Information is a word which has many different meanings in everyday usage and in specialized contexts, but as a rule, the concept is closely related to others such as data, instruction, knowledge, meaning, communication, representation, and mental stimulus. Information is a message, something to be communicated from the sender to the receiver. If information is viewed merely as a message, it does not have to be accurate. It may be a truth or a lie, or just a sound of a kiss. Strangely it may even be a disruptive n ...

Including:

• Information - Information as a pattern
• Information - Information as sensory input
• Information - Information as an influence which leads to a transformation
• Information - Information as a property in physics
• Information - Etymology
• Information - Information is Not data

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Information warfare, Information warfare - Origins, Information warfare - Why are we talking about information now?, Information warfare - Information, Information warfare - Military information functions, Information warfare - Definition, Information warfare - Applications, Information warfare - Indirect and direct, Information warfare - Security measures, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Air Force doctrine, Information warfare - Roles and missions of Aerospace Power, Information warfare - Information warfare and command and control warfare, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Conclusions, Information warfare - Further Definitions

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Main article: Physical information Information has a well defined meaning in physics. Examples of this include the phenomenon of quantum entanglement where particles can interact without reference to their separation or the speed of light. Information itself cannot travel faster than light even if the information is transmitted indirectly. This could lead to the fact that all attempts at physically observing a particle with an "entangled" relationship to another are slowed down, even though the particles are not ...

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Information, Information - Information as a pattern, Information - Information as sensory input, Information - Information as an influence which leads to a transformation, Information - Information as a property in physics, Information - Etymology, Information - Information is Not data

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Information is any represented pattern. This view assumes neither accuracy nor directly communicating parties, but instead assumes a separation between an object and its representation, as well as the involvement of someone capable of understanding this relationship. This view seems therefore to require a conscious mind. Consider the following example: economic statistics represent an economy, however inaccurately. What are commonly referred to as data in computing, statistics, and other fields, are forms of information in this sense. The el ...

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Information, Information - Information as a pattern, Information - Information as sensory input, Information - Information as an influence which leads to a transformation, Information - Information as a property in physics, Information - Etymology, Information - Information is Not data

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Information is any represented pattern. This view assumes neither accuracy nor directly communicating parties, but instead assumes a separation between an object and its representation, as well as the involvement of someone capable of understanding this relationship. This view seems therefore to require a conscious mind. Consider the following example: economic statistics represent an economy, however inaccurately. What are commonly referred to as data in computing, statistics, and other fields, are forms of information in this sense. The el ...

See also:

Information, Information - Information as a pattern, Information - Information as sensory input, Information - Information as an influence which leads to a transformation, Information - Information as a property in physics, Information - Etymology, Information - Information is Not data

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Information theory is the mathematical theory of data communication and storage, generally considered to have been founded in 1948 by Claude E. Shannon. The central paradigm of classic information theory is the engineering problem of the transmission of information over a noisy channel. The most fundamental results of this theory are Shannon's source coding theorem, which establishes that on average the number of bits needed to communicate the result of an uncertain event is given by the entropy of that uncertainty; and ...

Including:

• Information theory - Mathematical preliminaries
• Information theory - Basic Concepts for Discrete Channels
• Information theory - Self-information
• Information theory - Entropy
• Information theory - Joint Entropy
• Information theory - Conditional Entropy Equivocation
• Information theory - Mutual Information Transinformation
• Information theory - Continuous Channels
• Information theory - Channel Capacity
• Information theory - Source Theory
• Information theory - Rate
• Information theory - Fundamental Theorem
• Information theory - Statement Noisy-Channel Coding Theorem
• Information theory - Channel capacity of particular model channels
• Information theory - Related Concepts
• Information theory - Measure Theory
• Information theory - Kolmogorov Complexity
• Information theory - Applications
• Information theory - Coding Theory
• Information theory - Cryptography Cryptanalysis
• Information theory - Relation with thermodynamic entropy
• Information theory - Quantum Information Theory
• Information theory - Detection and Estimation Theory
• Information theory - Gambling
• Information theory - Intelligence
• Information theory - Music
• Information theory - History

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Classified information is information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people. A formal security clearance is required to handle classified documents or access classified data; the clearance process requires a satisfactory background investigation. There are typically several levels of sensitivity, with differing clearance requirements. This sort of hierarchical system of secrecy is used by virtually every national government. Classified information - Government classificationIncluding:

• Classified information - Government classification
• Classified information - Classification levels
• Classified information - Atomic information
• Classified information - Sharing of classified information between countries
• Classified information - By country
• Classified information - Table of equivalent classification markings in various countries
• Classified information - Corporate classification
• Classified information - Example

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The Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) is the Federal Aviation Administration's official guide to basic flight information and ATC procedures. This manual contains the fundamentals required in order to fly in the United States National Airspace System. It also contains items of interest to pilots concerning health and medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, a pilot/controller glossary of terms used in the ATC System, and information on safety, accident, and hazard reporting. The main body of the AIM contains ten chap ...

Including:

• Aeronautical Information Manual - External link

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A ban, sometimes called a hartley, is a logarithmic unit which measures information or entropy, based on base 10 logarithms and powers of 10, rather than the powers of 2 and base 2 logarithms which define the bit. Like a bit corresponds to a binary digit, a ban is a decimal digit. A deciban is one tenth of a ban. One ban corresponds to about 3.32 bits (log2(10) = 1/log10(2)). A deciban is about 0.33 bits. The deciban is a particularly useful measure of odds-ratios or weights of evidence. 10 decibans corresponds t ...

Including:

• Ban information - History

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There are two variants of Information Engineering (IE). These are called the DP-driven variant and the business-driven variant. DP-Driven Variant of IE The DP-driven variant of Information Engineering was designed to enable IS Departments to develop information systems that satisfied the information needs of the 1980's - which was largely a DP-driven development environment. Most of the Computer-Aided Soft ...

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Information engineering, Information engineering - The Origin of Information Engineering, Information engineering - What is Information Engineering?, Information engineering - The Variants of Information Engineering, Information engineering - Stages in the Information Engineering, Information engineering - Techniques, Information engineering - Sources

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Information Strategy Planning The fundamental objective of Information Strategy Planning (ISP) is to develop a plan for implementing business systems to support business needs. Outline Business Area Analysis The OBAA answers a range of questions related to implementation of a business area. Select tasks to include in a particular project that provide support for business decisions and object ...

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Information engineering, Information engineering - The Origin of Information Engineering, Information engineering - What is Information Engineering?, Information engineering - The Variants of Information Engineering, Information engineering - Stages in the Information Engineering, Information engineering - Techniques, Information engineering - Sources

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Information graphics - Early experiments. In prehistory, early humans created the first information graphics: maps. Map-making began several millennia before writing, and map at Çatalhöyük dates from around 7500 BCE. In 1626 Christopher Scheiner published the Rosa Ursina sive Sol which used a variety of graphics to reveal his astronomical research on the sun. He used a series of ima ...

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Information graphics, Information graphics - History of information graphics, Information graphics - Early experiments, Information graphics - Development of a visual language, Information graphics - Modern uses, Information graphics - Elements of information graphics, Information graphics - Modern practitioners of information graphics / design, Information graphics - Types of information graphic, Information graphics - Interpreting information graphics

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Quality information is the counter to the fog of war. As mentioned earlier, the commander with better information holds a powerful advantage over his adversary. Military operations make special demands on information functions in seeking to give the commander an information advantage. Intelligence Information regarding the threat environment, potential adversaries' capabilities and intentions. Surveillance and reconnaissance are our powers of observation. Intelligence and weather analysis are the bases for orientin ...

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Information warfare, Information warfare - Origins, Information warfare - Why are we talking about information now?, Information warfare - Information, Information warfare - Military information functions, Information warfare - Definition, Information warfare - Applications, Information warfare - Indirect and direct, Information warfare - Security measures, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Air Force doctrine, Information warfare - Roles and missions of Aerospace Power, Information warfare - Information warfare and command and control warfare, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Conclusions, Information warfare - Further Definitions

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For our purposes in this article, information itself may be loosely defined as "that which can distinguish one thing from another." The information embodied by a thing can thus be said to be the identity of the particular thing itself, that is, all of its properties, all that makes it distinct from other (real or potential) things. It is a complete description of the thing, but in a sense that is divorced from any particular language. We might even consider the sum total of the information in a thing to be the ideal essence of the ...

See also:

Physical information, Physical information - Senses of the word information, Physical information - Classical versus quantum information, Physical information - Quantifying classical physical information, Physical information - Physical information and entropy, Physical information - Extreme physical information

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An easy way to understand the underlying unity between physical (as in thermodynamic) entropy and information-theoretic entropy is as follows: Entropy is simply that portion of the (classical) physical information contained in a system of interest (whether it is an entire physical system, or just a subsystem delineated by a set of possible messages) whose identity (as opposed to amount) is unknown (from the point of view of a particular knower). This informal characterization corresponds to both von Neumann's formal definition of the entropy ...

See also:

Physical information, Physical information - Senses of the word information, Physical information - Classical versus quantum information, Physical information - Quantifying classical physical information, Physical information - Physical information and entropy, Physical information - Extreme physical information

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Information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other. This creates an imbalance in power in transactions which can sometimes cause the transactions to go awry. Examples of this problem are Adverse selection and Moral hazard. A classic example of this is George Akerlof's The Market for Lemons. There are two primary solutions to this problem, signalling and screening.< ...

See also:

Information economics, Information economics - Information Asymmetry, Information economics - Signaling, Information economics - Screening, Information economics - Information Goods, Information economics - Bundling, Information economics - More Information, Information economics - Literature

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Recalling the definition, information warfare consists of activities that deny, exploit, corrupt, destroy, or protect information. Traditional means of conducting information warfare include psychological operations (PYSOP), electronic warfare (EW), military deception (MILDEC), computer network operations (CNO) and operational security (OPSEC). In addition to the five core capabilities listed above, other critical components of information warfare can include physical destruction, information assurance, physical security, counterintelligence ...

See also:

Information warfare, Information warfare - Origins, Information warfare - Why are we talking about information now?, Information warfare - Information, Information warfare - Military information functions, Information warfare - Definition, Information warfare - Applications, Information warfare - Indirect and direct, Information warfare - Security measures, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Air Force doctrine, Information warfare - Roles and missions of Aerospace Power, Information warfare - Information warfare and command and control warfare, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Conclusions, Information warfare - Further Definitions

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With recording technologies, with transmission, and with early computers, it didn't take very long for scientific advances to merge everything together. Information technology is the use of technology to enhance the speed and the efficiency of the transfer of information. At first, computers were big, costly, and available only to universities and big corporations. Before the 1990s, most discoveries in information technology were driven by full time researchers having access to the high priced eq ...

See also:

Information Age, Information Age - History, Information Age - Early Information Age, Information Age - Broadcasting, Information Age - Information technology, Information Age - The Personal Computer, Information Age - The Internet, Information Age - The Digital Revolution

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At the grand strategy level, nations seek to acquire, exploit, and protect information in support of their objectives. This exploitation and protection can occur in the economic, political, or military arenas. Knowledge of the adversary's information is a means to enhance our own capabilities, degrade or counteract enemy capabilities, and protect our own assets, including our own information. This is not new. The struggle to discover and exploit information started the first time one gro ...

See also:

Information warfare, Information warfare - Origins, Information warfare - Why are we talking about information now?, Information warfare - Information, Information warfare - Military information functions, Information warfare - Definition, Information warfare - Applications, Information warfare - Indirect and direct, Information warfare - Security measures, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Air Force doctrine, Information warfare - Roles and missions of Aerospace Power, Information warfare - Information warfare and command and control warfare, Information warfare - Military importance, Information warfare - Conclusions, Information warfare - Further Definitions

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Buying and selling information is not the same as buying and selling normal goods. First of all, information is non-rivaled, which means that buying information doesn't mean that someone else cannot buy it. Secondly, information has almost zero marginal cost, which means that once you have the first copy, it doesn't cost anything to make a second copy. This makes it easy to sell over and over. ...

See also:

Information economics, Information economics - Information Asymmetry, Information economics - Signaling, Information economics - Screening, Information economics - Information Goods, Information economics - Bundling, Information economics - More Information, Information economics - Literature

Read more here: » Information economics: Encyclopedia II - Information economics - Information Goods