inerting system

Because of the non-reactive properties of inert gases they are often useful to prevent undesirable chemical reactions from taking place. For example molecular nitrogen, a molecular inert gas, is often used in food packaging to ensure that food does not spoil in transit since no bacteria or fungi can flourish without the reactive gases oxygen or carbon dioxide, which the molecular nitrogen displaces, since most extant cells on Earth require the reactions which these gases are involved in to function. Most importantly since molecular nitrogen ...

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Inert gas, Inert gas - Production, Inert gas - Applications

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Carbon dioxide is an atmospheric gas comprised of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. A very widely known chemical compound, it is frequently called by its formula CO2. In its solid state, it is commonly known as dry ice. Carbon dioxide derives from multiple sources including volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter and respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants utilize carbon dioxide durin ...

Including:

• Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties
• Carbon dioxide - Uses
• Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice
• Carbon dioxide - Uses
• Carbon dioxide - Handling
• Carbon dioxide - Biology
• Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere
• Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past
• Carbon dioxide - Oceans
• Carbon dioxide - History

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Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars or fats with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all plants, animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled. Carbon dioxide content in fresh air is approximately 0.04%, and in exhaled air approximately 4.5%. When inhaled in high concentrations (about 5% by volume), it is toxic to hu ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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B-47 Stratojet - XB-47 / B-47A. The XB-47 was an attractive, "Buck Rogers" aircraft. The 35-degree swept wings were shoulder-mounted, with the twin inboard turbojet engines mounted in very neat pods, and the outboard engines tacked under the wings short of the wingtips. The airfoil was 11 times as wide as it was thick. This unusual thinness (dry, no fuel tanks)was required to attain high speed (.86 Mach), but the wing's flexibility was a concern. It could flex as much as 5 feet (1.5 m) up or down, and majo ...

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B-47 Stratojet, B-47 Stratojet - Origins, B-47 Stratojet - Variants, B-47 Stratojet - XB-47 / B-47A, B-47 Stratojet - B-47B, B-47 Stratojet - B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - RB-47E/RB-47H/ERB-47H/RB-47K, B-47 Stratojet - QB-47, B-47 Stratojet - B-47s in service, B-47 Stratojet - Conversions and special modifications, B-47 Stratojet - Perspective, B-47 Stratojet - Specifications B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - General characteristics, B-47 Stratojet - Performance, B-47 Stratojet - Armament, B-47 Stratojet - Media, B-47 Stratojet - Crashes, B-47 Stratojet - Related content

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Ongoing events Haiti Rebellion Bloody Sunday Inquiry Exploration of Mars: Rovers Bird flu Israeli-Palestinian conflict Same-sex marriage in the United States SCO v. IBM War on Terrorism: Afghanistan Feb. 2004 Occupation of Iraq Elections 2004 Australian federal election 2004 Canadian federal election   Conservative leadership race   Liberal sponsorship scandal 2004 European Parliament Election 2004 Taiwan ...

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February 2004, February 2004 - Events, February 2004 - February 29 2004, February 2004 - February 28 2004, February 2004 - February 27 2004, February 2004 - February 26 2004, February 2004 - February 25 2004, February 2004 - February 24 2004, February 2004 - February 23 2004, February 2004 - February 22 2004, February 2004 - February 21 2004, February 2004 - February 20 2004, February 2004 - February 19 2004, February 2004 - February 18 2004, February 2004 - February 17 2004, February 2004 - February 16 2004, February 2004 - February 15 2004, February 2004 - February 14 2004, February 2004 - February 13 2004, February 2004 - February 12 2004, February 2004 - February 11 2004, February 2004 - February 10 2004, February 2004 - February 9 2004, February 2004 - February 8 2004, February 2004 - February 7 2004, February 2004 - February 6 2004, February 2004 - February 5 2004, February 2004 - February 4 2004, February 2004 - February 3 2004, February 2004 - February 2 2004, February 2004 - February 1 2004, February 2004 - Events by month

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The NTSB's conclusions about the cause of the TWA 800 disaster took four years and one month to be published. As of January 16, 1997 (the six month anniversary of the disaster), the NTSB's chairman, Jim Hall, was quoted, "All three theories - a bomb, a missile or mechanical failure - remain."[3] The FBI's earliest investigations and interviews, later used by the NTSB, were performed under the assumption of a m ...

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TWA Flight 800, TWA Flight 800 - Official explanation, TWA Flight 800 - Alternative theories, TWA Flight 800 - A terrorist bomb, TWA Flight 800 - Missile strike unknown/terrorist origin, TWA Flight 800 - Missile strike friendly fire, TWA Flight 800 - Other theories, TWA Flight 800 - Summary, TWA Flight 800 - Trivia

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The total number of B-47s built by Boeing's count was 2,042. The B-47 undeniably fulfilled its design objectives. Perhaps as importantly, it led directly to the Boeing B-52, which still survives as an important US military asset, and in turn provided much inspiration for the design of Boeing's KC-135 Stratotanker air-to-air refueling tanker, which survives prominently in Air Force service as of 2005, and the Boeing 707, the model for the ...

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B-47 Stratojet, B-47 Stratojet - Origins, B-47 Stratojet - Variants, B-47 Stratojet - XB-47 / B-47A, B-47 Stratojet - B-47B, B-47 Stratojet - B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - RB-47E/RB-47H/ERB-47H/RB-47K, B-47 Stratojet - QB-47, B-47 Stratojet - B-47s in service, B-47 Stratojet - Conversions and special modifications, B-47 Stratojet - Perspective, B-47 Stratojet - Specifications B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - General characteristics, B-47 Stratojet - Performance, B-47 Stratojet - Armament, B-47 Stratojet - Media, B-47 Stratojet - Crashes, B-47 Stratojet - Related content

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Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Candy called Pop Rocks is pressurized with carbon dioxide gas at about 600 PSI. When you put the candy in your mouth, it melts (just like other hard candy ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Ex-CBS Investigator Kristina Borjesson and co-workers (including Oliver Stone) were on a documentary project for ABC, until it was aborted. Author Nelson DeMille's 2004 novel Night Fall is about an investigation into the alternative crash theories of TWA 800. The incident was used as the basis for the 2000 horror movie Final Destination and inspired a comic book entitled Serina: Blade of the Pharaoh. Comic book author Geoff Johns' sister Courtney died on Flight 800; he created the character St ...

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TWA Flight 800, TWA Flight 800 - Official explanation, TWA Flight 800 - Alternative theories, TWA Flight 800 - A terrorist bomb, TWA Flight 800 - Missile strike unknown/terrorist origin, TWA Flight 800 - Missile strike friendly fire, TWA Flight 800 - Other theories, TWA Flight 800 - Summary, TWA Flight 800 - Trivia

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After what has been billed as the longest and most expensive accident investigation in American aviation history, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation's conclusions were adopted by the NTSB on August 23, 2000, just over four years after the disaster. The NTSB concluded that the flammable fuel/air mixture of the center wing fuel tank probably ignited due to electrical failure in the center fuel tank, causing the plane to explode in flight. In the intervening time between July 1996 and August 2000, the FBI agreed that there had been no criminal ...

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TWA Flight 800, TWA Flight 800 - Official explanation, TWA Flight 800 - Alternative theories, TWA Flight 800 - A terrorist bomb, TWA Flight 800 - Missile strike unknown/terrorist origin, TWA Flight 800 - Missile strike friendly fire, TWA Flight 800 - Other theories, TWA Flight 800 - Summary, TWA Flight 800 - Trivia

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As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.057% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.94 × 1012 tonnes of CO2. Because of the greater land area, and therefore greater plant life, in the northern hemisphere as compared to the southern hemisphere, there is an annual fluctuation of about 5 µL/L, peaking in May and reaching a minimum in October at the end of the northern hemisphere growing season, when the q ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Aside from production aircraft, there were quite a number of conversions and oddball special modifications in the B-47 line. B-47B conversions and special modifications included: The Air Force had considered building a specialized RB-47B reconnaissance variant to complement the B-47B bomber version, but as it turned out schedule slips and the like ensured that the RB-47E was the first production reconnaissance variant. As an interim measure before the RB-47E went into service, 24 B-47B bombers were fitted with a heated po ...

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B-47 Stratojet, B-47 Stratojet - Origins, B-47 Stratojet - Variants, B-47 Stratojet - XB-47 / B-47A, B-47 Stratojet - B-47B, B-47 Stratojet - B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - RB-47E/RB-47H/ERB-47H/RB-47K, B-47 Stratojet - QB-47, B-47 Stratojet - B-47s in service, B-47 Stratojet - Conversions and special modifications, B-47 Stratojet - Perspective, B-47 Stratojet - Specifications B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - General characteristics, B-47 Stratojet - Performance, B-47 Stratojet - Armament, B-47 Stratojet - Media, B-47 Stratojet - Crashes, B-47 Stratojet - Related content

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B-47 Stratojet - General characteristics. Crew: 3 Length: 107 ft 1 in (32.6 m) Wingspan: 116 ft 0 in (35.4 m) Height: 28 ft 0 in (8.5 m) Wing area: 1,428 ft² (132.7 m²) Empty: 79,074 lb (35,867 kg) Loaded: 133,030 lb (60,341 kg) Maximum takeoff: 230,000 lb (100,000 kg) Powerplant: 6× General Electric J47-GE-25 turbojet ...

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B-47 Stratojet, B-47 Stratojet - Origins, B-47 Stratojet - Variants, B-47 Stratojet - XB-47 / B-47A, B-47 Stratojet - B-47B, B-47 Stratojet - B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - RB-47E/RB-47H/ERB-47H/RB-47K, B-47 Stratojet - QB-47, B-47 Stratojet - B-47s in service, B-47 Stratojet - Conversions and special modifications, B-47 Stratojet - Perspective, B-47 Stratojet - Specifications B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - General characteristics, B-47 Stratojet - Performance, B-47 Stratojet - Armament, B-47 Stratojet - Media, B-47 Stratojet - Crashes, B-47 Stratojet - Related content

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The B-47 arose from a 1943 U.S. Army Air Forces requirement for a jet bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, which evolved into a formal request the next year. The request specified a speed of 500 mph (800 km/h) or more, a range of 3,500 mi (5,600 km), and a service ceiling of 40,000 ft (12,200 m). It envisioned using the General Electric TG-180 turbojet engine, then in development. North American, Convair, and Boeing submitted proposals. The first Boeing proposal, the Model 424, was a modification of a conventional propeller-driven bomber design, basically a scaled-down version of the ...

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B-47 Stratojet, B-47 Stratojet - Origins, B-47 Stratojet - Variants, B-47 Stratojet - XB-47 / B-47A, B-47 Stratojet - B-47B, B-47 Stratojet - B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - RB-47E/RB-47H/ERB-47H/RB-47K, B-47 Stratojet - QB-47, B-47 Stratojet - B-47s in service, B-47 Stratojet - Conversions and special modifications, B-47 Stratojet - Perspective, B-47 Stratojet - Specifications B-47E, B-47 Stratojet - General characteristics, B-47 Stratojet - Performance, B-47 Stratojet - Armament, B-47 Stratojet - Media, B-47 Stratojet - Crashes, B-47 Stratojet - Related content

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Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Carbon dioxide is used to produce carbonated soft drinks and soda water. Traditionally, the carbonation in beer and sparkling wine comes about through natural fermentation, but some manufacturers ...

See also:

Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas which, when inhaled at high concentrations (a dangerous activity because of the associated asphyxiation risk), produces a sour taste in the mouth and a stinging sensation in the nose and throat. These effects result from the gas dissolving in the mucous membranes and saliva, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Its density at 25 °C is 1.98 kg m−3, about 1.5 times that of air. The carbon dioxide molecule (O=C=O) contains two double bonds and has a linear shape. It has no electrical dipole. As it is fully o ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Dry ice is a genericized trademark for solid ("frozen") carbon dioxide. The term was coined in 1925 by Prest Air Devices, a company formed in Long Island City, New York in 1923. Dry ice at normal pressures does not melt into liquid carbon dioxide but rather sublimates directly into carbon dioxide gas at −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F). Hence it is called "dry ice" as o ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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As of 2004, the earth's atmosphere is about 0.038% by volume (380 µL/L or ppmv) or 0.053% by weight CO2. This represents about 2.7 × 1012 tonnes of CO2. Because of the greater land area, and therefore greater plant life, in the northern hemisphere as compared to the southern hemisphere, there is an annual fluctuation of about 5 µL/L, peaking in May and reaching a minimum in October at the end of the northern hemisphere growing season, when the q ...

See also:

Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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Carbon dioxide was one of the first gases to be described as a substance distinct from air. In the 17th century, the Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont observed that when he burned charcoal in a closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than that of the original charcoal. His interpretation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into an invisible substance he termed a "gas" or ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

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The Earth's oceans contain a huge amount of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonate and carbonate ions—much more than the amount in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate is produced in reactions between rock, water, and carbon dioxide. One example is the dissolution of calcium carbonate: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇌ Ca2+ + 2 HCO3- Reactions like this tend to buffer changes in atmospheric CO2. Reactions between carbon dioxide and non-carbonate rocks also add bic ...

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Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide - Chemical and physical properties, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Dry Ice, Carbon dioxide - Uses, Carbon dioxide - Handling, Carbon dioxide - Biology, Carbon dioxide - Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide - Variation in the past, Carbon dioxide - Oceans, Carbon dioxide - History

Read more here: » Carbon dioxide: Encyclopedia II - Carbon dioxide - Oceans