International trade - Article Index

Encyclopedia - New Zealand Flax: Encyclopedia Ii - New Zealand Flax - International Trade
In the very early 1800s the quality of rope materials made from New Zealand flax was already widely known internationally, as was the qua...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - Trade - International Trade
International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - International Trade - Regulation Of International Trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - International Trade - Regulation Of International Trade
Traditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between two nations. For centuries under the belief in Mercantilism most nat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Barter: Encyclopedia - Barter
Barter is a type of trade where goods or services are exchanged for a certain amount of other goods or services, i.e. there is no money i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international, multilateral organization which sets the rules for the global trading system and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heckscher-ohlin Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Heckscher-ohlin Model - Assumptions Of The Model
The original, 2x2x2 model was derived with restrictive assumptions, partly for the sake of mathematical simplicity. Some of these have be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Trade Area Of The Americas: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Trade Area Of The Americas - Opposition And Critics
One of the main critics of the FTAA is Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, who has described it as an annexation plan[1] and a tool of imp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Smoot-hawley Tariff Act: Encyclopedia Ii - Smoot-hawley Tariff Act - Amount Of The Tariff
The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act "imposed an effective tax rate of 60% on more than 3,200 products and materials imported into the US," wrote ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Single Market: Encyclopedia - Single Market
A single market is a customs union with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of all the four factors of product...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Mission
The WTO aims to encourage smooth and free trade by promoting lower trade barriers and providing a platform for the negotiation of trade a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cash Crop: Encyclopedia - Cash Crop
In agriculture, a cash crop is a crop which is grown for money. The term is used to differentiate from subsistence crops, which are those...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia - Microeconomics
Microeconomics (literally, very small economics) is the study of the economic behaviour of individual consumers, firms, and industries an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - History
The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 proposed the creation of an International Trade Organization (ITO) to establish rules and regulation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Autarky: Encyclopedia - Autarky
An autarky is an economy that does no trade with the outside world, or an ecosystem not affected by influences from its outside, and reli...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Balanced Trade: Encyclopedia - Balanced Trade
Balanced trade is an alternative economic model to free trade. Under balanced trade nations are required to provide a fairly even recipro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Agricultural Economics: Encyclopedia - Agricultural Economics
Agricultural economics applies the principles of economics to the production of crops and livestock. Specific areas of study in agricultu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade: Encyclopedia - Trade
Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a mar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Continental Trading Bloc: Encyclopedia - Continental Trading Bloc
A continental trading bloc refers to the NAFTA, EU, and other such "free trade zones" based around continental boundaries. In east Asia, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Ministerial Conferences
World Trade Organization - 1st ministerial conference. Main articles: WTO Ministerial Conference of 1996, and [[]], and [[]], and [ .....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uttarapatha: Encyclopedia - Uttarapatha
Ancient Buddhist and Brahmanical texts reveal that Uttarapatha was the name of northern division of Jambudvipa of ancient Indian traditio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business: Encyclopedia - Business
Business refers to at least three closely related commercial topics. The first is a commercial, professional or industrial organization o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Critique
The stated aim of the WTO is to promote free trade, stimulate economic growth and hence make people's lives more prosperous. Many believe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heckscher-ohlin Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Heckscher-ohlin Model - Features Of The Model
Relative endowments of the factors of production (land, labour, and capital) determine a country's comparative advantage. Countries have ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Smoot-hawley Tariff Act: Encyclopedia Ii - Smoot-hawley Tariff Act - Congressional Sponsors
The act was championed by Senator Reed Smoot, a Republican from Utah, and Representative Willis C. Hawley, a Republican from Oregon. Pres...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Ministerial Conferences
World Trade Organization - 1st ministerial conference. The inaugural ministerial conference was held in Singapore in 1996. Disagreement...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heckscher-ohlin Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Heckscher-ohlin Model - Theoretical Development Of The Model
The Ricardian model of comparative advantage has trade ultimately motivated by differences in labour productivity using different technol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heckscher-ohlin Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Heckscher-ohlin Model - Conclusions Of The Model
The results of this work has been the formulation of certain named conclusions arising from the assumptions inherent in the model. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Heckscher-ohlin Model: Encyclopedia Ii - Heckscher-ohlin Model - Econometric Testing Of H-o Model Theorems
Heckscher and Ohlin considered the Factor-Price Equalization theorem an econometric success because the large volume of international tra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Structure
All WTO members may participate in all councils, committees, etc., except Appellate Body, Dispute Settlement panels, and plurilateral com...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Trade Negotiations
While most international organisations operate on a one country, one vote or even a weighted voting basis, many WTO decisions, such as ad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Membership
The WTO has 150 members (76 members at its foundation and a further 74 members joined over the following ten years). The 25 states of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Dispute Resolution
Apart from hosting negotiations on trade rules, the WTO also acts as an arbiter of disputes between member states over its rules. And unl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - World Trade Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - World Trade Organization - Agreements
The WTO oversees about 30 different agreements which have the status of international legal texts. Member countries must sign and ratify ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - New Trade Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - New Trade Theory - The Theory
New Trade theorists challenge the assumption of diminishing returns to scale, and some argue that using protectionist measures to build u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Organization: Encyclopedia Ii - International Organization - Examples Of Regional Organizations
Europe: European Union (EU) Council of Europe European Free Trade Association European Space Agency European Patent Organisation Asia: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Law: Encyclopedia Ii - International Law - The Scope Of International Law
International law establishes the framework and the criteria for identifying states as the principal actors in the international legal sy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Horizontal Integration: Encyclopedia Ii - Horizontal Integration - An Example
The GAP Inc. retail clothing corporation is a good example of a business that practices horizontal integration. GAP Inc. controls three d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merchant Bank: Encyclopedia Ii - Merchant Bank - History
Merchant banks, now so called, are in fact the original "banks". These were invented in the middle ages by Italian grain merchants. As th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oda Nobunaga: Encyclopedia Ii - Oda Nobunaga - Life
Oda Nobunaga - Young Nobunaga. In 1534, Nobunaga was born to regional daimyo Oda Nobuhide in the Shobata Castle. He was Nobuhide's thir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nazi Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Nazi Germany - Pre-war Politics 1933-1939
On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg after attempts by General Kurt von Schleicher...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Oxfam: Encyclopedia Ii - Oxfam - Shops
Oxfam opened the first charity shop in Britain in Broad Street, Oxford in 1947. Today it operates approximately 800 shops through Britain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Grey Market: Encyclopedia Ii - Grey Market - Warranties And Grey-market Goods
Typically the manufacturer will refuse to honor the warranty of an item purchased from grey market sources, on the grounds that the highe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Assumptions And Definitions
The theory of supply and demand usually assumes that markets are perfectly competitive. This implies that there are many buyers and selle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gresham's Law: Encyclopedia Ii - Gresham's Law - Definitions Of Good Money And Bad Money
The terms "good" and "bad" money are used in a technical sense, and with regard to exchange values imposed by legal tender legislation, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franz Oppenheimer: Encyclopedia Ii - Franz Oppenheimer - Ideas
Ludwig Erhard studied economics with Franz Oppenheimer and was strongly influenced by Oppenheimer's ideas of "liberal socialist" economic...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Multilateral Agreement On Investment: Encyclopedia Ii - Multilateral Agreement On Investment - Background
International investment has been taking place in various forms and to different degrees for over a century. There have always been rules...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - Trade - History Of Trade
Trade originated with the start of communication in prehistoric time. Trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade Sanctions: Encyclopedia Ii - Trade Sanctions - Recent Historical Examples Of Trade Sanctions
Worldwide there have been many examples of such disputes and associated sanctions. For example, American steel companies requested, and w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrimp Farm: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrimp Farm - Farming Methods
When shrimp farming emerged in the 1970s as an economically viable alternative to satisfy growing market demands that had surpassed the c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Don Callis: Encyclopedia Ii - Don Callis - Career
Don Callis became a wrestler after looking for a sport to play while attending the University of Manitoba, where he earned a Degree in Po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Directive On Services In The Internal Market: Encyclopedia Ii - Directive On Services In The Internal Market - Criticisms
The Bolkestein Directive has provoked intense debate and mass protests various EU countries, including France, Belgium, Sweden and Denmar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Argentine Currency Board: Encyclopedia Ii - Argentine Currency Board - Results Of The Currency Board
Argentina implemented its currency board in April 1991. Its main achievement was in controlling inflation, which was brought down from mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Spice Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - Spice Trade - History Of The Spice Trade
Spices have been prominent in human history virtually since its inception. In ancient times spices were used for magical rites and spells...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Nazi Germany: Encyclopedia Ii - Nazi Germany - Pre-war Politics 1933-1939
In the wake of the First World War and subsquent economic depression, many German voters began turning their support towards Adolf Hitler...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canadian Cultural Protectionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Canadian Cultural Protectionism - Broadcasting Standards
With this fear in mind, the government appointed Robert Fowler to chair a Royal Commission that is known as the Fowler Commission in 1955...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dependency Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Dependency Theory - Spread Of Theory
Dependency theory became popular in the 1960s and 1970s as a criticism of standard development theory that seemed to be failing due to th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Definitions Of Economics
Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Tariff: Encyclopedia Ii - Tariff - Tariff In American History
There are two sides to history of tariffs. In the first place, it was the single most important source of federal revenue from the 1790s ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Most Favoured Nation: Encyclopedia Ii - Most Favoured Nation - History
In the early days of international trade, most favoured nation status was usually used on a dual-party, state-to-state basis. A nation co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Free Trade Zone: Encyclopedia Ii - Free Trade Zone - Criticism
The creation of special free-trade zones is criticized as giving business which set up operations undue influence over already corrupt go...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - Trade - History Of Trade
Trade originated with the start of communication in prehistoric times. Trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Business: Encyclopedia Ii - Business - Types Of Businesses
There are many types of businesses, and, as a result, businesses can be classified in many ways. One of the most common focuses on the pr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Financial Markets: Encyclopedia Ii - Financial Markets - Raising Capital
To understand financial markets, let us look at what they are used for, i.e. what is their purpose? Without financial markets, borrowers ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Definitions Of Economics
Broadly speaking, economics is a social science, and its area of study is human activity involved in meeting needs and wants. However, be...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dependency Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Dependency Theory - Spread Of Theory
Dependency theory became popular in the 1960s and 1970s as a criticism of standard development theory that seemed to be failing due to th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic And Monetary Union: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic And Monetary Union - List Of Economic And Monetary Unions
Economic and monetary union - Proposed. Economic and monetary union of the Caribbean Community Economic and monetary union of the Econ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Global Financial System: Encyclopedia Ii - Global Financial System - Institutions
Global financial system - International institutions. The most prominent international institutions are the IMF, the World Bank and the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Geographical Indication: Encyclopedia Ii - Geographical Indication - History And Legal Effect
Governments have been protecting trade names and trademarks used in relation to food products identified with a particular region since a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Assumptions And Definitions
The theory of supply and demand usually assumes that markets are perfectly competitive. This implies that there are many buyers and selle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gold Standard: Encyclopedia Ii - Gold Standard - History Of The Modern Gold Standard
The adoption of gold standards proceeded gradually. This has led to conflicts between different economic historians as to when the "real"...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - Trade - Organisation Of Trade
Patterns of organising and administering trade include: State control - trade centrally controlled by government planning. Laws regulat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Directive On Services In The Internal Market: Encyclopedia Ii - Directive On Services In The Internal Market - Three Pillars
The Services Directive proposes several important changes in the EU services market. These can be grouped into three interrelated pillars...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade Sanctions: Encyclopedia Ii - Trade Sanctions - Politics Of Trade Sanctions
Trade sanctions are frequently retaliatory in nature. For example, in 2002 the United States placed import tariffs on steel in an effort ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dependency Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Dependency Theory - Criticism
While dependency theory as a purely theoretical approach to global economics still exists, to date, all attempts to use the theory to fin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrimp Farm: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrimp Farm - Social Changes
Shrimp farming in many cases has far-reaching effects on the local coastal population. Especially in the boom years of the 1980s and 1990...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Directive On Services In The Internal Market: Encyclopedia Ii - Directive On Services In The Internal Market - Future
On 22 March 2005, EU leaders, led by France, agreed on a "far reaching" revision of the Services Directive to preserve the European socia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Franz Oppenheimer: Encyclopedia Ii - Franz Oppenheimer - Personal Life
After his study of medicine in Freiburg and Berlin, Oppenheimer was practiced as a physician in Berlin from 1886 to 1895. From 1890 onwar...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Don Callis: Encyclopedia Ii - Don Callis - Wrestling Facts
Don Callis - Finishing and signature moves. Claw Superkick Figure Four Leglock Don Callis - Quotes. "Excuse me... Excuse me..." ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrimp Farm: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrimp Farm - Ecological Impacts
Shrimp farms of all types, from extensive to super-intensive, can cause severe ecological problems wherever they are located. For extensi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Areas Of Study In Economics
Economics is usually divided into two main branches: Microeconomics, which examines the economic behavior of individual actors such as b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economics And Other Disciplines
There is some tension between economics and theories of ethics, historically a branch of philosophy, which emphasizes how people ought to...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Areas Of Study In Economics
Economics is usually divided into two main branches: Microeconomics, which examines the economic behavior of individual actors such as b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Dependency Theory: Encyclopedia Ii - Dependency Theory - Practical Failure
While dependency theory as a purely theoretical approach to global economics still exists, to date, all attempts to use the theory to fin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Applications And Complications
The simplest way to estimate the opportunity cost of any single economic decision is to consider, "What is the next best alternative choi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Assumptions
Economics - Supply and demand. Main article: Supply and demand. In microeconomic theory supply and demand attempts to describe, explain...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Economic Language And Reasoning
Economics relies on rigorous styles of argument. Economic methodology has several interacting parts: Collection of economic data. These ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Trade: Encyclopedia Ii - Trade - Notes
1. ^  Watson, Peter (2005). Ideas : A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud, HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621064-X. I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Schools Of Economic Thought
There have been different and competing schools of economic thought pertaining to capitalism from the late 18th century to the early day....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economics: Encyclopedia Ii - Economics - Development Of Economic Thought
Main article: History of economic thought. The term economics was coined around 1870 and popularized by influential "neoclassical" econom...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canadian Cultural Protectionism: Encyclopedia Ii - Canadian Cultural Protectionism - Studies And Recommendations
Pierre Elliot Trudeau, one of Canada's most famous prime ministers, well expressed the sentiment many Canadians feel about living with th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gold Standard: Encyclopedia Ii - Gold Standard - Why Gold?
Due to its rarity, durability, fungibility and the general ease of identification through its unique colour, weight, ductility and acoust...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Marginal Cost-marginal Revenue Method
If total revenue and total cost figures are difficult to procure, this method may also be used. For each unit sold, marginal profit equal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrimp Farm: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrimp Farm - Farmed Species
Although there are many species of shrimp and prawn, only a few of the larger ones are actually cultivated, all of which belong to the fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Total Cost-total Revenue Method
To obtain the profit maximizing output quantity, we start by recognizing that profit is equal to total revenue minus total cost. Given a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Basic Definitions
Any costs incurred by a firm may be classed into two groups: fixed cost and variable cost. Fixed costs are incurred by the business at an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Modes Of Operation
It is assumed that all firms are following rational decision-making, and will produce at the profit-maximizing output. Given this assumpt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Marginal Cost-marginal Revenue Method
If total revenue and total cost figures are difficult to procure, this method may also be used. For each unit sold, marginal profit equal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shrimp Farm: Encyclopedia Ii - Shrimp Farm - History And Geography
Shrimp farming has been done for centuries in Asia, using traditional low-density methods. Indonesian brackish water ponds called tambaks...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Microeconomics: Encyclopedia Ii - Microeconomics - Total Cost-total Revenue Method
To obtain the profit maximizing output quantity, we start by recognizing that profit is equal to total revenue minus total cost. Given a ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - International Law: Encyclopedia Ii - International Law - History
See main article: history of international law. Through the ages a code developed for the relations and conduct between nations. Even whe...   » Read the article