A Wisdom Archive on Inland Sea

Japan had seized Manchuria in 1931, and had been fighting the Second Sino-Japanese War with China since 1937. During 1941 the long-standing tensions between the Japanese Empire and the United States resulting from these military adventures were rising. The United States and the United Kingdom reacted to Japanese military actions in China by imposing a scrap metal boycott followed by an oil boycott, a freeze of assets and the closing of the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping. Diplomatic negotiations climaxed with the Hull note of November 26, ...

Read more here: » Attack on Pearl Harbor: Encyclopedia II - Attack on Pearl Harbor - Japanese preparations

Later, small-scale attacks were also made on Pearl Harbor during the war. In March, 1942, in Operation K-1, in preparation for the Midway invasion, two Japanese H8K flying-boats, based at Wotje in the Marshall Islands, were tasked with reconnaissance to see how repairs were progressing and to bomb the important "Ten-ten" repair dock. This necessitated refueling from submarines at French Frigate Shoal, 500 miles north-west of Pearl Harbor. In the event, poor visibility hampered the mis ...

Read more here: » Attack on Pearl Harbor: Encyclopedia II - Attack on Pearl Harbor - Subsequent attacks

A common view is that the Japanese fell victim to victory disease due to the perceived ease of their first victories. Yet despite the perception of this battle as a devastating blow to America, only three ships were permanently lost to the Navy. These were the battleships Arizona, Oklahoma, and the old battleship Utah (then used as a target ship); nevertheless, much usable material was salvaged from them, including the two aft main turrets from Arizona. Heavy casualties resulted due to Arizona's magazine ex ...

Read more here: » Attack on Pearl Harbor: Encyclopedia II - Attack on Pearl Harbor - Longer-term effects

Ninety minutes before the attack on Pearl Harbor began (but the next day, December 8, 1941, on the other side of the international date line), Japanese troops invaded British Malaya. This was followed by an early morning attack on the New Territories of Hong Kong and within hours or days by attacks on the Philippines, Wake Island, and Thailand and by the sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and Repulse.

Read more here: » Attack on Pearl Harbor: Encyclopedia II - Attack on Pearl Harbor - Immediate aftermath

The first shots fired and the first casualties in the attack on Pearl Harbor actually occurred when USS Ward attacked and sank a midget submarine at 06:37 Hawaiian Time. There were five Ko-hyoteki class midget submarines which planned to torpedo U.S. ships after the bombing started. None of the subs made it back safely, and only four out of the five have since been found. Of the ten sailors aboard the five submarines, nine died, and the only survivor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured, becoming the first prisoner of war captured by the Ame ...

Read more here: » Attack on Pearl Harbor: Encyclopedia II - Attack on Pearl Harbor - The attack

Part of the Japanese plans for the attack included breaking off negotiations with the United States 30 minutes before the attack. Diplomats from the Japanese Embassy in Washington, including the Japanese Ambassador, Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, and special representative Saburo Kurusu, had been conducting extended talks with the State Department regarding the U.S. reactions to the Japanese move into Indochina in the summer. In the days before the attack, a long multi-part message was sent to the Embassy from the Foreign Office in Tokyo ...

Read more here: » Attack on Pearl Harbor: Encyclopedia II - Attack on Pearl Harbor - Breaking off negotiations

Ammolite comes from the fossil shells of the Upper Cretaceous disk-shaped ammonites Placenticeras meeki and Placenticeras intercalare, and (to a lesser degree) the cylindrical baculite Baculites compressus. Ammonites were cephalopods, or squid-like creatures, that thrived in tropical seas until becoming extinct along with the dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic era. The ammonites that form ammolite inhabited a prehistoric, inland subtropical sea that bordered the Rocky Mountains—this area is known today as the ...

Read more here: » Ammolite: Encyclopedia II - Ammolite - Formation occurrence and extraction

The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. A tsunami which causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a "teletsunami", and is much more likely to be produced by vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion (Earthquakes and tsunamis, Lorca et al.). See a full-length animation of how the waves travelled (large file, about 1 MiB) to s ...

Read more here: » 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake: Encyclopedia II - 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake - Tsunami characteristics

Blackpool is heavily dependent on tourism. Major attractions include: The three piers: the North (built in 1863), Central (1868) and South (1893). Blackpool Tower, built in May 1894, is a 518-foot-tall copy of the Eiffel Tower. It was painted gold for its centenary. The Blackpool Pleasure Beach amusement park, near to the South Pier. In what is often regarded as its heyday (1900-1960), Blackpool heaved as the factory workers of northern England took their annual holidays there en masse. Any photog ...

Read more here: » Blackpool: Encyclopedia II - Blackpool - Tourism

Bray is the eighth largest town in Ireland with a population of 28,002 inhabitants, as at the 2002 Census. The river Dargle enters the sea here. Bray Head (241 m)is the situated at the southern end of the promenade and a well worn track leads to the summit. The rocks or Bray Head are a mixture of greywackes and quartazite. The coastal railway line continues touth from Bray along the seaward slopes of Bray Head. The town is on the coast, Shankill, County Dublin is to the north, and Greystones, County Wicklow is to the south. The picturesque village of Enniskerry lies to the west of the town, at ...

Read more here: » Bray: Encyclopedia II - Bray - Geography

Geologically, the surface of Earth consists of many tectonic plates, consisting of rigid lithospheric mantle and crust moving together over the much less viscous asthenosphere. Continental crust is primarily granitic in composition, overlain by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Much of the continental crust extends above sea level as dry land. Oceanic crust is basaltic in composition, and much thinner than contine ...

Read more here: » Continent: Encyclopedia II - Continent - Geologic continents

While no two courses are alike, many can be classified into one of the following broad categories: Links courses: the most traditional type of golf course, of which some century-old examples have survived in the British isles. Located in coastal areas, on sandy soil, often amid dunes, with few artificial water hazards and few if any trees. Traditional links courses, such as The Old Course at St. Andrews, are built on "land reclaimed from the sea," land that was once underwater. Parkland courses: typical inland courses, ...

Read more here: » Golf: Encyclopedia II - Golf - Golf course architecture and design

Cairns is located on the eastern side at the base of Cape York Peninsula on a coastal strip between the Coral Sea and the Great Dividing Range. The northern part of the city is located on Trinity Bay and the city centre is located on Cairns Inlet. Some of the city's suburbs are located on fertile flood plains. The Mulgrave River and Barron River flow within the city's boundary but not through the city itself. The city centre's foreshore is located on a mud flat. The highest mountain in Queensland, Mount Bartle Frere, is located within the city's boundaries.

Read more here: » Cairns Queensland: Encyclopedia II - Cairns Queensland - Geography