Interpreting (or interpretation) is an activity that consists of establishing, either simultaneously or consecutively, oral or manual communications between two or more speakers who are not speaking (or signing) the same language. Note that the words interpreting and interpretation can both be used to refer to this activity, the word interpreting is commonly used in the profession and in the field of translation studies in an attempt to avoid the secondary meanings of the word interpretation.< ...

Including:

• Interpreting - Interpreting vs. translation
• Interpreting - Modalities of interpreting
• Interpreting - Simultaneous interpreting
• Interpreting - Consecutive interpreting
• Interpreting - Whispered interpreting
• Interpreting - Gestural interpreting
• Interpreting - Conference interpreting
• Interpreting - Escort interpreting
• Interpreting - Public Service interpreting
• Interpreting - Volunteer interpreting
• Interpreting - Legal interpreting
• Interpreting - Medical interpreting
• Interpreting - Where interpreters work

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There exist several types of interpreting. Sometimes we talk of techniques or modalities (simultaneous, consecutive, liaison, whispered); other times we classify them according to where the interpreting takes place (conference interpreting, public service interpreting, etc.): Interpreting - Simultaneous interpreting. In simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter wi ...

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Interpreting, Interpreting - Interpreting vs. translation, Interpreting - Modalities of interpreting, Interpreting - Simultaneous interpreting, Interpreting - Consecutive interpreting, Interpreting - Whispered interpreting, Interpreting - Gestural interpreting, Interpreting - Conference interpreting, Interpreting - Escort interpreting, Interpreting - Public Service interpreting, Interpreting - Volunteer interpreting, Interpreting - Legal interpreting, Interpreting - Medical interpreting, Interpreting - Where interpreters work

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Interpretation, or interpreting, is an activity that consists of establishing, either simultaneously or consecutively, oral or gestural communications between two or more speakers who are not able to use the same set of symbols. By definition it is available as a method only in those cases where there is a need for interpretation - if an object (of art, of speech, etc.) is obvious to begin with, it cannot draw an interpretation. In any case the term interpretation is ambiguous, as it may refer to both an ongoing process and a result. ...

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Western interpretations of Taoism covers the portrayal of Taoism in the Western academic and popular press. "Western" is here interpreted very broadly so as to include books marketed to, as well as written by, Westerners. Western interpretations of Taoism - Academic interpretations. By "academic" is here meant, works which would be normal to cite as authorities in referreed journal articles and books from university presses. Graham, A.C., Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Anc ...

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• Western interpretations of Taoism - Academic interpretations
• Western interpretations of Taoism - Popular interpretations
• Western interpretations of Taoism - Links

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The Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics, sometimes called the Causal interpretation, or Ontological interpretation, is an interpretation postulated by David Bohm in which the existence of a non-local universal wavefunction (Schrödinger equation) allows distant particles to interact instantaneously. The interpretation generalizes Louis de Broglie's pilot wave theory from 1927, which posits that both wave and particle are real. The wave function evolves according to the Schrödinger equation and somehow 'guides' the particl ...

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• Bohm interpretation - Mathematical foundation
• Bohm interpretation - Commentary
• Bohm interpretation - Benefits
• Bohm interpretation - Criticisms

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The Copenhagen interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics formulated by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg while collaborating in Copenhagen around 1927. Bohr and Heisenberg extended the probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction, proposed by Max Born. Their interpretation attempts to answer some perplexing questions which arise as a result of the wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics, such as the measurement problem. Copenhagen interpretation - Acceptance among physicists. According ...

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• Copenhagen interpretation - Acceptance among physicists
• Copenhagen interpretation - The meaning of the wavefunction
• Copenhagen interpretation - Consequences
• Copenhagen interpretation - Criticisms
• Copenhagen interpretation - Alternatives

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In computer science, Abstract interpretation is a theory of sound approximation of the semantics of computer programs, based on monotonic functions over ordered sets, especially lattices. It can be viewed as a partial execution of a computer program which gains information about its semantics (e.g. control structure, flow of information) without performing all the calculations. Its main concrete application is formal static analysis, the automatic extraction of information about the possible executions of computer programs; suc ...

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• Abstract interpretation - Intuition
• Abstract interpretation - Abstract interpretation of computer programs
• Abstract interpretation - Formalization
• Abstract interpretation - Examples of abstract domains
• Abstract interpretation - Tools

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A command line interpreter is a computer program which reads lines of text that the user types and interprets them in the context of a given operating system or programming language. Examples of command line interpreters: the various Unix shell programs such as Bash command.com (DOS, Windows). cmd.exe (OS/2, Windows NT) 4NT (Windows NT) TSO un ...

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• Command line interpreter - Command interpreters as user interfaces
• Command line interpreter - Scripting

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The majority of professional full-time conference interpreters work for international organisations like the United Nations or the European Union. The world's largest employer of interpreters is currently the European Commission, which employs hundreds of staff and freelance interpreters working into all of the official languages of the European Union. The European Union's other institutions (the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice) have smaller interpreting services. The United Nations employs interpreters at almost all its sites throughout the world. Because it has only six off ...

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Interpreting, Interpreting - Interpreting vs. translation, Interpreting - Modalities of interpreting, Interpreting - Simultaneous interpreting, Interpreting - Consecutive interpreting, Interpreting - Whispered interpreting, Interpreting - Gestural interpreting, Interpreting - Conference interpreting, Interpreting - Escort interpreting, Interpreting - Public Service interpreting, Interpreting - Volunteer interpreting, Interpreting - Legal interpreting, Interpreting - Medical interpreting, Interpreting - Where interpreters work

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A formula is interpreted by induction on the structure of that formula: A proof of is a pair <a,b> where a is a proof of P and b is a proof of Q. A proof of is a pair <a,b> where a is 0 and b is a proof of P, or a is 1 and b is a proof of Q. A proof of is a function f which converts a proof of P into a proof of Q. The formula is defined as A proof of is a pai ...

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BHK interpretation, BHK interpretation - The interpretation, BHK interpretation - What is a function?, BHK interpretation - Examples

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The following simple interpreter program is written using BASIC. When compiled using the QuickBASIC compiler it is a straightforward interpreter but when run on the QBASIC interpreter, it is an example of an interpreted interpreter. DECLARE SUB SplitFirst (aFirst AS STRING, aRest AS STRING) LET Q$ = "TESTPROG.TXT" LET F = FREEFILE OPEN Q$ FOR INPUT AS #F DO WHILE NOT EOF(F) LINE INPUT #F, FileInput$ LET FileInput$ = LTRIM$(FileInput$) SplitFirst KeyWord$, FileInput$ SELECT CASE KeyWord$ CASE "-" SplitFirst KeyWord$, F ...

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Interpreter computing, Interpreter computing - Example of a simple interpreter, Interpreter computing - Punched card interpreter

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The country ("Democratic Republic of Matobo") and its corresponding constructed language ("Ku") were created for this film. The director of the Centre for African Language Learning, Said el-Gheithy, was commissioned in January 2004 to create Ku. Ku is based on Bantu languages spoken in Eastern and Southern Africa. The tagline for the film, "The truth needs no translation.", in Ku is Angota ho ne njumata. Matobo is also the name of a national park in Zimbabwe. The character Silvia Broome is from Matobo. Her whole fa ...

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The Interpreter, The Interpreter - Plot, The Interpreter - Matobo and Ku, The Interpreter - Trivia, The Interpreter - Zuwanie and Mugabe, The Interpreter - Cast

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The film has a complex plot involving a United Nations interpreter, Silvia Broome (Nicole Kidman), who inadvertently overhears two people planning to assassinate someone. Sean Penn plays Tobin Keller, the United States Secret Service agent tasked with investigating the alleged assassination plot (and who soon ends up becoming Silvia's protector). The presumed target is the President of the Democratic Republic of Matobo, Dr. Edmund Zuwanie, who is scheduled to speak before the United Nations General Assembly in a desperate attempt to h ...

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The Interpreter, The Interpreter - Plot, The Interpreter - Matobo and Ku, The Interpreter - Trivia, The Interpreter - Zuwanie and Mugabe, The Interpreter - Cast

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The BHK interpretation will depend on the view taken about what constitutes a function which converts one proof to another, or which converts an element of a domain to a proof. Different versions of constructivism will diverge on this point. Kleene's realizability theory identifies the functions with the recursive functions. It deals with Heyting arithmetic, where the domain of quantification is the natural numbers and the primitive propositions are of the form x=y. A proof of x=y is simply the trivial algorithm if x evaluates ...

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BHK interpretation, BHK interpretation - The interpretation, BHK interpretation - What is a function?, BHK interpretation - Examples

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The Bohm interpretation is not popular among physicists for a number of scientific and sociological reasons that would be fascinating but long to study, but perhaps we can at least say here it is considered very inelegant by some (it was considered as "unnecessary superstructure" even by Einstein who dreamed about a deterministic replacement for the Copenhagen interpretation). Presumably Einstein, and others, disliked the non-locality of most interpretations of quantum mechanics, as he tried to show its incompleteness in the EPR paradox. The ...

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Bohm interpretation, Bohm interpretation - Mathematical foundation, Bohm interpretation - Commentary, Bohm interpretation - Benefits, Bohm interpretation - Criticisms

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For supporters, Bohm's interpretation is the better formulation of Quantum Mechanics, because it is defined more precisely than the Copenhagen interpretation which is based on theorems which are not expressed in precise mathematical terms but in natural words, like "when measuring". The minimum benefit of Bohm's interpretation - independently from the debate whether it is the preferable formulation - is a disproof of the claim that quantum mechanics implies th ...

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Bohm interpretation, Bohm interpretation - Mathematical foundation, Bohm interpretation - Commentary, Bohm interpretation - Benefits, Bohm interpretation - Criticisms

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We shall now illustrate what abstract interpretation would mean on concrete, not computing examples. Let us consider the people in a conference room. If we wish to prove that some persons were not present, one concrete method is to look up a list of the names and social security numbers of all participants. Since no two persons have the same number, it is possible to prove or disprove the presence of a participan ...

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Abstract interpretation, Abstract interpretation - Intuition, Abstract interpretation - Abstract interpretation of computer programs, Abstract interpretation - Formalization, Abstract interpretation - Examples of abstract domains, Abstract interpretation - Tools

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An interpretation can be characterized by whether it satisfies certain properties, such as: Realism Completeness Local realism Determinism To explain these properties, we need to be more explicit about the kind of picture an interpretation provides. To that end we will regard an interpretation as a correspondence between the elements of the mathematical formalism M and the elements of an interpreting structure I, where: The mathematical formalism consists of the ...

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Interpretation of quantum mechanics, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Historical background, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Obstructions to direct interpretation, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Problematic status of pictures and interpretations, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Instrumentalist interpretation, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Properties of interpretations, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Quantum Logic, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Consciousness causes collapse, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Comparison, Interpretation of quantum mechanics - Related lists

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Many physicists have subscribed to the null interpretation of quantum mechanics summarized by Paul Dirac's famous dictum "Shut up and calculate!", often (perhaps erroneously) attributed to Richard Feynman. A list of alternatives can be found at Interpretation of quantum mechanics. ...

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Copenhagen interpretation, Copenhagen interpretation - Acceptance among physicists, Copenhagen interpretation - The meaning of the wavefunction, Copenhagen interpretation - Consequences, Copenhagen interpretation - Criticisms, Copenhagen interpretation - Alternatives

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