis

The diverse transmission routes of HIV are well-known and established. Also well-known is how to prevent transmission of HIV. However, recent epidemiological and behavioral studies in Europe and North America have suggested that a substantial minority of young people continue to engage in high-risk practices and that despite HIV/AIDS knowledge, young people underestimate their own risk of becoming infected with HIV.[45] However, transmission of HIV between intravenous drug users has clearly decreased, and HIV transmission by blood transfusion has become ...

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AIDS, AIDS - Infection by HIV, AIDS - Diagnosis, AIDS - AIDS and HIV case definitions, AIDS - HIV test, AIDS - Symptoms and Complications, AIDS - The major pulmonary illnesses, AIDS - The major gastro-intestinal illnesses, AIDS - The major neurological illnesses, AIDS - The major HIV-associated malignancies, AIDS - Other opportunistic infections, AIDS - Transmission, AIDS - Prevention, AIDS - Prevention of sexual transmission of HIV, AIDS - Prevention of blood or blood product route of HIV transmission, AIDS - Mother to child transmission, AIDS - Treatment, AIDS - Alternative medicine, AIDS - Epidemiology, AIDS - Origin of HIV/AIDS, AIDS - Alternative theories, AIDS - AIDS News

Read more here: » AIDS: Encyclopedia II - AIDS - Prevention

Yellow bile and black bile were two of the four vital fluids or humours of ancient and medieval medicine; for example, melancholia was believed to be caused by a bodily surplus of black bile. Yellow bile is sometimes called ichor. ...

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Bile, Bile - Physiology, Bile - Four humours

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Ideally, patients with known varices should receive treatment to reduce their risk of bleeding (Lebrec et al., 1981). The non-selective β-blockers (e.g., propranolol, timolol or nadolol). The effectiveness of this treatment has been shown by a number of different studies (Talwalkar JA & Kamath PS, 2004). Unfortunately, non-selective β-blockers do not prevent the formation of esoph ...

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Esophageal varices, Esophageal varices - Treatment, Esophageal varices - Prevention

Read more here: » Esophageal varices: Encyclopedia II - Esophageal varices - Prevention

ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K00-K14 Diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws. (K00) Disorders of tooth development and eruption (K01) Embedded and impacted teeth (K02) Dental caries (K03) Other diseases of hard tissues of teeth (K04) Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues (K040) Pulpitis (K05) Gingivitis and periodontal diseases (K054) Periodontosis (K06) Other disorders of gingi ...

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ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K00-K14 Diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K20-K31 Diseases of oesophagus stomach and duodenum, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K35-K38 Diseases of appendix, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K40-K46 Hernia, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K50-K52 Noninfective enteritis and colitis, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K55-K63 Other diseases of intestines, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K65-K67 Diseases of peritoneum, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K70-K77 Diseases of liver, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K80-K87 Disorders of gallbladder biliary tract and pancreas, ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K90-K93 Other diseases of the digestive system

Read more here: » ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system: Encyclopedia II - ICD-10 Chapter K: Diseases of the digestive system - K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system

Parasite - Endoparasites. (endo = within; parasites that live inside their hosts) Plants Rafflesia Animals Acanthocephala Candiru (Vampire fish of Brazil) Clonorchis sinensis (the Chinese liver fluke) Cymothoa exigua Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) Enterobius vermicularis Strepsiptera Strongyloides stercoralis Fungi (such as ringworm) ...

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Parasite, Parasite - Examples, Parasite - Endoparasites, Parasite - Ectoparasites

Read more here: » Parasite: Encyclopedia II - Parasite - Examples

The lower esophagus is a site of 'portosystemic anastamosis', meaning that venous blood flow in the portal circulation (i.e. draining into the portal vein) and the mesenteric circulation freely mix. In situations where portal pressures increase, which are typically related to cirrhosis, there is dilation of veins in the anastamosis, leading to esophageal varices. Varices can also form in other areas of the body, including the stomach (gastric varices), duodenum (duodenal varices), and rectum (rectal varicesSee also:

Esophageal varices, Esophageal varices - Pathogenesis, Esophageal varices - Treatment and the role of endoscopy, Esophageal varices - Prevention

Read more here: » Esophageal varices: Encyclopedia II - Esophageal varices - Pathogenesis

In emergency situations, the care is directed at stopping blood loss, maintaining plasma volume, correcting disorders in coagulation induced by cirrhosis, and appropriate use of antibiotics (as infection is either concomittant, or a precipitant). Therapeutic endoscopy is considered the mainstay of urgent treatment. Two main therapeutic approaches exist: Variceal ligation, or banding sclerotherapy In cases of refractory bleeding, balloon tamponade may be necessary, usually as a bridge to further endoscopy, transj ...

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Esophageal varices, Esophageal varices - Pathogenesis, Esophageal varices - Treatment and the role of endoscopy, Esophageal varices - Prevention

Read more here: » Esophageal varices: Encyclopedia II - Esophageal varices - Treatment and the role of endoscopy

Ideally, patients with known varices should receive treatment to reduce their risk of bleeding (Lebrec et al., 1981). The non-selective β-blockers (e.g., propranolol, timolol or nadolol). The effectiveness of this treatment has been shown by a number of different studies (Talwalkar JA & Kamath PS, 2004). Unfortunately, non-selective β-blockers do not prevent the formation of esoph ...

See also:

Esophageal varices, Esophageal varices - Pathogenesis, Esophageal varices - Treatment and the role of endoscopy, Esophageal varices - Prevention

Read more here: » Esophageal varices: Encyclopedia II - Esophageal varices - Prevention

Feces are also known as scat and scatology is the study of feces. Informally, the word "excrement" has become synonymous with feces; a usage based upon the incorrect belief that feces are a product of excretion. The words shit and doodoo are vulgar terms for feces in English. Coprophagia is the practice of eating feces. This is unusual, but some herbivores with a high-fiber/low-protein diet (such as rabbits) eat their own feces as a normal part of metabolism. Plant matter the animal consumes is digested in two passes, wi ...

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Feces, Feces - Related terminology, Feces - Fecal contamination, Feces - Human feces

Read more here: » Feces: Encyclopedia II - Feces - Related terminology

A quick test for fecal contamination of water sources or soil is a check for the presence of E. coli bacteria performed with the help of McConkey agar plates or Petri dishes. E. coli bacteria uniquely develop red colonies at temperature of approximately 43 °C (110 °F) overnight. While nearly all strains of E. coli are harmless, their presence is indicative of fecal contamination, and hence a high possibility of ot ...

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Feces, Feces - Related terminology, Feces - Fecal contamination, Feces - Human feces

Read more here: » Feces: Encyclopedia II - Feces - Fecal contamination

Main article: Human feces Human fecal matter varies significantly in appearance, depending on diet and health. Normally it is semisolid, with a mucus coating. Its brown colouration comes from a combination of bile and dead red blood cells. In newborn babies, fecal matter is initially yellow/green after the meconium. This colouration comes from the presence of bile alone. In time, as the body starts expelling excess dead red blood cells, it acquires its familiar brown appearance. Throughout the life of an ordinary human, one may ...

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Feces, Feces - Related terminology, Feces - Fecal contamination, Feces - Human feces

Read more here: » Feces: Encyclopedia II - Feces - Human feces

The planarian has very simple organ systems. The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, and an intestine. The mouth is located in the center of the underside of the body. The pharynx connects the mouth to the intestines. The intestines of the Planaria branch throughout the body. They eat living or dead small animals which they suck with their muscular mouth. From there the food passes through the pharynx into the intestines and digesting of the food takes place in the cells lining the intestine, which then diffuses to the rest of the body. The undigested ...

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Planarium, Planarium - Organ Systems

Read more here: » Planarium: Encyclopedia II - Planarium - Organ Systems

The planarian has very simple organ systems. The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, and an intestine. The mouth is located in the center of the underside of the body. The pharynx connects the mouth to the intestines. The intestines of the Planaria branch throughout the body. They eat living or dead small animals which they suck with their muscular mouth. From there the food passes through the pharynx into the intestines and digesting of the food takes place in the cells lining the intestine, which then diffuses to the rest of the body. The undigested ...

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Planarium, Planarium - Organ Systems

Read more here: » Planarium: Encyclopedia II - Planarium - Organ Systems

Dicyclomine is used to treat intestinal hypermotility and intestinal or urinary spasms. It is sold under the trade names Bentylol (Hoechst Marion Roussel), Formulex (ICN), and Lomine (Riva). ...

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Dicyclomine, Dicyclomine - Clinical uses, Dicyclomine - Sources

Read more here: » Dicyclomine: Encyclopedia II - Dicyclomine - Clinical uses

The large intestine comes after the small intestine in the digestive tract and measures approximately 1.5 meters in length. Although there are differences in the large intestine between different organisms, the large intestine is mainly responsible for storing waste, reclaiming water, maintaining the water balance, and absorbing some vitamins, such as vitamin K. By the time the chyme has reached this tube, almost all nutrients and 90% of the water have been absorbed by the body. At this point some electrolytes like sodium, magnesium, ...

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Colon anatomy, Colon anatomy - Role in digestion, Colon anatomy - Diseases of the colon

Read more here: » Colon anatomy: Encyclopedia II - Colon anatomy - Role in digestion

Vasopressin and oxytocin Vasopressin Oxytocin The Tachykinin peptides Substance P Kassinin Neurokinin A Eledoisin Neurokinin B Vasoactive intestinal peptides VIP Vasoactive intestinal peptide PACAP Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide PHI 27 PHM 27 GHRH 1-24 Growth hormone releasing hormo ...

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Peptide, Peptide - The Grand Peptide Families, Peptide - Notes on terminology

Read more here: » Peptide: Encyclopedia II - Peptide - The Grand Peptide Families

Sucrose is broken down in the stomach by acidic hydrolysis into its component sugars, fructose and glucose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestine. It is also broken down into glucose and fructose in the small intestine by an enzyme known as sucrase/isomaltase. ...

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Sucrose, Sucrose - Production, Sucrose - Crystalline nature, Sucrose - Usage, Sucrose - In the human digestive system, Sucrose - Health effects

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Ileostomies are necessary where disease or injury has rendered the large intestine incapable of safely processing intestinal waste, typically because the colon has been wholly removed. Diseases of the large intestine which may require surgical removal include: Crohn's disease ulcerative colitis Familial adenomatous polyposis An ileostomy may also be necessary in the treatment of colorectal cancer, for example in cases where the tumor is causing a blockage. In this case the ileostomy may be tempora ...

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Ileostomy, Ileostomy - Reasons for having an ileostomy, Ileostomy - Living with an ileostomy, Ileostomy - Other options

Read more here: » Ileostomy: Encyclopedia II - Ileostomy - Reasons for having an ileostomy

Loperamide is an opioid receptor agonist and acts on the mu opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus large intestines; it does not affect the central nervous system like other opioids. It works by decreasing the activity of the myenteric plexus which decreases the motility of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscles of the intestinal wall. This increases the amount of time substances stay in the intestine, allowing for more water to be absorbed out of the fecal matter. Loperamide also decreases colonic mass mov ...

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Loperamide, Loperamide - Mode of action, Loperamide - Contraindications, Loperamide - Side-effects

Read more here: » Loperamide: Encyclopedia II - Loperamide - Mode of action

List of ICD-9 codes - Intestinal infectious diseases 001-009. (001) Cholera (002) Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (003) Other Salmonella infections (003.0) Salmonella gastroenteritis (004) Shigellosis (004.9) Shigellosis, unspec. (005) Other food poisoning (bacterial) (005.0) Staphylococcal food poisoning (006) Amoebiasis (006.0) Acute amoebic dysentery without mention of abscess (006 ...

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List of ICD-9 codes, List of ICD-9 codes - 1. Infectious and parasitic diseases 001-139, List of ICD-9 codes - Intestinal infectious diseases 001-009, List of ICD-9 codes - tuberculosis 010-018, List of ICD-9 codes - zoonotic bacterial diseases 020-027, List of ICD-9 codes - other bacterial diseases 030-041, List of ICD-9 codes - human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection 042-044, List of ICD-9 codes - poliomyelitis and other non-arthropod-borne viral diseases of central nervous system 045-049, List of ICD-9 codes - viral diseases accompanied by exanthem 050-057, List of ICD-9 codes - arthropod-borne viral diseases 060-066, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases due to viruses and chlamydiae 070-079, List of ICD-9 codes - rickettsioses and other arthropod-borne diseases 080-088, List of ICD-9 codes - syphilis and other venereal diseases 090-099, List of ICD-9 codes - other spirochetal diseases 100-104, List of ICD-9 codes - mycoses 110-118, List of ICD-9 codes - helminthiases 120-129, List of ICD-9 codes - other infectious and parasitic diseases 130-136, List of ICD-9 codes - late effects of infectious and parasitic diseases 137-139, List of ICD-9 codes - 2. Neoplasms 140-239, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of lip oral cavity and pharynx 140-149, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of digestive organs and peritoneum 150-159, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of respiratory and intrathoracic organs 160-165, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of bone connective tissue skin and breast 170-176, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of genitourinary organs 179-189, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified sites 190-199, List of ICD-9 codes - malignant neoplasm of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue 200-208, List of ICD-9 codes - benign neoplasms 210-229, List of ICD-9 codes - carcinoma in situ 230-234, List of ICD-9 codes - neoplasms of uncertain behavior 235-238, List of ICD-9 codes - neoplasms of unspecified nature 239-239, List of ICD-9 codes - 3. Endocrine nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders 240-279, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of thyroid gland 240-246, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of other endocrine glands 250-259, List of ICD-9 codes - nutritional deficiencies 260-269, List of ICD-9 codes - other metabolic and immunity disorders 270-279, List of ICD-9 codes - 4. Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs 280-289, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs 280-289, List of ICD-9 codes - 5. Mental disorders 290-319, List of ICD-9 codes - psychoses 290-299, List of ICD-9 codes - organic psychotic conditions 290-294, List of ICD-9 codes - other psychoses 295-299, List of ICD-9 codes - neurotic disorders personality disorders and other nonpsychotic mental disorders 300-316, List of ICD-9 codes - mental retardation 317-319, List of ICD-9 codes - 6. Diseases of the nervous system and sense organs 320-389, List of ICD-9 codes - inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system 320-326, List of ICD-9 codes - hereditary and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system 330-337, List of ICD-9 codes - other disorders of the central nervous system 340-349, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of the peripheral nervous system 350-359, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of the eye and adnexa 360-379, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of the ear and mastoid process 380-389, List of ICD-9 codes - 7. Diseases of the circulatory system 390-459, List of ICD-9 codes - acute rheumatic fever 390-392, List of ICD-9 codes - chronic rheumatic heart disease 393-398, List of ICD-9 codes - hypertensive disease 401-405, List of ICD-9 codes - ischemic heart disease 410-414, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of pulmonary circulation 415-417, List of ICD-9 codes - other forms of heart disease 420-429, List of ICD-9 codes - cerebrovascular disease 430-438, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of arteries arterioles and capillaries 440-448, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of veins and lymphatics and other diseases of circulatory system 451-459, List of ICD-9 codes - 8. Diseases of the respiratory system 460-519, List of ICD-9 codes - acute respiratory infections 460-466, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of the upper respiratory tract 470-478, List of ICD-9 codes - pneumonia and influenza 480-487, List of ICD-9 codes - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and allied conditions 490-496, List of ICD-9 codes - pneumoconioses and other lung diseases due to external agents 500-508, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of respiratory system 510-519, List of ICD-9 codes - 9. Diseases of the digestive system 520-579, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws 520-529, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of esophagus stomach and duodenum 530-537, List of ICD-9 codes - appendicitis 540-543, List of ICD-9 codes - hernia of abdominal cavity 550-553, List of ICD-9 codes - noninfectious enteritis and colitis 555-558, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of intestines and peritoneum 560-569, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of digestive system 570-579, List of ICD-9 codes - 10. Diseases of the genitourinary system 580-629, List of ICD-9 codes - nephritis nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis 580-589, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of urinary system 590-599, List of ICD-9 codes - diseases of male genital organs 600-608, List of ICD-9 codes - disorders of breast 610-611, List of ICD-9 codes - inflammatory disease of female pelvic organs 614-616, List of ICD-9 codes - other disorders of female genital tract 617-629, List of ICD-9 codes - 11. Complications of pregnancy childbirth and the puerperium 630-676, List of ICD-9 codes - ectopic and molar pregnancy 630-633, List of ICD-9 codes - other pregnancy with abortive outcome 634-639, List of ICD-9 codes - complications mainly related to pregnancy 640-648, List of ICD-9 codes - normal delivery and other indications for care in pregnancy labor and delivery 650-659, List of ICD-9 codes - complications occurring mainly in the course of labor and delivery 660-669, List of ICD-9 codes - complications of the puerperium 670-676, List of ICD-9 codes - 12. Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue 680-709, List of ICD-9 codes - infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue 680-686, List of ICD-9 codes - other inflammatory conditions of skin and subcutaneous tissue 690-698, List of ICD-9 codes - other diseases of skin and subcutaneous tissue 700-709, List of ICD-9 codes - 13. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 710-739, List of ICD-9 codes - arthropathies and related disorders 710-719, List of ICD-9 codes - dorsopathies 720-724, List of ICD-9 codes - rheumatism excluding the back 725-729, List of ICD-9 codes - osteopathies chondropathies and acquired musculoskeletal deformities 730-739, List of ICD-9 codes - 14. Congenital anomalies 740-759, List of ICD-9 codes - congenital anomalies 740-759, List of ICD-9 codes - 15. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period 760-779, List of ICD-9 codes - maternal causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality 760-763, List of ICD-9 codes - other conditions originating in the perinatal period 764-779, List of ICD-9 codes - 16. Symptoms signs and ill-defined conditions 780-799, List of ICD-9 codes - symptoms 780-789, List of ICD-9 codes - nonspecific abnormal findings 790-796, List of ICD-9 codes - ill-defined and unknown causes of morbidity and mortality 797-799, List of ICD-9 codes - 17. Injury and poisoning 800-999, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of skull 800-804, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of neck and trunk 805-809, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of upper limb 810-819, List of ICD-9 codes - fracture of lower limb 820-829, List of ICD-9 codes - dislocation 830-839, List of ICD-9 codes - sprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscles 840-848, List of ICD-9 codes - intracranial injury excluding those with skull fracture 850-854, List of ICD-9 codes - internal injury of thorax abdomen and pelvis 860-869, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound of head neck and trunk 870-879, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound 870-897, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound of upper limb 880-887, List of ICD-9 codes - open wound of lower limb 890-897, List of ICD-9 codes - injury to blood vessels 900-904, List of ICD-9 codes - late effects of injuries poisonings toxic effects and other external causes 905-909, List of ICD-9 codes - superficial injury 910-919, List of ICD-9 codes - contusion with intact skin surface 920-924, List of ICD-9 codes - crushing injury 925-929, List of ICD-9 codes - effects of foreign body entering through orifice 930-939, List of ICD-9 codes - burns 940-949, List of ICD-9 codes - injury to nerves and spinal cord 950-957, List of ICD-9 codes - certain traumatic complications and unspecified injuries 958-959, List of ICD-9 codes - poisoning by drugs medicinal and biological substances 960-979, List of ICD-9 codes - toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source 980-989, List of ICD-9 codes - other and unspecified effects of external causes 990-995, List of ICD-9 codes - complications of surgical and medical care not elsewhere classified 996-999, List of ICD-9 codes - E section -- External causes of injury, List of ICD-9 codes - V codes -- Supplementary classification of factors influencing health status and contact with health services

Read more here: » List of ICD-9 codes: Encyclopedia II - List of ICD-9 codes - 1. Infectious and parasitic diseases 001-139