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interferometer | A Wisdom Archive on interferometer | | interferometer A selection of articles related to interferometer | |
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interferometer, Interferometry, Interferometry - Interferometer, Interferometry - Related lists, Aperture synthesis, History of astronomical interferometry, Interference, Very Long Baseline Interferometry
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO interferometer | | | | |  interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Betelgeuse - Origin of the name BetelgeuseThe name is a corruption of the Arabic يد الجوزا yad al-jawzā, or "hand of the central one". Jauza, the central one, initially referred to Gemini among the Arabs, but at some point they decided to refer to Orion by that name. During the Middle Ages the first character of the name, y (ﻴ, with two dots under it), was misread as a b (ﺒ, with one dot under it) when transliterating into Latin, and Yad al-Jauza became Bedalgeuze. Then, during the Renaissance, it was thought the n ...
See also:Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse - Origin of the name Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse - Distinguishing characteristics, Betelgeuse - References in fiction Read more here: » Betelgeuse: Encyclopedia II - Betelgeuse - Origin of the name Betelgeuse |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Ultra-high vacuum Even higher vacuums are possible, but they generally require custom-built equipment, strict operational procedures, and a fair amount of trial-and-error. Yet more specialized pumps become useful:
Converting the molecules of gas to their solid phase by freezing them, called cryopumping or cryotrapping
Converting them to solids by electrically combining them with other materials, called ion pumping
One such method to create a high vacuum to ultra high vacuum is by the use of cryopumps. Cryopumping incorporates the use of introducing c ...
See also:Vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum ranges, Vacuum - Perfect vacuum, Vacuum - Partial vacuum, Vacuum - Degrees of vacuum, Vacuum - Creating a vacuum, Vacuum - High vacuum, Vacuum - Ultra-high vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum in space, Vacuum - The quantum-mechanical vacuum, Vacuum - Historical interpretation Read more here: » Vacuum: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Ultra-high vacuum |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - High vacuum Fortunately, once the pressure has dropped below 1 kPa or so, another vacuum pumping technique becomes possible. Matter flows differently at different pressures based on the laws of fluid dynamics. At atmospheric pressure and mild vacuums, molecules interact with each other and push on their neighboring molecules in what is known as viscous flow. When the distance between the molecules increases, the molecules interact with the walls of the chamber more often than the other molecules, and molecular pumping becomes more effective than compression pumping. This regime i ...
See also:Vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum ranges, Vacuum - Perfect vacuum, Vacuum - Partial vacuum, Vacuum - Degrees of vacuum, Vacuum - Creating a vacuum, Vacuum - High vacuum, Vacuum - Ultra-high vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum in space, Vacuum - The quantum-mechanical vacuum, Vacuum - Historical interpretation Read more here: » Vacuum: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - High vacuum |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Telescope - Imperfect images No telescope can form a perfect image. Even if a reflecting telescope could have a perfect mirror, or a refracting telescope could have a perfect lens, the effects of aperture diffraction could still not be escaped. In reality, perfect mirrors and perfect lenses do not exist, so image aberrations in addition to aperture diffraction must be taken into account. Image aberrations can be broken down into two main classes, monochromatic, and polychromatic. In 1857, Philipp Ludwig von Seidel (1821-1896) decomposed the first order monochromatic aberrations into five constituent aberrations. They are now common ...
See also:Telescope, Telescope - History, Telescope - Types, Telescope - Telescope mountings, Telescope - Research telescopes, Telescope - Imperfect images, Telescope - The five Seidel aberrations, Telescope - The chromatic aberrations, Telescope - Famous optical telescopes, Telescope - Related lists Read more here: » Telescope: Encyclopedia II - Telescope - Imperfect images |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Partial vacuum Physicists use the term partial vacuum to describe real-life non-ideal vacuum. A complete characterization of the physical state would require further parameters, such as temperature. The antithesis of a vacuum, which is also an ideal unachievable state, is called a plenum.
In engineering, a vacuum is any region where the gas pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. Engineers measure the degree of vacuum in units of pressure. The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (abbreviation Pa), but vacuum is usually measured in mi ...
See also:Vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum ranges, Vacuum - Perfect vacuum, Vacuum - Partial vacuum, Vacuum - Degrees of vacuum, Vacuum - Creating a vacuum, Vacuum - High vacuum, Vacuum - Ultra-high vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum in space, Vacuum - The quantum-mechanical vacuum, Vacuum - Historical interpretation Read more here: » Vacuum: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Partial vacuum |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Degrees of vacuum As gas pressure decreases, the mean free path (MFP) of the gas molecules increases. When the MFP is greater than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics.
In interplanetary and interstellar space, isotropic gas pressure is insignificant when compared to solar pressure, solar wind, and dynamic pressure. Astrophysicists prefer ...
See also:Vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum ranges, Vacuum - Perfect vacuum, Vacuum - Partial vacuum, Vacuum - Degrees of vacuum, Vacuum - Creating a vacuum, Vacuum - High vacuum, Vacuum - Ultra-high vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum in space, Vacuum - The quantum-mechanical vacuum, Vacuum - Historical interpretation Read more here: » Vacuum: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Degrees of vacuum |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Creating a vacuum The easiest way to create an artificial vacuum is to expand the volume of a container. For example, your muscles expand your lungs to create a partial vacuum inside them, and air rushes in to fill the vacuum. By repeatedly closing off a compartment of the vacuum and exhausting it, it is possible to pump air out of a chamber of fixed size in a manner analogous to pumping a milkshake out of a glass. This is the principle behind most mechanical vacuum pumps. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a deep vacuum. Bec ...
See also:Vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum ranges, Vacuum - Perfect vacuum, Vacuum - Partial vacuum, Vacuum - Degrees of vacuum, Vacuum - Creating a vacuum, Vacuum - High vacuum, Vacuum - Ultra-high vacuum, Vacuum - Vacuum in space, Vacuum - The quantum-mechanical vacuum, Vacuum - Historical interpretation Read more here: » Vacuum: Encyclopedia II - Vacuum - Creating a vacuum |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Albert Abraham Michelson - Life Michelson was born in Strzelno, Poland (then Strelno, Provinz Posen Kingdom of Prussia) in 1852, the son of a Jewish merchant. He moved to the United States with his parents when he was two years old. He grew up in the rough mining towns of Murphy's Camp, California, and Virginia City, Nevada, where his father was a merchant.
President Ulyses S. Grant awarded Michelson a special appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1869. During his four years as a midshipman at the Academy, Michelson excelled in optics, heat and climatology, and d ...
See also:Albert Abraham Michelson, Albert Abraham Michelson - Life, Albert Abraham Michelson - Speed of light, Albert Abraham Michelson - Early measurements, Albert Abraham Michelson - Mount Wilson and Lookout Mountain 1926, Albert Abraham Michelson - Michelson Pease & Pearson 1932, Albert Abraham Michelson - Interferometry, Albert Abraham Michelson - Astronomical interferometry, Albert Abraham Michelson - Reference in Bonanza television series, Albert Abraham Michelson - Electronic books Read more here: » Albert Abraham Michelson: Encyclopedia II - Albert Abraham Michelson - Life |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Mount Wilson Observatory - 100 inch 2.5 m Hooker telescope Hale immediately set about creating a larger telescope. John D. Hooker provided crucial funding for it, along with Carnegie. The Saint Gobain factory was again chosen to cast a blank in 1906, which it completed in 1908, After considerable trouble over the blank (and potential replacements), the 100 inch (2.5 m) telescope was completed and saw "first light" on November 1, 1917.
The mechanism incorporates a mercury float to provide smooth operation. The Hooker telescope was equipped in 1919 with a special attachment, an optical interfer ...
See also:Mount Wilson Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory - 60 inch 1.5 m Hale telescope, Mount Wilson Observatory - 100 inch 2.5 m Hooker telescope, Mount Wilson Observatory - Solar telescopes, Mount Wilson Observatory - Interferometry Read more here: » Mount Wilson Observatory: Encyclopedia II - Mount Wilson Observatory - 100 inch 2.5 m Hooker telescope |
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| | | | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Observational astronomy - Optical telescopes For much of the history of observational astronomy, almost all observation has been performed in the visual spectrum with optical telescopes. While the Earth's atmosphere is nearly completely transparent in this portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, most telescope work is still dependent on seeing conditions and is generally restricted to the night time. The seeing conditions depend on the depth, movement, and clarity of the air. Locations that are frequently cloudy or suffer from atmospheric turbulence restrict detailed observation. Likewise the presence of the full Moon ca ...
See also:Observational astronomy, Observational astronomy - Unaided eye, Observational astronomy - Telescopes, Observational astronomy - Optical telescopes, Observational astronomy - Other instruments, Observational astronomy - Observation tools, Observational astronomy - Observing, Observational astronomy - Related lists Read more here: » Observational astronomy: Encyclopedia II - Observational astronomy - Optical telescopes |
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| | | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Michelson-Morley experiment - The experiment Michelson, though, had already seen a solution to this problem. His design, later known as an interferometer, sent a single source of monochromatic light through a half-silvered mirror that was used to split it into two beams travelling at right angles to one another. After leaving the splitter, the beams travelled out to the ends of long arms where they were reflected back into the middle on small mirrors. They then recombined on the far side of the splitter in an eyepiece, producing a pattern of constructive and destructive interference ba ...
See also:Michelson-Morley experiment, Michelson-Morley experiment - Measuring aether, Michelson-Morley experiment - The experiment, Michelson-Morley experiment - The most famous failed experiment, Michelson-Morley experiment - Fallout, Michelson-Morley experiment - Gravitational waves Read more here: » Michelson-Morley experiment: Encyclopedia II - Michelson-Morley experiment - The experiment |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - Michelson-Morley experiment - Measuring aether Each year, the Earth travels a tremendous distance in its orbit around the sun, at a speed of around 30 km/second, over 100,000 km per hour. It was reasoned that the Earth would at all times be moving through the aether and producing a detectable "aether wind". At any given point on the Earth's surface, the magnitude and direction of the wind would vary with time of day and season. By analysing the effective wind at various different times, it should be possible to separate out components due to motion of the Earth relative to the ...
See also:Michelson-Morley experiment, Michelson-Morley experiment - Measuring aether, Michelson-Morley experiment - The experiment, Michelson-Morley experiment - The most famous failed experiment, Michelson-Morley experiment - Fallout, Michelson-Morley experiment - Gravitational waves Read more here: » Michelson-Morley experiment: Encyclopedia II - Michelson-Morley experiment - Measuring aether |
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| | | | | interferometer: Encyclopedia II - LIGO - Observatories LIGO operates two gravitational wave observatories in unison: the Livingston Observatory in Livingston, Louisiana and the Hanford Observatory, on the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, located near Richland, Washington. These sites are separated by about 3.2 thousand kilometres (two thousand miles). This distance corresponds to a difference in gravitational wave arrival times of up to ten milliseconds, information which can help to determine the source of the wave in the sky.
Each observatory supports an L-shaped ultra high vacuum system, measuring 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) on each side. Up to five interferometer ...
See also:LIGO, LIGO - Mission, LIGO - Observatories, LIGO - Operation, LIGO - Observations Read more here: » LIGO: Encyclopedia II - LIGO - Observatories |
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