inertial

Causality describes the relationship between causes and effects, and is fundamental to all natural science, especially physics. It is also studied from the perspectives of philosophy, computer science, and statistics. In classical physics, it was assumed that all events are caused by earlier ones according to the known laws of nature, culminating in Pierre-Simon Laplace's claim that if the current state of the world would be known with precision, it could be computed for any time in the futu ...

Including:

• Causality physics - Causal contact
• Causality physics - Physical causality

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General relativity (GR) is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915. It unifies special relativity and Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation with the insight that gravitation is not viewed as being due to a force (in the traditional sense) but rather a manifestation of curved space and time, this curvature being produced by the mass-energy content of the spacetime. Overview of GR History Mathematics Resources Tests Including:

• General relativity - Overview
• General relativity - Justification
• General relativity - Fundamental principles
• General relativity - Spacetime as a curved Lorentzian manifold
• General relativity - The mathematics of general relativity
• General relativity - The Einstein field equations
• General relativity - Coordinate vs. physical acceleration
• General relativity - Predictions of General Relativity
• General relativity - Gravitational effects
• General relativity - Cosmological effects
• General relativity - Other predictions
• General relativity - Relationship to other physical theories
• General relativity - Classical mechanics and special relativity
• General relativity - Quantum mechanics
• General relativity - Alternative theories
• General relativity - History
• General relativity - Status
• General relativity - Quotes
• General relativity - Notes

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Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation under shear stress. It is commonly perceived as "thickness", or resistance to pouring. Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction. Thus, water is "thin", having a low viscosity, while vegetable oil is "thick" having a high viscosity. Viscosity - Newton's theory. When a shear stress is applied to a solid body, the body deforms until the deformation results in an opposing forc ...

Including:

• Viscosity - Newton's theory
• Viscosity - Measurement of viscosity
• Viscosity - Units
• Viscosity - Molecular origins
• Viscosity - Gases
• Viscosity - Liquids
• Viscosity - Viscosity of some common materials
• Viscosity - Can solids have a viscosity?
• Viscosity - Bulk viscosity
• Viscosity - Eddy viscosity
• Viscosity - Fluidity
• Viscosity - Etymology
• Viscosity - Bibliography

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The Alcubierre metric defines the so-called warp drive spacetime introduced by Miguel Alcubierre in 1994. This is a Lorentzian manifold which, if interpreted in the context of general relativity, exhibits features reminiscent of the warp drive from Star Trek: a warp bubble appears in previously flat spacetime and moves off at effectively superluminal speed. Even more striking, inhabitants of the bubble feel no awkward inertial effects, and travelers making a round trip inside a warp bubble experience no time dilation of the kind known from the famous twin paradox from special relativity. T ...

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The term Brownian motion (in honor of the botanist Robert Brown) refers to either The physical phenomenon that minute particles immersed in a fluid move about randomly; or The mathematical models used to describe those random movements. The mathematical model can also be used to describe many phenomena not resembling (other than mathematically) the random movement of minute particles. An often quoted example is stock market fluctuations. Another example is the evolu ...

Including:

• Brownian motion - History
• Brownian motion - Intuitive metaphor for Brownian motion
• Brownian motion - Description of the mathematical model
• Brownian motion - Modelling the Brownian motion using differential equations
• Brownian motion - Mathematical Brownian motion
• Brownian motion - Physical Brownian motion

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The confinement time τE measures the rate at which a system loses energy to its environment. It is the energy content W divided by the power loss Ploss (rate of energy loss): For a fusion reactor to operate in steady state, as magnetic fusion energy schemes usually entail, the fusion plasma must be maintained at a constant temperature. Thermal energy must therefore be added to it (either directly by ...

See also:

Lawson criterion, Lawson criterion - The product n_eτ_E, Lawson criterion - The triple product n_eTτ_E, Lawson criterion - Inertial confinement

Read more here: » Lawson criterion: Encyclopedia II - Lawson criterion - The product n_eτ_E

Tilting trains are trains the upper part of which, where the passengers are seated, can be tilted sideways. In a curve to the left, it tilts to the left to compensate for the centrifugal push to the right, and conversely. The train may be constructed such that inertial forces themselves cause the tilting, commonly referred to as passive tilt, or it may be actively induced by a computer-controlled mechanism, referred to as active tilt. The first tilting trains were the TALGO trains of Spain, developed in the 1930s as a lightweig ...

See also:

Tilting train, Tilting train - Introduction, Tilting train - Tilting trains, Tilting train - Tilting trains around the world

Read more here: » Tilting train: Encyclopedia II - Tilting train - Tilting trains

Historically, the first principle of relativity that was formulated was a principle of relativity of uniform motion suggested by the observation that there doesn't seem to be a phenomenon in dynamics that will allow an observer to establish a zero point of velocity, nor a preferred direction. Every choice of a zero point of velocity, a choice necessary in order to perform a calculation, constitutes a choice of reference frame. All reference frames that move with respect to each other with constant velocity and in a straight lin ...

See also:

Principle of relativity, Principle of relativity - Galilean relativity, Principle of relativity - Special relativity, Principle of relativity - General relativity

Read more here: » Principle of relativity: Encyclopedia II - Principle of relativity - Galilean relativity

An example of the use of fungibility in economics is gold, which is often said to be fungible. This means that one gram of gold is equivalent to any other gram of gold. There is no qualitative difference between one example of the commodity and another. Wool on the other hand is less fungible. One bale of wool is not necessarily qualitatively equivalent to another bale of wool. In discussions about the characteristics of money, the term often refers to qualitative equivalence with regards to market value. So one gram of gold is worth as much as any other gram of gold ...

See also:

Fungibility, Fungibility - Fungibility in economics and finance, Fungibility - Fungibility in international relations, Fungibility - Fungibility in science, Fungibility - Medical debt

Read more here: » Fungibility: Encyclopedia II - Fungibility - Fungibility in economics and finance

Fokker E.IV - General Characteristics. Crew: one Length: 24 ft 7 in ( m) Wingspan: 32 ft 9½ in ( m) Height: 9 ft 1 in ( m) Wing area: 172.2 ft² ( m²) Empty: 1,027½ lb ( kg) Loaded: 1,596 lb ( kg) Maximum takeoff: lb ( kg) Powerplant: 1x Oberursel U.III 14-cylinder two-row ...

See also:

Fokker E.IV, Fokker E.IV - Specifications, Fokker E.IV - General Characteristics, Fokker E.IV - Performance, Fokker E.IV - Armament, Fokker E.IV - Related content

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Dynamic Aeroelasticity studies the interactions among aerodynamic, elastic and inertial forces. Examples of dynamic aeroelastic phenomena are: Aeroelasticity - Flutter. Flutter is a self-starting vibration that occurs when a lifting surface bends under aerodynamic load. Once the load reduces, the deflection also reduces, restoring the original shape, which restores the original load and starts the cycle again. In extreme cases the elasticity of the structure means that when the load is reduce ...

See also:

Aeroelasticity, Aeroelasticity - Introduction, Aeroelasticity - Static aeroelasticity, Aeroelasticity - Divergence, Aeroelasticity - Control surface reversal, Aeroelasticity - Dynamic aeroelasticity, Aeroelasticity - Flutter, Aeroelasticity - Dynamic response, Aeroelasticity - Buffeting, Aeroelasticity - Other fields of study, Aeroelasticity - Prediction and cure, Aeroelasticity - Media, Aeroelasticity - Related books

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In 1982, during the Falklands/Malvinas War, Exocets became famous worldwide when were used with devastating effect by the Argentinian Navy against the British Royal Navy, accounting for the sinking of the destroyer HMS Sheffield (4th May) and the support ship Atlantic Conveyor (25th May), as well as damaging the HMS Glamorgan (the missile that hit the Glamorgan was a surface-launched Exocet). Argentine Navy Super Etendards attacked the British task force on May 4th (HMS Sheffield), May 25th (Atlantic Convey ...

See also:

Exocet, Exocet - Description, Exocet - History, Exocet - Operators, Exocet - The Lokata, Exocet - Etymology

Read more here: » Exocet: Encyclopedia II - Exocet - History

Time dilation has been tested a number of times. The routine work carried on in particle accelerators since the 1950s, such as those at CERN, is a continuously running test of the time dilation of special relativity. The specific experiments include: Time dilation - Velocity time dilation tests. Ives and Stilwell (1938, 1941), “An experimental study of the rate of a moving clock”, in two parts. These experiments measured the Doppler shift of the radiation emited from cathod rays, when viewed from ...

See also:

Time dilation, Time dilation - Experimental confirmations, Time dilation - Velocity time dilation tests, Time dilation - Gravitational time dilation tests, Time dilation - Velocity and gravitational time dilation combined tests, Time dilation - Time dilation and space flight, Time dilation - Simple inference of time dilation, Time dilation - Time dilation is symmetric between two inertial observers, Time dilation - Temporal coordinate systems and clock synchronization, Time dilation - The Space-time geometry of velocity time dilation

Read more here: » Time dilation: Encyclopedia II - Time dilation - Experimental confirmations

The notion of asympotic flatness in gravitation physics has been criticized on both theoretical and technical grounds. The most promiment theoretical objection involves a famous but rather nebulous physical idea, or rather set of ideas, known as Mach principles. Many formulations of Mach principles have been proposed (mostly inequivalent to each other), but they all assert that the entire material content of the Universe influences local dynamics. (Disagreement between various versions arises from different attempts to m ...

See also:

Asymptotically flat spacetime, Asymptotically flat spacetime - Intuitive significance, Asymptotically flat spacetime - Some examples and nonexamples, Asymptotically flat spacetime - A coordinate-dependent definition, Asymptotically flat spacetime - A coordinate-free definition, Asymptotically flat spacetime - Utility, Asymptotically flat spacetime - Objections

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In special relativity spacetime is mapped with a four-vector coordinate system xμ = (t,x,y,z) where t is a temporal coordinate and x,y, and z are orthogonal spatial coordinates. This spacetime and mapping are described with the Minkowski metric: (Note: The +--- metric signature is used in this article so that will always be positive definite for timelike paths.) In sp ...

See also:

Proper time, Proper time - Mathematical formalism, Proper time - Derivation, Proper time - Usage in special relativity, Proper time - Example 1: The twin paradox, Proper time - Example 2: The rotating disk, Proper time - Usage in general relativity, Proper time - Example 3: The rotating disk again, Proper time - Example 4: The Schwarzschild solution - Time on Planet Earth

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Balance shafts are most common in inline four cylinder (straight-4) engines which, due to the asymmetry of their design, have an inherent second order vibration (vibrating at twice the engine RPM) which, contrary to popular belief, cannot be eliminated no matter how well the internal components are balanced. This vibration is generated because the movement of the connecting rods in an inline engine is not symmetrical throughout the crankshaft rotation; thus during a given period of crankshaft rotation, the descending pistons and ascending pi ...

See also:

Balance shaft, Balance shaft - Four cylinder applications, Balance shaft - Six cylinder applications, Balance shaft - Production implementations

Read more here: » Balance shaft: Encyclopedia II - Balance shaft - Four cylinder applications

While operating the saw, a right-handed user always keeps the left hand on the front handle. If the user accidentally loses this grip, the hand guard in front helps stop their hand moving forward onto the cutting chain. The hand guard also operates the chain brake. When the hand guard is pulled back towards the user, the brake is switched off. When the hand guard is pushed forward, the chain brake is switched on. The chain brake is designed to stop the chain dead, very quickly, even when the saw's engine is running at full power. Once ...

See also:

Chainsaw safety features, Chainsaw safety features - On/Off Switch, Chainsaw safety features - Front Hand Guard/Manual or Inertia Chain Brake, Chainsaw safety features - Hand/Eye/Ear Defender Symbols, Chainsaw safety features - Safety Throttle, Chainsaw safety features - Chain Catcher, Chainsaw safety features - Anti-Vibration System, Chainsaw safety features - Exhaust, Chainsaw safety features - Scabbard, Chainsaw safety features - Chain, Chainsaw safety features - External link

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A loudspeaker is commonly mounted in an enclosure (or cabinet). The major role of the enclosure is to prevent the out-of-phase sound waves from the rear of the speaker combining with the positive phase sound waves from the front of the speaker, which would result in interference patterns and cancellation causing the efficiency of the speaker to be compromised, particularly in the low frequencies where the wavelengths are large enough that interfere ...

See also:

Loudspeaker, Loudspeaker - History, Loudspeaker - Dynamic loudspeakers, Loudspeaker - Using Crossovers for various Drivers, Loudspeaker - Loudspeaker types, Loudspeaker - Woofers, Loudspeaker - Mid-ranges, Loudspeaker - Tweeters, Loudspeaker - Full-ranges, Loudspeaker - Subwoofers, Loudspeaker - Enclosures, Loudspeaker - Closed-box enclosures, Loudspeaker - Reflexed enclosures, Loudspeaker - Other enclosure types, Loudspeaker - Phase or polarity, Loudspeaker - Construction and Testing, Loudspeaker - Efficiency, Loudspeaker - Specifications, Loudspeaker - Interaction with listening environments, Loudspeaker - Variations on the dynamic loudspeaker, Loudspeaker - Other technologies, Loudspeaker - Piezoelectric speakers, Loudspeaker - Plasma arc loudspeakers, Loudspeaker - Digital speakers, Loudspeaker - Flat panel speakers, Loudspeaker - Electrostatic loudspeakers ESL, Loudspeaker - Converting ultrasound to audible sound, Loudspeaker - Home cinema speakers, Loudspeaker - Wireless, Loudspeaker - Multi driver systems

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The idea that the Coriolis field is a real physical effect and not just a mathematical artifact is justified in a Machian theory by saying that evidence of the field’s existence is not only visible to the rotating observer, its distortion is also visible and verifiable for non-rotating onlookers: the relative rotation of the roundabout and universe masses creates a real physical distortion in spacetime that is theoretically visible to all observers (see: Kerr black hole, frame-dragging, light-dragging effects), and the physical cons ...

See also:

Coriolis field, Coriolis field - Is it real?

Read more here: » Coriolis field: Encyclopedia II - Coriolis field - Is it real?

A double-pendulum constrained to move in the plane of the page may be described by the four Cartesian coordinates {x1,y1,x2,y2}, but the system only has two degrees of freedom, and a more efficient system would be to use A bead constrained to move on a wire has only one degree of freedom, and the generali ...

See also:

Generalized coordinates, Generalized coordinates - Examples, Generalized coordinates - Generalized velocities and kinetic energy, Generalized coordinates - Applications of generalized coordinates

Read more here: » Generalized coordinates: Encyclopedia II - Generalized coordinates - Examples