In the electrical appliance manufacturing industry, the following IEC protection classes are used to differentiate between the protective-earth connection requirements of devices. Appliance classes - Class 0. These appliances have no protective-earth connection and feature only a single level of insulation. They were intended for use in dry areas. In most countries, the sale of Class 0 mains-voltage appliances is prohibited today, as a single fault could cause an electric shock or other dangerous occurrence ...

Including:

• Appliance classes - Class 0
• Appliance classes - Class I
• Appliance classes - Class II
• Appliance classes - Class III
• Appliance classes - External link

Read more here: » Appliance classes: Encyclopedia - Appliance classes

In animals, the brain, or encephalon (Greek for "in the head"), acts as the control center of the central nervous system. In most animals, the brain is located in the head close to the primary sensory apparatus and the mouth. While all vertebrate nervous systems have a brain, invertebrate nervous systems may have either a centralized brain or collections of individual ganglia. The brain is an extremely complex organ; for example, the human brain is a collection of 100 billion neurons, each linked with up to 25,000 others [1]. T ...

Including:

• Brain - Mind and brain
• Brain - History
• Brain - Modern neuroscience
• Brain - Comparative anatomy
• Brain - Invertebrates
• Brain - Vertebrates
• Brain - Neurobiology
• Brain - Histology
• Brain - Function
• Brain - Brain pathology
• Brain - The study of the brain
• Brain - Fields of study
• Brain - Methods of observation
• Brain - Other matters
• Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia - Brain

Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (in German: Reichsgraf von Rumford), (26 March 1753 - 21 August 1814), was an Anglo-American physicist and inventor whose challenges to established physical theory were part of the 19th century revolution in thermodynamics. Benjamin Thompson - Early life in America. Thompson was born in rural Woburn, Massachusetts, in America; his birthplace is preserved to this day as a museum. He was educated mainly at the village school, although he sometimes walked to Cambridg ...

Including:

• Benjamin Thompson - Early life in America
• Benjamin Thompson - Bavarian maturity
• Benjamin Thompson - Experiments on heat
• Benjamin Thompson - Inventions
• Benjamin Thompson - Later life
• Benjamin Thompson - Honours
• Benjamin Thompson - Notes
• Benjamin Thompson - Bibliography

Read more here: » Benjamin Thompson: Encyclopedia - Benjamin Thompson

Water has the chemical formula H2O, meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and solid states at standard temperature and pressure. At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless, tasteless, and odorless liquid. It is often referred to in the sciences as the universal solvent and the only pure substance found naturally in all three states of matter. Water molecule - Forms of water. See ...

Including:

• Water molecule - Forms of water
• Water molecule - A common substance
• Water molecule - Water in the Universe
• Water molecule - Water on Earth
• Water molecule - Water in industry
• Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water
• Water molecule - Density of water and ice
• Water molecule - Density of saltwater and ice
• Water molecule - Triple point
• Water molecule - Mpemba effect
• Water molecule - Hot ice
• Water molecule - Surface tension
• Water molecule - Electrical properties
• Water molecule - Dipolar nature of water
• Water molecule - Water as a solvent
• Water molecule - Amphoteric nature of water
• Water molecule - Acidity in nature
• Water molecule - Hydrogen bonding in water
• Water molecule - Quantum properties of Molecular Water
• Water molecule - History
• Water molecule - Systematic nomenclature and humor

Read more here: » Water molecule: Encyclopedia - Water molecule

Coaxial cable is an electrical cable consisting of a round conducting wire, surrounded by an insulating spacer, surrounded by a cylindrical conducting sheath, and usually surrounded by a final insulating layer. The cable is designed to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal, as a high-frequency transmission line. Sometimes DC power (called bias) is added to the signal to supply the equipment at the other end, as in direct broadcast satellite receivers. Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffe ...

Including:

• Coaxial cable - Signal propagation in coaxial cable
• Coaxial cable - Important parameters
• Coaxial cable - Standard cable types
• Coaxial cable - Uses of coaxial cable
• Coaxial cable - Types of coaxial cable
• Coaxial cable - Interference and troubleshooting
• Coaxial cable - Timeline

Read more here: » Coaxial cable: Encyclopedia - Coaxial cable

This article is about use of natural sunlight for interior illumination. Daylighting as a term also refers to the redirection into an above-ground channel of a segment of a creek or stream that was previously diverted into a culvert, pipe, or drainage or sewer system. Daylighting is the passive solar practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural ...

Read more here: » Daylighting: Encyclopedia - Daylighting

A switch is a device for changing the course (or flow) of a circuit. The prototypical model is a mechanical device (for example a railroad switch) which can be disconnected from one course and connected to another. The term "switch" typically refers to electrical power or electronic telecommunication circuits. In applications where multiple switching options are required, (i.e. a telephone service) mechanical switches have long been replaced by electronic variants which c ...

Including:

• Switch - A simple electrical switch
• Switch - Contact arrangements
• Switch - Make-before-break break-before-make
• Switch - Biased switches
• Switch - Special types
• Switch - Intermediate switch
• Switch - Multiway switching
• Switch - Two locations
• Switch - More than two locations
• Switch - Contact bounce
• Switch - Hardware debouncing
• Switch - Software debouncing
• Switch - Reference

Read more here: » Switch: Encyclopedia - Switch

An electrolyte is a substance which dissociates into free ions when dissolved (or molten), to produce an electrically conductive medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions. They are sometimes referred to in abbreviated jargon as lytes. Electrolytes generally exist as acids, bases or salts. An electrolyte may be described as concentrated if it has a high concentration of ions; or dilute, a low concentration of ions. If a high pr ...

Including:

• Electrolyte - Physiology
• Electrolyte - Nutrition
• Electrolyte - Uses in electrochemistry

Read more here: » Electrolyte: Encyclopedia - Electrolyte

Tesla coil - Transmission. A large Tesla coil of more modern design can operate at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (a million watts; hundreds of thousands of horsepower). It should therefore be adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge (spark), or possibly a ball of plasma, may break out and damage or destroy the coil wir ...

See also:

Tesla coil, Tesla coil - History, Tesla coil - Early coils, Tesla coil - Disruptive Tesla coils, Tesla coil - Later coils, Tesla coil - Description, Tesla coil - Utilization and production, Tesla coil - Transmission, Tesla coil - Safety and precautions, Tesla coil - Air discharges, Tesla coil - Reception, Tesla coil - The skin effect myth, Tesla coil - Instances and devices, Tesla coil - Popularity, Tesla coil - Related Tesla patents, Tesla coil - Further reading and other references

Read more here: » Tesla coil: Encyclopedia II - Tesla coil - Utilization and production

Speed of light - Constant velocity from all reference frames. It is important to realise that the speed of light is not a "speed limit" in the conventional sense. An observer chasing a beam of light will measure it moving away from him at the same speed as a stationary observer. This leads to some unusual consequences for velocities. Most individuals are accustomed to the addition rule of velocities: if two cars approach each other from opposite directions, each travelling at a speed of 50 kilometres per h ...

See also:

Speed of light, Speed of light - Overview, Speed of light - Communications, Speed of light - Physics, Speed of light - Constant velocity from all reference frames, Speed of light - Interaction with transparent materials, Speed of light - Faster-than-light observations and experiments, Speed of light - Light-slowing experiments, Speed of light - History, Speed of light - Medieval and early modern theories, Speed of light - Measurement of the speed of light, Speed of light - Relativity

Read more here: » Speed of light: Encyclopedia II - Speed of light - Physics

The exact origins of spitz-type dogs is not known, though most of the spitz-types seen today originate from the Arctic regions. There is no archaeological evidence showing transition stages between the wolf and the often-similar spitz-type dogs. Skeletal remains up to 5,000 years old suggest it is far more likely that the ancestors of spitz types mated with wolves. Though it is not completely certain that there has been wolf blood in the spitz-type dogs for that long, it is certain the humans have intentionally mated spitz types with wolves in more recent times to achieve the wolf-like appearance of bre ...

See also:

Spitz, Spitz - Origins, Spitz - Migrations, Spitz - Working Dogs, Spitz - Adaptation to the Arctic, Spitz - Companions and toys, Spitz - List of Spitz-type dog breeds

Read more here: » Spitz: Encyclopedia II - Spitz - Origins

Multiway switching is a method of connecting switches in groups so that any switch can be used to connect or disconnect the load. This is most commonly done with lighting. Switch - Two locations. Switching a load on or off from two locations (for instance, turning a light on or off from either end of a flight of stairs) requires two SPDT switches. There are two basic methods of wiring to achieve this. In the first method, mains is fed into the common terminal of one of the switches; the switches are ...

See also:

Switch, Switch - A simple electrical switch, Switch - Contact arrangements, Switch - Make-before-break break-before-make, Switch - Biased switches, Switch - Special types, Switch - Intermediate switch, Switch - Multiway switching, Switch - Two locations, Switch - More than two locations, Switch - Contact bounce, Switch - Hardware debouncing, Switch - Software debouncing, Switch - Reference

Read more here: » Switch: Encyclopedia II - Switch - Multiway switching

Today the epoxy industry amounts to more than US$5 billion in North America and about US$15 billion world-wide. It is made up of approximately 50 - 100 manufacturers of basic or commodity epoxy resins and hardeners of which the big 3 are Resolution Polymers (formerly Shell; whose epoxy tradename is "Epon"), Dow Chemical (tradename "D.E.R."), & Huntsman Advanced Materials (formerly Ciba; tradename "Araldite"). The other 50+ smaller epoxy manufacturers primarily produce epoxies only regionally (not world-wide), produce epoxy hardeners only, produce specialty ep ...

See also:

Epoxy, Epoxy - Industry, Epoxy - Paints and coatings, Epoxy - Adhesives, Epoxy - Industrial tooling and composites, Epoxy - Electrical systems and electronics, Epoxy - Consumer and marine applications

Read more here: » Epoxy: Encyclopedia II - Epoxy - Industry

Water molecule - Density of water and ice. For most substances, the solid form of the substance is more dense than the liquid form; thus, a block of pure solid substance will sink in a tub of pure liquid substance. But, by contrast, a block of common ice will float in a tub of water because solid water is less dense than liquid water. This is an extremely important characteristic property of water. At room temperature, liquid water becomes denser with lowering temperature, just like ot ...

See also:

Water molecule, Water molecule - Forms of water, Water molecule - A common substance, Water molecule - Water in the Universe, Water molecule - Water on Earth, Water molecule - Water in industry, Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water, Water molecule - Density of water and ice, Water molecule - Density of saltwater and ice, Water molecule - Triple point, Water molecule - Mpemba effect, Water molecule - Hot ice, Water molecule - Surface tension, Water molecule - Electrical properties, Water molecule - Dipolar nature of water, Water molecule - Water as a solvent, Water molecule - Amphoteric nature of water, Water molecule - Acidity in nature, Water molecule - Hydrogen bonding in water, Water molecule - Quantum properties of Molecular Water, Water molecule - History, Water molecule - Systematic nomenclature and humor

Read more here: » Water molecule: Encyclopedia II - Water molecule - Physics and chemistry of water

In physiology, the primary ions of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate. All higher lifeforms require a subtle and complex electrolyte balance between the intracellular and extracellular milieu. In particular, the maintenance of precise osmotic gradients of electrolytes is important. Such gradients affect and regulate the hydration of the body, blood pH, and a ...

See also:

Electrolyte, Electrolyte - Physiology, Electrolyte - Nutrition, Electrolyte - Uses in electrochemistry

Read more here: » Electrolyte: Encyclopedia II - Electrolyte - Physiology

Three groups of animals, with some exceptions, have notably complex brains: the arthropods (insects and crustaceans), the cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and similar mollusks), and the craniates (vertebrates)[6]. The brain of arthropods and cephalopods arises from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal. In arthropods, the brain consists of a central brain with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing^{See also:}

Brain, Brain - Mind and brain, Brain - History, Brain - Modern neuroscience, Brain - Comparative anatomy, Brain - Invertebrates, Brain - Vertebrates, Brain - Humans, Brain - Neurobiology, Brain - Histology, Brain - Function, Brain - Brain pathology, Brain - The study of the brain, Brain - Fields of study, Brain - Methods of observation, Brain - Other matters, Brain - Brain as food

Read more here: » Brain: Encyclopedia II - Brain - Comparative anatomy

Avalanche breakdown is a current multiplication process that occurs only in strong electric fields, which can be caused either by the presence of very high voltages, such as in electrical transmission systems, or by more moderate voltages which occur over very short distances, such as within semiconductor devices. The electric field strength necessary to achieve avalanche breakdown varies greatly between different materials: in air, 3 MV/m is typical, while in a good insulator such as some ceramics, fields in excess of 40 MV/m can be needed. ...

See also:

Avalanche breakdown, Avalanche breakdown - The avalanche process, Avalanche breakdown - Applications

Read more here: » Avalanche breakdown: Encyclopedia II - Avalanche breakdown - The avalanche process

Radiation hardening - Fundamental mechanisms. Two fundamental damage mechanisms take place: Lattice displacement, caused by neutrons, protons, alpha particles, heavy ions, and very high energy gamma photons. They change the arrangement of the atoms in the lattice, creating lasting damage, and increasing the number of recombination centers, depleting the minority carriers and worsening the analog properties of the affected semiconductor junctions. Counterintuitively, higher doses over short tim ...

See also:

Radiation hardening, Radiation hardening - Major radiation damage sources, Radiation hardening - Radiation effects on electronics, Radiation hardening - Fundamental mechanisms, Radiation hardening - Resultant effects, Radiation hardening - Digital damage: SEE, Radiation hardening - Radiation-hardening techniques, Radiation hardening - Examples of rad-hard computers

Read more here: » Radiation hardening: Encyclopedia II - Radiation hardening - Radiation effects on electronics

Open wire transmission lines have the property that the electromagnetic wave propagating down the line extends into the space surrounding the parallel wires. These lines have low loss, but also have undesirable characteristics. They cannot be bent, twisted or otherwise shaped without changing their characteristic impedance. They also cannot be run along or attached to anything conductive, as the extended fields will induce currents in the n ...

See also:

Coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Signal propagation in coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Important parameters, Coaxial cable - Standard cable types, Coaxial cable - Uses of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Types of coaxial cable, Coaxial cable - Interference and troubleshooting, Coaxial cable - Timeline

Read more here: » Coaxial cable: Encyclopedia II - Coaxial cable - Signal propagation in coaxial cable

A Class II or double insulated electrical appliance is one which has been designed in such a way that it does not require (and must not have) a safety connection to electrical earth (US: ground). The basic requirement is that no single failure can result in dangerous voltage becoming exposed so that it might cause an electric shock and that this is achieved without relying on an earthed metal casing. This is usually achieved at least in part by having two layers of insulating material surrounding ...

See also:

Appliance classes, Appliance classes - Class 0, Appliance classes - Class I, Appliance classes - Class II, Appliance classes - Class III, Appliance classes - External link

Read more here: » Appliance classes: Encyclopedia II - Appliance classes - Class II