Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds. Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere is relatively non-reactive, but in nature it is slowly converted into biologically (and industrially) useful compounds by some living organisms, notably certain bacteria (see Biological role below). The ability to combine or fix nitrogen is a key feature of modern industrial chemistry, where nitrogen (along with natural gas) is converted into ammonia (via the Haber process). Ammonia, in turn, can be used directly (primarily as a fer ...

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Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - History, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

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Zeppelin - Early Zeppelin history. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin became interested in constructing a "dirigible balloon" after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871, where he witnessed the use of French balloons during the siege of Paris. He had also encountered the military use of such aircraft in 1863 during the American Civil War, in which he participated as a military observer on the side of the Union. He began to seriously pursue his project after his early retirement from the military in 1890 a ...

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Zeppelin, Zeppelin - Principal characteristics, Zeppelin - History of the Zeppelin, Zeppelin - Early Zeppelin history, Zeppelin - Zeppelins in World War I, Zeppelin - Zeppelin history after World War I, Zeppelin - Non-German Rigid Airships, Zeppelin - Recent developments, Zeppelin - Cultural influences

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To be viable, an alcohol-based fuel economy should have positive net fuel energy balance. Namely, the total fuel energy expended in producing the alcohol — including fertilizing, farming, harvesting, transport, fermentation, distillation, and distribution, as well as the fuel used in building the farm and fuel plant equipment — should not exceed the energy contents of the product. This is a controversial subject charged with potential bias. Much of it depends on what is included and what is excluded from the calculation, particula ...

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Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Economics of corn ethanol in the U.S.A., Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

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Electrical power transmission networks are protected and controlled by high voltage breakers. The definition of "high voltage" varies but in power transmission work is usually thought to be 65000 V or higher, according to a recent definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). High voltage breakers are nearly always solenoid operated, with current sensing protective relays operated through current transformers. In substations the protection relay scheme can be complex, protecting equipment ...

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Circuit breaker, Circuit breaker - Low voltage European circuit breaker, Circuit breaker - Common trip breakers, Circuit breaker - Types of circuit breaker, Circuit breaker - High Voltage Circuit Breakers, Circuit breaker - Interrupting Principles for High-Voltage Circuit-Breakers, Circuit breaker - Brief History, Circuit breaker - Thermal blast chambers, Circuit breaker - Self blast chambers, Circuit breaker - Double motion of contacts, Circuit breaker - Comparison of single motion and double motion techniques, Circuit breaker - Thermal blast chamber with arc-assisted opening, Circuit breaker - Particular case of generator circuit-breakers, Circuit breaker - Evolution of tripping energy, Circuit breaker - Future perspectives, Circuit breaker - Other breakers

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The device is complete with glassware, platinum and carbon electrodes, and a support stand; it demonstrates the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen by electric current, following this chemical equation: 2H2O(l)→ 2H2(g)+O2(g) ...

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Electrolysis of water, Electrolysis of water - What is involved?, Electrolysis of water - Equipment used, Electrolysis of water - How is it possible?, Electrolysis of water - Testing the presence of oxygen and hydrogen, Electrolysis of water - Using other indicators, Electrolysis of water - Efficiency

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The main hydride of nitrogen is ammonia (NH3) although hydrazine (N2H4) is also well known. Ammonia is somewhat more basic than water, and in solution forms ammonium ions (NH4+). Liquid ammonia is in fact slightly amphiprotic and forms ammonium and amide ions (NH2-); both amides and nitride (N3-) salts are known, but decompose in water. Singly and doubly substituted compounds of ammonia are called amines. Larger chains, rings and structures of nitrogen hydrides ...

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Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - History, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

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Manual gas tungsten arc welding is often considered the most difficult of all the welding processes commonly used in industry. Because the welder must maintain a short arc length, great care and skill are required to prevent contact between the electrode and the workpiece. Unlike other welding processes, GTAW normally requires two hands, since most applications require that the welder manually feed a filler metal into the weld area with one hand while manipulating the welding torch in the other. However, some welds combining thin materials (known as autogenous welds) can be accomplished without fi ...

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Gas tungsten arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding - Development, Gas tungsten arc welding - Operation, Gas tungsten arc welding - Safety, Gas tungsten arc welding - Applications, Gas tungsten arc welding - Quality, Gas tungsten arc welding - Equipment, Gas tungsten arc welding - Welding torch, Gas tungsten arc welding - Power supply, Gas tungsten arc welding - Electrode, Gas tungsten arc welding - Shielding gas, Gas tungsten arc welding - Materials, Gas tungsten arc welding - Aluminum and magnesium, Gas tungsten arc welding - Steels, Gas tungsten arc welding - Dissimilar metals, Gas tungsten arc welding - Process variations, Gas tungsten arc welding - Pulsed-current, Gas tungsten arc welding - Dabber, Gas tungsten arc welding - Notes

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Among arc welding process, GTAW ranks the highest in terms of the quality of weld produced. Maximum quality is assured by maintaining the cleanliness of the operation—all equipment and materials used must be free from oil, moisture, dirt and other impurities, as these cause weld porosity and consequently a decrease in weld strength and quality. To remove oil and grease, alcohol or similar commercial solvents may be used, while a stainless steel wire brush or chemical process can remove oxides from the surfaces of metals like aluminum. Rust ...

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Gas tungsten arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding - Development, Gas tungsten arc welding - Operation, Gas tungsten arc welding - Safety, Gas tungsten arc welding - Applications, Gas tungsten arc welding - Quality, Gas tungsten arc welding - Equipment, Gas tungsten arc welding - Welding torch, Gas tungsten arc welding - Power supply, Gas tungsten arc welding - Electrode, Gas tungsten arc welding - Shielding gas, Gas tungsten arc welding - Materials, Gas tungsten arc welding - Aluminum and magnesium, Gas tungsten arc welding - Steels, Gas tungsten arc welding - Dissimilar metals, Gas tungsten arc welding - Process variations, Gas tungsten arc welding - Pulsed-current, Gas tungsten arc welding - Dabber, Gas tungsten arc welding - Notes

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After the discovery of the electric arc in 1800 by Humphry Davy, arc welding developed slowly. C. L. Coffin had the idea of welding in an inert gas atmosphere in 1890, but even in the early 1900s, welding non-ferrous materials like aluminum and magnesium remained difficult, because these metals reacted rapidly with the air, resulting in porous and dross-filled welds.[2] Processes using flux covered electrodes did not satisfactorily protect the weld area from contamination. To solve the problem, bottle ...

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Gas tungsten arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding - Development, Gas tungsten arc welding - Operation, Gas tungsten arc welding - Safety, Gas tungsten arc welding - Applications, Gas tungsten arc welding - Quality, Gas tungsten arc welding - Equipment, Gas tungsten arc welding - Welding torch, Gas tungsten arc welding - Power supply, Gas tungsten arc welding - Electrode, Gas tungsten arc welding - Shielding gas, Gas tungsten arc welding - Materials, Gas tungsten arc welding - Aluminum and magnesium, Gas tungsten arc welding - Steels, Gas tungsten arc welding - Dissimilar metals, Gas tungsten arc welding - Process variations, Gas tungsten arc welding - Pulsed-current, Gas tungsten arc welding - Dabber, Gas tungsten arc welding - Notes

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Nitrogen is the largest single component of the Earth's atmosphere (78.084% by volume, 75.5% by weight) and is acquired for industrial purposes by the fractional distillation of liquid air or by mechanical means of gaseous air (i.e. pressurised reverse osmosis membrane or pressure swing adsorption). Compounds that contain this element have been observed in outer space. 14Nitrogen is created as part of the fusion processes in stars. Nitrogen is a large component of animal waste (for example, guano), usually in the form of urea, uric acid, and c ...

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Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - The History of Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

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Nitrogen (Latin nitrum, Greek Nitron meaning "native soda", "genes", "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air. That there was a fraction of air that did not support combustion was well known to the late 18th century chemist. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as burnt air or phlogisticated air. Nitrogen gas was inert eno ...

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Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - The History of Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

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In order to recognize if the reaction has been produced an indicator such as phenolphthalein is used to test hydroxide production. Both electrodes will produce bubbles; however, the cathode will be recognized due to the greater production of gas. Two molecules of hydrogen are produced for every molecule of oxygen produced. The gases produced at the electrodes can also be collected and tested. A positive test for the presence of hydrogen is a soft pop sound when a burning match is placed in the mouth of the container. The test for the presence of oxygen is to place a ...

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Electrolysis of water, Electrolysis of water - What is involved?, Electrolysis of water - Equipment used, Electrolysis of water - How is it possible?, Electrolysis of water - Testing the presence of oxygen and hydrogen, Electrolysis of water - Using other indicators, Electrolysis of water - Efficiency

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The dry cell as we know it today was invented by Georges Leclanché in 1866. His design used a positive electrode consisting of a mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon in a porous pot. This and a zinc rod which served as the negative electrode were then immersed in an ammonium chloride solution. This became known as Leclanché's "wet" cell. Leclanché original design was prone to breakage but was improved by later engineers. J.A. Thiebaut patented the first cell combining both the negative electrode and porous pot into a zinc cup in 1881; but Carl Gassner is credited with producing the first commercially succes ...

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Dry cell, Dry cell - Overview, Dry cell - Usage, Dry cell - Chemistry, Dry cell - Oxidation, Dry cell - Reduction, Dry cell - Gas absorption, Dry cell - Practical considerations, Dry cell - History

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The use of alcohol as fuel is advocated with various arguments, mainly relating to its beneficial effects on the local and global environment, its independence from foreign oil, and its economic advantages. Critics generally dispute those arguments, claim that the switch would be expensive, and object to perceived need for increased government subsidies, taxes, and regulations. Ethanol fuel - Air pollution. There has long been widespread acknowledgement that ethanol is a cleaner-burning fuel than gasoline. ...

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Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

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Proposals to use alcohol as a fuel are generally concerned with its use in transportation, chiefly as a total or partial replacement for gasoline in cars and other road vehicles. However, other less conventional approaches have been advanced, such as the use of alcohol in fuel cells, either directly or as a feedstock for hydrogen production. To have a net energy gain, it is critical that detailed energy and input stock analyses be performed. Currently, all studies indicate a net energy loss in the production of Alcohol Fuel versus equ ...

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Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Economics of corn ethanol in the U.S.A., Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

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Sugar cane grows in the extreme southern United States, but not in the cooler climates where corn is dominant. However, many regions that currently grow corn are also appropriate areas for growing other crops that can be used for energy production. These crops include corn stover, sugar beets, wheat straw, hybrid poplars, and dedicated herbaceous biomass feedstocks such as switchgrass or bermudagrass. Some studies indicate that using these sugar beets would be a much more efficient method for making ethanol in the U.S. than using corn. Unite ...

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Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

Read more here: » Ethanol fuel: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources

A view is emerging that current consumers of fossil fuels should move to using hydrogen as a fuel, creating a new so-called hydrogen economy. However, hydrogen is not a fuel source in and of itself. Rather, it is merely an intermediate energy storage medium existing between an energy source (be it solar power, biofuels, and nuclear power) and the place where the energy will be used. Because hydrogen in its gaseous state takes up a very large volume when compared to other fuels, logistics becomes a very difficult problem. One possible solutio ...

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Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

Read more here: » Ethanol fuel: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen

Colombia’s first sugarcane ethanol plant began production in 2005, with output of 300,000 liters a day in Cauca. The $20 million Ingenio del Cauca plant owned by businessman Carlos Ardila is the first of five plants with a total investment of $100 million which should begin operation over the next few months. The government aims to gradually convert the nation’s auto fuel supplies to a mixture of 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gas ...

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Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

Read more here: » Ethanol fuel: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia

Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest. The so-called corn belt in the Midwestern United States produces large amounts of corn (American English for maize). Sugars from this corn can be and are used to make ethanol. Minnesota has pioneered the use of ethanol fuel mixes in the United States, and currently it is the only state in the US in which all gasoline mixes must have at least 10% ethanol (90% gasoline) by volume. Laws have been passed which mandate a 20% mix in all gasoline in the state by 2013.[14] Ther ...

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Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuels, Ethanol fuel - Production and Distribution, Ethanol fuel - Other alcohols, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol and hydrogen, Ethanol fuel - Alternate sources, Ethanol fuel - Net fuel energy balance, Ethanol fuel - Energy balance in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Arguments and criticisms, Ethanol fuel - Air pollution, Ethanol fuel - Fire safety, Ethanol fuel - Greenhouse gases, Ethanol fuel - Renewable resource, Ethanol fuel - Dependency on foreign oil and international crime, Ethanol fuel - Statism, Ethanol fuel - Cost, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Colombia, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in Brazil, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States, Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the Midwest, Ethanol fuel - U.S. National security

Read more here: » Ethanol fuel: Encyclopedia II - Ethanol fuel - Ethanol fuel in the United States

Dry cells have several advantages over wet cells such as a lead acid battery: They can be made very compact Like wet cells, they can be combined in series to get a higher voltage They do not require liquid water or sulfuric acid (H2SO4), so they are more easily contained and transported and are lighter weight The chemicals involved are relatively safe See also:

Dry cell, Dry cell - Overview, Dry cell - Usage, Dry cell - Chemistry, Dry cell - Oxidation, Dry cell - Reduction, Dry cell - Gas absorption, Dry cell - Practical considerations, Dry cell - History

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The most important feature of Zeppelin's design is a slim, rigid aluminium alloy skeleton, made of rings and longitudinal girders. The advantage of this concept is that the ships can be built much larger, which enables them to lift heavier loads and be equipped with more numerous and powerful engines. This makes the craft quite distinct from non-rigid airships commonly known as blimps, which rely on a slight o ...

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Zeppelin, Zeppelin - Principal characteristics, Zeppelin - History of the Zeppelin, Zeppelin - Early Zeppelin history, Zeppelin - Zeppelins in World War I, Zeppelin - Zeppelin history after World War I, Zeppelin - Non-German Rigid Airships, Zeppelin - Recent developments, Zeppelin - Cultural influences

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In some cases, light emission is observed when a voltage is applied to a thin layer of a conductive organic polymer film. It has led to the development of flat panel displays using OLEDs, solar panels and optical amplifiers. Conductive polymers are present in most mammal tissues where electrical conduction or transduction from light or sound are necessary, including the skin, eye, inner ear, and brain. Its electronic conductivity seems to be the underlying mechanism for absorption of light, and electron-phonon interactions are expl ...

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Conductive polymers, Conductive polymers - Chemistry, Conductive polymers - Doping, Conductive polymers - Conjugation, Conductive polymers - Properties, Conductive polymers - Physics, Conductive polymers - Applications

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