Torts are generally categorized by two factors: The level of intent that must be assessed against the tortfeasor, and The interest affected by the tort. Tort - Intentional torts. Intentional torts are any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual, and that do so. Intentional torts have several subcategories, including torts against the person, property torts, dignitary torts, and economic torts. Torts against the pers ...

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Tort, Tort - In general, Tort - Definition of a tort, Tort - Purposes of torts, Tort - Categories of torts, Tort - Intentional torts, Tort - Negligence, Tort - Nuisance, Tort - Strict liability, Tort - Torts and criminal law, Tort - Tort by legal jurisdiction

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Originalism is actually a family of related views. Originalism - Original intent. Main article: Original intent The "original form of originalism", used for ordinary law as well as constitutional law, was called "Original intent", and entailed applying laws based on the subjective intention of its authors. For instance, the authors of the U.S. Constitution would be the group of "Founding Fathers" that drafted it. Applying this form involves studying the writings of its authors, or the records of the Ph ...

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Originalism, Originalism - Origins of the term, Originalism - Differentiated from strict constructionism, Originalism - Forms of originalism, Originalism - Original intent, Originalism - Problems with original intent, Originalism - Original meaning, Originalism - Methodology, Originalism - Discussion, Originalism - Philosophical underpinnings, Originalism - Function of Constitutional jurisprudence, Originalism - Matters rendered moot by originalism, Originalism - What originalism is not, Originalism - Pros and cons, Originalism - Arguments favoring originalism, Originalism - Arguments opposing originalism, Originalism - Footnotes

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s18 (as amended) reads: Whosoever shall unlawfully and maliciously by any means whatsoever wound or cause any grievous bodily harm to any person, with intent to do some grievous bodily harm to any person, or with intent to resist or prevent the lawful apprehension or detainer of any person, shall be guilty of an offence and, being convicted thereof, shall be liable to imprisonment for life. s20 (as amended) reads: Whosoever shall unlawfully and maliciously wound or inflict any grievous bodily harm upon ...

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Grievous bodily harm, Grievous bodily harm - The offences, Grievous bodily harm - Definitions, Grievous bodily harm - Inflict and cause, Grievous bodily harm - Maliciously, Grievous bodily harm - Specific intent, Grievous bodily harm - Consent

Read more here: » Grievous bodily harm: Encyclopedia II - Grievous bodily harm - The offences

Individuals are more likely to experience gratitude when they receive a favor that is perceived to be (1) valued by the recipient, (2) costly to the benefactor, (3) given by the benefactor with benevolent intentions, and (4) given gratuitously (rather than out of role-based obligations)(McCullough Kilpatrick, Emmons, & Larson, 2001). Gratitude - Value of the benefit. Experience of gratitude generally increases in magnitude in relation to the value of the benefit given (Berge ...

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Gratitude, Gratitude - Psychological research, Gratitude - Value of the benefit, Gratitude - Cost to the benefactor, Gratitude - Intention of the benefactor, Gratitude - Gratuitousness of the benefit, Gratitude - Empirical support for the determinants of gratitude

Read more here: » Gratitude: Encyclopedia II - Gratitude - Psychological research

The most common techniques of gamesmanship are the following. To break the flow of your opponent's play. To get your opponent to take the game less seriously or to overthink his position. To intentionally make a "mistake" which gains an advantage over an opponent. While the first method is more common at higher levels of sports, the last two are more powerful in amateur games. < ...

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Gamesmanship, Gamesmanship - Techniques, Gamesmanship - Breaking the flow, Gamesmanship - Causing your opponent to overthink, Gamesmanship - Intentional mistakes, Gamesmanship - Usage outside of games, Gamesmanship - Reference

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In Originalism and the Fourteenth Amendment [1], Brett Boyce described the origins of the term "originalist" as follows: The term "originalism" has been most commonly used since the middle 1980s and was apparently coined by Paul Brest in The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding [2]. Earlier discussions often used the term "inter ...

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Originalism, Originalism - Origins of the term, Originalism - Differentiated from strict constructionism, Originalism - Forms of originalism, Originalism - Original intent, Originalism - Problems with original intent, Originalism - Original meaning, Originalism - Methodology, Originalism - Discussion, Originalism - Philosophical underpinnings, Originalism - Function of Constitutional jurisprudence, Originalism - Matters rendered moot by originalism, Originalism - What originalism is not, Originalism - Pros and cons, Originalism - Arguments favoring originalism, Originalism - Arguments opposing originalism, Originalism - Footnotes

Read more here: » Originalism: Encyclopedia II - Originalism - Origins of the term

There is a certain raw sense in this distinction. As an example, the so-called Dutch courage defense sees an accused hate his spouse but fear to take action. The accused therefore buys a bottle of the best brandy and a sharp knife. In the morning, the bottle is empty and the knife is in the spouse's heart. Because the accused had a plan and weakening the inhibitions by drunkenness was a part of that plan, it would be a nonsense to allow that accused a defense. But if, at a party, a bowl of fruit punch is "spiked" by someone who secretly adds gin, the resu ...

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Intoxication defense, Intoxication defense - Discussion, Intoxication defense - Voluntary and involuntary consumption, Intoxication defense - Foreseeability test, Intoxication defense - Offenses of basic and of specific intent

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Cryptonomicon is a work of fiction which is based on fact, so some characters are actually real people. Major fictional characters in the book include: Robert “Bobby” Shaftoe, Lawrence Pritchard Waterhouse, Rudolf “Rudy” von Hacklheber, Avi Halaby, Randall Lawrence Waterhouse, Goto Dengo, Andrew Loeb, Enoch Root, America “Amy” Shaftoe, Douglas Macarthur Shaftoe, Hubert Kepler “The Dentist”, Eberhard Föhr, John Cantrell, Tom Howard, Beryl Hagen, Paul Comstock, Günter Bischoff, Julieta Kivistik, “Uncle” Otto Kiv ...

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Cryptonomicon, Cryptonomicon - Intentional typos?, Cryptonomicon - Characters, Cryptonomicon - Editions

Read more here: » Cryptonomicon: Encyclopedia II - Cryptonomicon - Characters

Note that several of the arguments for and against Originalism should be read in conjunction with alternative views and rebuttals, presented in footnotes. Originalism - Arguments favoring originalism. Since the Constitution is approved by the authority of the people, originalism is required to maintain their sovereignty. [35] If the Constitution no longer meets the exigencies of society's "evolving s ...

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Originalism, Originalism - Origins of the term, Originalism - Differentiated from strict constructionism, Originalism - Forms of originalism, Originalism - Original intent, Originalism - Problems with original intent, Originalism - Original meaning, Originalism - Methodology, Originalism - Discussion, Originalism - Philosophical underpinnings, Originalism - Function of Constitutional jurisprudence, Originalism - Matters rendered moot by originalism, Originalism - What originalism is not, Originalism - Pros and cons, Originalism - Arguments favoring originalism, Originalism - Arguments opposing originalism, Originalism - Footnotes

Read more here: » Originalism: Encyclopedia II - Originalism - Pros and cons

s15 TA68 states: (1) A person who by any deception dishonestly obtains property belonging to another, with intent to permanently depriving the other of it shall on conviction on indictment be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years. (2) ...a person is to be treated as obtaining property if he obtains ownership, possession or control of it and 'obtain' includes obtaining for another or enabling another to obtain or to retain. (3) the s6 definition of intention to permanently deprive applies to the s15 offence.See also:

Deception offences, Deception offences - Deception and theft, Deception offences - Obtaining property by a deception, Deception offences - By any deception, Deception offences - Dishonestly, Deception offences - Obtains, Deception offences - Property, Deception offences - Belonging to another, Deception offences - Intent permanently to deprive, Deception offences - Problem resolved, Deception offences - Obtaining a pecuniary advantage, Deception offences - Mens rea

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Misspelling - Intentional or derived misspellings. Cocoa - from cacao (misspelling also influenced by coco). Many foreign languages and foreigners speaking English still use "cacao". nucular - jocular orthographisation of recent metathetical American pronunciation of nuclear. Odelay - title of an album by Beck. He had dictated the title he had chosen to the person writing down the name of his next album, originally to be titled Órale (Spanish for "wow!"). See also: ...

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Misspelling, Misspelling - Commonly confused words, Misspelling - List of notable misspellings, Misspelling - Intentional or derived misspellings, Misspelling - Accidental misspellings

Read more here: » Misspelling: Encyclopedia II - Misspelling - List of notable misspellings

Strict liability torts are brought for injuries resulting from ultrahazardous activities, for which the defendant will be held liable even if there was no negligence on his/her part. Strict liability also applies to some types of product liability claims and to copyright infringement. Most tort claims or causes of action arise under state law and are heard in state courts. Some state tort claims are heard in federal courts under doctrines like diversity of citizenship of the parties or supplemental jurisdiction; such topics are the co ...

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United States tort law, United States tort law - Intentional torts, United States tort law - Negligence, United States tort law - Strict liability, United States tort law - Federal torts

Read more here: » United States tort law: Encyclopedia II - United States tort law - Strict liability

The word Ostpolitik was adopted by many languages and now stands for the proverbial "Change through Rapprochement" principle, verbalised by Egon Bahr in his 1963 speech. The current (as of 2005) Sunshine policy of South Korea towards the North is in many ways similar to the German Ostpolitik of the 1970s. ...

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Ostpolitik, Ostpolitik - Intention and Realisation, Ostpolitik - Development, Ostpolitik - Current Ostpolitik, Ostpolitik - List of Treaties

Read more here: » Ostpolitik: Encyclopedia II - Ostpolitik - Current Ostpolitik

Originalism - Philosophical underpinnings. Dissenting in Dred Scott v. Sanford [22], Justice Benjamin R. Curtis wrote: "Whether such decrees are wise or unwise, whether their subjects are citizens or not, if they are usurpation of power, our rights are both infringed and endangered. They are infringed because the power to decide and act is taken away from the people without their consent. They are endangered because in a constitutional government, every usurpation of power dangerously disorders the ...

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Originalism, Originalism - Origins of the term, Originalism - Differentiated from strict constructionism, Originalism - Forms of originalism, Originalism - Original intent, Originalism - Problems with original intent, Originalism - Original meaning, Originalism - Methodology, Originalism - Discussion, Originalism - Philosophical underpinnings, Originalism - Function of Constitutional jurisprudence, Originalism - Matters rendered moot by originalism, Originalism - What originalism is not, Originalism - Pros and cons, Originalism - Arguments favoring originalism, Originalism - Arguments opposing originalism, Originalism - Footnotes

Read more here: » Originalism: Encyclopedia II - Originalism - Discussion

In The Original Meaning of the Recess Appointments Clause, Prof. Michael B. Rappaport described the methodology associated with the Original Meaning form of originalism as follows: "The task is to determine the original meaning of the language...that is, to understand how knowledgeable individuals would have understood this language...when it was drafted and ratified. Interpreters at the time would have examined various factors, including text, purpose, structure, and history." "The most important f ...

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Originalism, Originalism - Origins of the term, Originalism - Differentiated from strict constructionism, Originalism - Forms of originalism, Originalism - Original intent, Originalism - Problems with original intent, Originalism - Original meaning, Originalism - Methodology, Originalism - Discussion, Originalism - Philosophical underpinnings, Originalism - Function of Constitutional jurisprudence, Originalism - Matters rendered moot by originalism, Originalism - What originalism is not, Originalism - Pros and cons, Originalism - Arguments favoring originalism, Originalism - Arguments opposing originalism, Originalism - Footnotes

Read more here: » Originalism: Encyclopedia II - Originalism - Methodology

Originalism is often, and inaccurately, used as an interchangeable synonym for strict constructionism. [8][9][10][11][12] Both theories are associated with Textualist and Formalist schools of thought, but there are pronounced differences between them. Justice Scalia differentiates the two by pointing out that "he uses a cane" means "he walks with a cane", not what a strict use of the words might suggest [13]. Scalia has averred ...

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Originalism, Originalism - Origins of the term, Originalism - Differentiated from strict constructionism, Originalism - Forms of originalism, Originalism - Original intent, Originalism - Problems with original intent, Originalism - Original meaning, Originalism - Methodology, Originalism - Discussion, Originalism - Philosophical underpinnings, Originalism - Function of Constitutional jurisprudence, Originalism - Matters rendered moot by originalism, Originalism - What originalism is not, Originalism - Pros and cons, Originalism - Arguments favoring originalism, Originalism - Arguments opposing originalism, Originalism - Footnotes

Read more here: » Originalism: Encyclopedia II - Originalism - Differentiated from strict constructionism

Discussions between Brandt and East German leader Willi Stoph began quickly, but no formal settlement was reached as Brandt was unwilling to recognize the East as a sovereign state. In 1970 the Treaty of Moscow was signed between West Germany and the Soviets and quickly afterwards treaties with Poland (Treaty of Warsaw in 1970) and other Eastern Bloc states were signed. The most controversial agreement was the Basic Treaty of 1972 that created mutual recognition between the FRG and GDR as two separate states (though explicitly not as ...

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Ostpolitik, Ostpolitik - Intention and Realisation, Ostpolitik - Development, Ostpolitik - Current Ostpolitik, Ostpolitik - List of Treaties

Read more here: » Ostpolitik: Encyclopedia II - Ostpolitik - Development

By definition, a species is considered “introduced” when its transport into an area outside of its native range is human mediated. Introductions by humans can be described as either intentional or accidental. Intentional introductions have been motivated by individuals or groups who believe that the newly introduced species will be in some way beneficial to humans in its new location. Unintentional or accidental introductions are most often a byproduct of human movements, and are thus unbound to human motivations. Subsequent range expansion of introduced species may or may not involve human activity.

Introduced species, Introduced species - Terminology, Introduced species - The nature of introductions, Introduced species - Intentional introductions, Introduced species - Accidental introductions, Introduced species - Introduced plants and algae, Introduced species - Introduced animals, Introduced species - Invasive exotic diseases, Introduced species - The most commonly introduced species, Introduced species - Introduced species on islands, Introduced species - New Zealand

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Pseudo-Isidore invests in the papacy powers that would later turn the author's intent on its head, essentially subjecting all religious authorities to the final (and absolute) authority of the pope. At the time of their composition, the papacy was vectoring towards its utter nadir, a zenith of lowness that culminated in The Pornocracy five decades later; it was in no condition to exercise any of the authority Pseudo-Isidore ascribes it. To some extent the Pseudo-Isidorian forgeries have even contributed to the pope's later position — a consequence which was certainly far from the mind ...

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Pseudo-Isidore, Pseudo-Isidore - Introduction, Pseudo-Isidore - Authorship, Pseudo-Isidore - Method, Pseudo-Isidore - Textual overview, Pseudo-Isidore - Intent, Pseudo-Isidore - Historical background, Pseudo-Isidore - Content, Pseudo-Isidore - Influence, Pseudo-Isidore - Editions, Pseudo-Isidore - Manuscript tradition

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The law of torts determines whether a loss that befalls one person should or should not be shifted to another person. Some of the consequences of injury or death, such as medical expenses incurred, can be made good by payment of damages. Damages may also be paid, for want of a better means of compensation, for non-pecuniary consequences, such as pain. In "The Aims of the Law of Tort" (1951) Glanville Williams saw four possible bases on which different torts rested: appeasement, justice, deterrence and compensation. The law tends to em ...

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Tort, Tort - In general, Tort - Definition of a tort, Tort - Purposes of torts, Tort - Categories of torts, Tort - Intentional torts, Tort - Negligence, Tort - Nuisance, Tort - Strict liability, Tort - Torts and criminal law, Tort - Tort by legal jurisdiction

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Freud based his work on the theory that in order to recover from past traumas, it is necessary to achieve a full anamnesis (recovery of lost memory). He never adequately explained why anamnesis was necessary, however. I would like to propose a person-centered explanation. A trauma, by definition, is an incident that is so painful, emotionally or physically, that one tends to flinch away from it, not to let oneself be aware of it, or, in Freud's terms, to repress it. It is the flinch and not the "objective" description of the incident ...

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Traumatic incident reduction, Traumatic incident reduction - Origins of TIR, Traumatic incident reduction - What is TIR useful for?, Traumatic incident reduction - What are the contraindications and risks of TIR?, Traumatic incident reduction - Historical antecedents of TIR, Traumatic incident reduction - How and why does TIR work?, Traumatic incident reduction - How does TIR compare with other techniques for addressing traumatic stress?, Traumatic incident reduction - Metapsychology, Traumatic incident reduction - Background of metapsychology, Traumatic incident reduction - Early influences in the development of metapsychology, Traumatic incident reduction - Medical history in TIR, Traumatic incident reduction - The need for anamnesis recovery of repressed memories, Traumatic incident reduction - Time and intention, Traumatic incident reduction - The contents of present time, Traumatic incident reduction - Activity Cycles, Traumatic incident reduction - The Ruling Intention, Traumatic incident reduction - Ending an Intention, Traumatic incident reduction - The Effects of Repression, Traumatic incident reduction - To Repress or Not to Repress?, Traumatic incident reduction - Effects of Charge, Traumatic incident reduction - A Sequence of Traumatic Incidents, Traumatic incident reduction - The Traumatic Incident Network, Traumatic incident reduction - The Solution to the Net, Traumatic incident reduction - Undoing Amnesia, Traumatic incident reduction - Basic vs. Thematic TIR, Traumatic incident reduction - End Points, Traumatic incident reduction - Results

Read more here: » Traumatic incident reduction: Encyclopedia II - Traumatic incident reduction - How and why does TIR work?

Model Penal Code: A person commits murder if he (1) purposely or knowingly (2) causes the death of a human being. Common Law: (a) It shall be unlawful for a person to cause the death of a human being with malice aforethought. (b) A violation of this section is murder in the second degree. ...

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Mens rea, Mens rea - Concepts, Mens rea - Subjective and objective tests, Mens rea - The relevance of motive, Mens rea - Intention, Mens rea - Recklessness or wilful blindness, Mens rea - Criminal negligence, Mens rea - Mens rea under the American Law Institute Model Penal Code, Mens rea - Examples of mens rea in statutes

Read more here: » Mens rea: Encyclopedia II - Mens rea - Examples of mens rea in statutes