insulating

Most coaxial cables have a characteristic impedance of either 50, 52, 75, or 93 ohms. The RF industry uses standard type-names for coaxial cables. A series of standard types of coaxial cable were specified for military uses, in the form "RG-#" or "RG-#/U" (RG from Radio Guide, /U indicates multiple uses). They go back to World War II and were listed in MIL-HDBK-216 published in 1962. These desigations are now obsolete. The current military standard is MIL-SPEC MIL-C-17. MIL-C-17 numbers, such as M17/75-RG214.are g ...

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Coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Signal propagation in coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Important parameters, Coaxial cable - Standard cable types, Coaxial cable - Uses of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Types of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Interference and troubleshooting, Coaxial cable - Timeline

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Short coaxial cables are commonly used to connect home video equipment, or in ham radio setups. They used to be common for implementing computer networks, in particular Ethernet, but twisted pair cables have replaced them in most applications. Long distance coaxial cable is used to connect radio networks and television networks, though this has largely been superseded by other more high-tech methods (fibre optics, T1/E1, satellite). It ...

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Coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Signal propagation in coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Important parameters, Coaxial cable - Standard cable types, Coaxial cable - Uses of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Types of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Interference and troubleshooting, Coaxial cable - Timeline

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In broadcasting and other forms of radio communication, hard line is a very heavy-duty coaxial cable, where the outside shielding is a rigid or semi-rigid pipe, rather than flexible and braided wire. Hard line is very thick, typically at least a half inch or 13 mm and up to several times that, and has low loss even at high power. It is almost always used in the connection between a transmitter on the ground and the antenna or aerial on the tower. Hard lines are often made to be pressurised with nitrogen or desiccated air, which provid ...

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Coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Signal propagation in coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Important parameters, Coaxial cable - Standard cable types, Coaxial cable - Uses of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Types of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Interference and troubleshooting, Coaxial cable - Timeline

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Despite being shielded, interference can occur on coaxial cable lines. Eventually, the insulation degrades and the cable must be replaced, especially if it has been exposed to the elements on a continuous basis. The copper screen is normally grounded, and if even a single thread touches the inner copper core, the signal will be shorted out. This most often occurs at improperly installed end connectors and splices. Also, the connector or splice must be properly attached to the copper screen, as this provides the return electrical path for the ...

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Coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Signal propagation in coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Important parameters, Coaxial cable - Standard cable types, Coaxial cable - Uses of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Types of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Interference and troubleshooting, Coaxial cable - Timeline

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In 1785, he moved to Bavaria where he became an aide-de-camp to the Elector Karl Theodor. He spent eleven years in Bavaria, reorganizing the army and establishing workhouses for the poor. During his work he also invented the Rumford Soup, a nutritious soup for the poor, and established the cultivation of the potato in Bavaria. Benjamin Thompson - Experiments on heat. His experiments on gunnery and explosives led to an interest in heat. He devised a method for measuring the specific heats of solids ...

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Benjamin Thompson, Benjamin Thompson - Early life in America, Benjamin Thompson - Bavarian maturity, Benjamin Thompson - Experiments on heat, Benjamin Thompson - Inventions, Benjamin Thompson - Later life, Benjamin Thompson - Honours, Benjamin Thompson - Notes, Benjamin Thompson - Bibliography

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After 1799, he divided his time between France and England. With Sir Joseph Banks, he established the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1799. The pair chose Sir Humphry Davy as the first lecturer. He endowed the Rumford medals of the Royal Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and endowed a professorship at Harvard University. In 1804, he married Marie-Anne Lavoisier, the widow of the great French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, his American wife having died since his emigration. They soon separated, but Thompson settled in Paris an ...

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Benjamin Thompson, Benjamin Thompson - Early life in America, Benjamin Thompson - Bavarian maturity, Benjamin Thompson - Experiments on heat, Benjamin Thompson - Inventions, Benjamin Thompson - Later life, Benjamin Thompson - Honours, Benjamin Thompson - Notes, Benjamin Thompson - Bibliography

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Electrolyte drinks containing sodium and potassium salts are used to replenish the body's water and electrolyte levels after dehydration caused by exercise, diaphoresis, diarrhea, vomiting or starvation. Giving pure water to such a person is not the best way to restore fluid levels, because it dilutes the salts inside the body's cells and interferes with their chemical functions. This can lead to water intoxication. Sports drinks such as Gatorade are electrolyte drinks with large amounts of added carbohydrates, such as glucose, to pro ...

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Electrolyte, Electrolyte - Physiology, Electrolyte - Nutrition, Electrolyte - Uses in electrochemistry

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A distinction is sometimes made in the philosophy of mind between the mind and brain. The brain is defined as the physical, biological [[for all electrochemical neuronal processes. The mind, however, exits as something outside of the brain. The mind is sometimes thought of as consciousness, the soul, or some other non-physical center of thought. The inability to determine what consciousness is has led to the mind-body problem. Some philosophers such as strong AI theorists believe that the mind is analogous to comp ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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A pair of contacts is said to be 'closed' when there is no space between them, allowing electricity to flow from one to the other. When the contacts are separated by a space, they are said to be 'open', and no electricity can flow. Switches can be classified according to the arrangement of their contacts. Some contacts are normally open until closed by operation of the switch, while others are normally closed and opened by the switch action. A switch with both ...

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Switch, Switch - A simple electrical switch, Switch - Contact arrangements, Switch - Make-before-break break-before-make, Switch - Biased switches, Switch - Special types, Switch - Intermediate switch, Switch - Multiway switching, Switch - Two locations, Switch - More than two locations, Switch - Contact bounce, Switch - Hardware debouncing, Switch - Software debouncing, Switch - Reference

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To allow maintenance to sections of the overhead line without having to turn off the entire system, the overhead line system is broken into electrically separated portions known as sections. Sections often correspond with tension lengths as described above. The transition from section to section is known as a section break and is set up so that the locomotive's pantograph is in continuous contact with the wire. For bow-collectors and pantographs, this is done by having two contact wires run next to each other over a leng ...

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Overhead lines, Overhead lines - Construction, Overhead lines - Tensioning, Overhead lines - Breaks, Overhead lines - Crossings, Overhead lines - Australia, Overhead lines - Germany, Overhead lines - Multiple overhead lines

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Switches can be designed to respond to any type of mechanical stimulus: for example, vibration (the trembler switch), tilt, air pressure, fluid level (the float switch), the turning of a key (key switch), linear or rotary movement (the limit switch or microswitch), or presence of a magnetic field (the reed switch). The mercury switch consists of a blob of mercury inside a glass bulb. The two contacts pass through the glass, and are shorted together when the bulb is tilted to make the mercury r ...

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Switch, Switch - A simple electrical switch, Switch - Contact arrangements, Switch - Make-before-break break-before-make, Switch - Biased switches, Switch - Special types, Switch - Intermediate switch, Switch - Multiway switching, Switch - Two locations, Switch - More than two locations, Switch - Contact bounce, Switch - Hardware debouncing, Switch - Software debouncing, Switch - Reference

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Contact bounce (also called chatter) is a common problem with mechanical switches and relays. Switch and relay contacts are usually made of springy metals that are forced into contact by an actuator. When the contacts strike together, their momentum and elasticity act together to cause bounce. The result is a rapidly pulsed electrical current instead of a clean transition from zero to full current. The waveform is then further modified by the parasitic inductances and capacitances in the switch and wiring, resulting in a series of dam ...

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Switch, Switch - A simple electrical switch, Switch - Contact arrangements, Switch - Make-before-break break-before-make, Switch - Biased switches, Switch - Special types, Switch - Intermediate switch, Switch - Multiway switching, Switch - Two locations, Switch - More than two locations, Switch - Contact bounce, Switch - Hardware debouncing, Switch - Software debouncing, Switch - Reference

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Water may take many forms. The solid state of water is commonly known as ice (while many other forms exist, see amorphous solid water); the gaseous state is known as water vapor (or steam), and the common liquid phase is generally taken as simply water. Water may take many forms, and is the base molecule of aqueous solutions. Above a certain critical temperature and pressure (647 K and 22.064 MPa), water molec ...

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Water molecule, Water molecule - Forms of water, Water molecule - A common substance, Water molecule - Water in the Universe, Water molecule - Water on Earth, Water molecule - Water in industry, Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water, Water molecule - Density of water and ice, Water molecule - Density of saltwater and ice, Water molecule - Triple point, Water molecule - Mpemba effect, Water molecule - Hot ice, Water molecule - Surface tension, Water molecule - Electrical properties, Water molecule - Dipolar nature of water, Water molecule - Water as a solvent, Water molecule - Amphoteric nature of water, Water molecule - Acidity in nature, Water molecule - Hydrogen bonding in water, Water molecule - Quantum properties of Molecular Water, Water molecule - History, Water molecule - Systematic nomenclature and humor

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For medium and high speeds the wires are generally tensioned by means of weights, or occasionally by hydraulic tensioners. Either method is known as auto-tensioning (AT), and ensures that the tension in the equipment is virtually independent of temperature. Tensions are typically between 9 and 20 kN per wire. For low speeds and in tunnels where temperatures are constant, fixed termination (FT) equipment may be used, with the wires terminated directly on structures at each end of the overhead line. Here the tension is generally about 10 kN. This type of equipme ...

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Overhead lines, Overhead lines - Construction, Overhead lines - Tensioning, Overhead lines - Breaks, Overhead lines - Crossings, Overhead lines - Australia, Overhead lines - Germany, Overhead lines - Multiple overhead lines

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As an electric train passes under the lowest wire, known as the contact wire, one or more current collection devices on the roof of the train make contact with the wire. The devices may be called pantographs, bow collectors, or trolley poles. The collectors are electrically conductive, and allow current to flow towards earth. This path takes the current through the traction motors of the train or tram, and back to the feeder station via the steel wheels and one or both running rails of the track. Diesel trains may pass along these tracks without affecting the overhead lin ...

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Overhead lines, Overhead lines - Construction, Overhead lines - Tensioning, Overhead lines - Breaks, Overhead lines - Crossings, Overhead lines - Australia, Overhead lines - Germany, Overhead lines - Multiple overhead lines

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Ancient Greeks had differing views on the function of the brain. Hippocrates believed the brain to be the seat of intelligence. Aristotle believed that the brain was a cooling mechanism for the blood while the heart was the seat of intelligence. He reasoned that humans are more rational than the beasts because they have a proportionally larger brain to cool their hot-bloodedness ^{See also:}

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Despite the variance of the species in which the brain is found there are many common features in its cellular make-up, its structure, and its function. On a cellular level the brain is composed of two classes of cells, neurons and glia, both of which contain several different cell types which perform different functions. Interconnected neurons form neural networks (or neural ensembles). These networks are similar to man-made electrical circuits in that they contain circuit elements (neurons) connected by biological wires (nerve fibers). The ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Brain - Fields of study. Several areas of science specifically study the brain. Neuroscience seeks to understand the nervous system, including the brain, from a biological and computational perspective. Psychology seeks to understand behavior and the brain. The terms neurology and psychiatry usually refer to medical applications of neuroscience and psychology respectively. Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain, such as computer science (artificial ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Like most other internal organs, the brain can serve as nourishment. For example, in the Southern United States canned pork brain in gravy can be purchased for consumption as food. The form of brain is often fried with scrambled eggs to produce the famous "Eggs n' Brains"[12]. The brain of animals also features in French cuisine such as in the dish [tête de veau], or head of calf. Although it might consist only of the outer meat of the sk ...

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Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

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Water molecule - Water in the Universe. Water has been found in interstellar clouds within our galaxy, the Milky Way. It is believed that water exists in abundance in other galaxies too, because its components, hydrogen and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Interstellar clouds eventually condense into solar nebulae and solar systems, such as ours. The initial water can then be found in comets, planets, and their satellites. In our solar system, water, in liquid or ice form, has ...

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Water molecule, Water molecule - Forms of water, Water molecule - A common substance, Water molecule - Water in the Universe, Water molecule - Water on Earth, Water molecule - Water in industry, Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water, Water molecule - Density of water and ice, Water molecule - Density of saltwater and ice, Water molecule - Triple point, Water molecule - Mpemba effect, Water molecule - Hot ice, Water molecule - Surface tension, Water molecule - Electrical properties, Water molecule - Dipolar nature of water, Water molecule - Water as a solvent, Water molecule - Amphoteric nature of water, Water molecule - Acidity in nature, Water molecule - Hydrogen bonding in water, Water molecule - Quantum properties of Molecular Water, Water molecule - History, Water molecule - Systematic nomenclature and humor

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