Because lichens are morphologically small relative to most terrestrial plants, yet require access to sunlight in order to grow, most forms are attached to either large boulders, other inert surfaces, or woody plants in somewhat to completely open or exposed situations. However, where adequate moisture exists, lichens develop on surfaces (particularly those of slow-growing trees) in forests as part of an epiphyte community. Stability (that is, longevity) of a surface is a commonality of most lichen habitats. Lichens are relatively slow-growin ...

See also:

Lichen, Lichen - Morphology and structure, Lichen - Reproduction, Lichen - Ecology, Lichen - Classification

Read more here: » Lichen: Encyclopedia II - Lichen - Ecology

One type of salt bridges consists of U-shaped glass tubes filled with a relatively inert electrolyte, usually potassium chloride or sodium chloride. Agar is often used for gelification. The conductivity of the glass tube bridges depends mostly on the concentration of the electrolyte solution. An increase in concentration below saturation increases conductivity. Beyond-saturation electrolyte content and ...

See also:

Salt bridge, Salt bridge - Glass tube bridges, Salt bridge - Filter paper bridges, Salt bridge - Uses

Read more here: » Salt bridge: Encyclopedia II - Salt bridge - Glass tube bridges

Very high temperature reactor - Helium. This helium cooled reactor type is the dominant one being studied; its primary design uses a 600-MW thermal core with a helium outlet temperature of 1,000°C. Helium has been used in most high temperature gas reactors (HTGR) to date. Helium is an inert gas, so it will not react with any materials except through its stored heat. Its use requires the pressure vessel to be pressurized. See also:

Very high temperature reactor, Very high temperature reactor - Neutron moderator, Very high temperature reactor - Nuclear fuel, Very high temperature reactor - Coolant, Very high temperature reactor - Helium, Very high temperature reactor - Liquid salt, Very high temperature reactor - Control

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A Geiger-Müller tube—used in a Geiger counter—is another type of ionization chamber. In such a tube, one plate is wrapped into a cylinder. In place of the other plate is a wire placed along the cylindrical plate's axis. This type of tube is usually sealed and filled with an inert gas. In this device, no current normally flows between the two electrodes even though they are held at different potentials. If a particle of ionizing radiation enters the tube (an alpha particle, a beta particle, or a gamma ray) then a trail of ions wil ...

See also:

Ionization chamber, Ionization chamber - Radiation detectors, Ionization chamber - Smoke detectors

Read more here: » Ionization chamber: Encyclopedia II - Ionization chamber - Radiation detectors

Because lichens are morphologically small relative to most terrestrial plants, yet require access to sunlight in order to grow, most forms are attached to either large boulders, other inert surfaces, or woody plants in somewhat to completely open or exposed situations. However, where adequate moisture exists, lichens develop on surfaces (particularly those of slow-growing trees) in forests as part of an epiphyte community. Stability (that is, longevity) of a surface is a commonality of most lichen habitats. Lichens are relatively slow-growin ...

See also:

Lichen, Lichen - Morphology and structure, Lichen - Reproduction, Lichen - Ecology, Lichen - Growth Form

Read more here: » Lichen: Encyclopedia II - Lichen - Ecology

The noble gases were previously referred to as inert gases, but this term is not strictly accurate because several of them do take part in chemical reactions. Another older term was rare gases, although in fact argon forms a considerable part (0.93% by volume, 1.29% by mass) of the Earth's atmosphere. The name 'noble gases' is an allusion to the similarly unreactive Noble metals, so called due to their preciousness, resistance to corrosion and ...

See also:

Noble gas, Noble gas - Etymology, Noble gas - Chemistry, Noble gas - Applications, Noble gas - Physical Properties

Read more here: » Noble gas: Encyclopedia II - Noble gas - Etymology

Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand (or other inert fillers). Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the calcium hydroxide into calcium carbonate (limestone). Whitewash is based on the same chemistry. To make lime plaster, Limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated to produce quicklime (calcium oxide). Water is then added to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), which is sold as a white powder. Additional water is added to form a paste prior to use. The paste may be stored in air tight containers. Once exposed to the atmosphere, the calcium hydroxide turns back int ...

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Plaster, Plaster - Gypsum plaster, Plaster - Use in room interiors, Plaster - Use in theatrical and movie sets, Plaster - Use in architecture, Plaster - Use in sculptural arts, Plaster - Lime plaster

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Common methods of applying these processes include drying, freeze drying, freezing, vacuum-packing, canning, preserving in syrup, sugar crystalisation, food irradiation, adding preservatives or inert gases such as carbon dioxide. Other methods that not only help to preserve food, but also add flavor, include pickling, salting, smoking , preserving in syrup or alcohol , sugar crystalisation and curing. ...

See also:

Food preservation, Food preservation - Preservation Processes, Food preservation - Methods, Food preservation - Drying, Food preservation - Freezing, Food preservation - Vacuum Packing, Food preservation - Curing, Food preservation - Sugar, Food preservation - Pickling, Food preservation - Canning and Bottling, Food preservation - Jellying, Food preservation - Irradiation, Food preservation - Modified atmosphere, Food preservation - Clamps, Food preservation - Biological processes

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Nitrogen (Latin nitrum, Greek Nitron meaning "native soda", "genes", "forming") is formally considered to have been discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air. That there was a fraction of air that did not support combustion was well known to the late 18th century chemist. Nitrogen was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, and Joseph Priestley, who referred to it as burnt air or phlogisticated air. Nitrogen gas was inert eno ...

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Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Notable characteristics, Nitrogen - Applications, Nitrogen - Nitrogen Compounds, Nitrogen - Molecular nitrogen gas and liquid, Nitrogen - The History of Nitrogen, Nitrogen - Occurrence, Nitrogen - Compounds, Nitrogen - Biological role, Nitrogen - Isotopes, Nitrogen - Precautions

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Although buckyballs have been thought in theory to be relatively inert, a presentation given to the American Chemical Society in March 2004 and described in an article in New Scientist on April 3, 2004, suggests the molecule is injurious to organisms. An experiment by Eva Oberdörster at Southern Methodist University, which introduced fullerenes into water at concentrations of 0.5 parts per million, found that largemouth bass suffered a 17-fold increase in cellular damage in the brain tissue after 48 hours. The damage was of the type lipid p ...

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Fullerene, Fullerene - Naming, Fullerene - Buckminsterfullerene, Fullerene - Prediction and discovery, Fullerene - Properties, Fullerene - Possible dangers, Fullerene - Fullerene extract mixture C60/C70 solubility, Fullerene - Diffraction of fullerene, Fullerene - Notes, Fullerene - Mathematics of Fullerenes, Fullerene - Media

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The most common use of the word prototype is a functional though experimental version of a nonmilitary machine (e.g., cars, domestic appliances, consumer electronics) whose designers would like to have built by mass production means, as opposed to a mockup, which is an inert representation of a machine's appearance, often made of some non-durable substance. The Japanese use of the term differs from the American in that their prototypes have all sorts of features which are unlikely to be included in the finished product (this is how the word is used in Gundam), while American proto ...

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Prototype, Prototype - Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Prototype - Software Engineering, Prototype - Computer science, Prototype - Model railroads, Prototype - Scale Modeling In General, Prototype - Automobile racing

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The monomer is carcinogenic and is extremely toxic to aquatic life. However the polymer PVP in its pure form is so safe that not only is it edible by humans, it is used as a blood plasma expander for trauma victims after the first half of 20th century. It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets; being completely inert to humans, it simply passes through. PVP added to Iodine forms a complex; in solution it is known under the trade name Betadine. PVP binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transpar ...

See also:

Poly vinyl pyrrolidone, Poly vinyl pyrrolidone - Properties, Poly vinyl pyrrolidone - Uses, Poly vinyl pyrrolidone - Cross-linked derivatives

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Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes on a high polish. It belongs to the iron group, and is hard, malleable, and ductile. It occurs combined with sulfur in millerite, with arsenic in the mineral niccolite, and with arsenic and sulfur in nickel glance. On account of its permanence in air and inertness to oxidation, it is used in the smaller coins, for plating iron, brass, etc., for chemical apparatus, and in certain alloys, as German silver. It is magnetic, and is very frequently accompanied by cobalt, both being found in meteoric iro ...

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Nickel, Nickel - Notable characteristics, Nickel - Applications, Nickel - History, Nickel - Biological role, Nickel - Occurrence, Nickel - Extraction and Purification, Nickel - Compounds, Nickel - Isotopes, Nickel - Precautions, Nickel - Notes

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Pressurized helium is commercially available. Helium is used for many purposes that require one or more of its unique properties; low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal conductivity, or its inertness. Airships and balloons (toy, weather, and research) are inflated with helium because it is lighter than air (1 m³ of helium will lift 1 kg). Helium is currently preferred to hydrogen in airships because, while it is more expensive, it is not flammable and has 9 ...

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Helium, Helium - Notable characteristics, Helium - Gas and plasma phases, Helium - Solid and liquid phases, Helium - Electron energy levels, Helium - Applications, Helium - History, Helium - Discoveries, Helium - Production and use, Helium - Occurrence and production, Helium - Abundance, Helium - Production, Helium - Isotopes, Helium - Precautions

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By the time the Graf Zeppelin was completed, it was obvious that the ship would never serve its intended purpose as a passenger liner; the lack of a supply of inert helium was one cause. The ship was christened and made her first flight on September 14, 1938, making a circuit from Friedrichshafen to München, Augsburg, Ulm, and back. The total distance covered was 925 km (575 mi). The Graf Zeppelin ultimately flew a total of thirty missions, many for the Luftwaffe. She touched down on her last flight at 9:38 p.m. on Augu ...

See also:

Graf Zeppelin LZ 130, Graf Zeppelin LZ 130 - Design and Construction, Graf Zeppelin LZ 130 - Flights, Graf Zeppelin LZ 130 - The End of the Airships, Graf Zeppelin LZ 130 - Specifications

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Flywheels are not affected by temperature changes as are chemical batteries, nor do they suffer from memory effect. Moreover, they are not as limited in the amount of energy they can hold. They are also less potentially damaging to the environment, being made of largely inert or benign materials. Another advantage of flywheels is that by a simple measurement of the rotation speed it is possible to know the exact amount of energy stored. However, use of flywheel accumulators is currently hampered by ...

See also:

Flywheel energy storage, Flywheel energy storage - Main components, Flywheel energy storage - Physical characteristics, Flywheel energy storage - Applications, Flywheel energy storage - Advantages and disadvantages, Flywheel energy storage - Future improvements

Read more here: » Flywheel energy storage: Encyclopedia II - Flywheel energy storage - Advantages and disadvantages

A landfill, based on the waste type that is disposed in it, can be classified as: Hazardous waste landfill: waste disposal units constructed to specific design criteria and which receive wastes meeting the definition of hazardous waste. Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill: waste disposal units which receive household waste or wastes from other sources having similar composition as household waste but do not meet the definition of a hazardous waste. Inert waste landfill: waste disposal units which receive indus ...

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Landfill, Landfill - Landfill classes, Landfill - Landfill requirements, Landfill - Landfill subsystems, Landfill - Landfill operations, Landfill - Description of landfill operations, Landfill - Problems during landfill operations, Landfill - Social issues, Landfill - Landfill history

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In a vacuum tube or a semiconductor having polarity (diodes, electrolytic capacitors) the anode is the positive (+) electrode and the cathode the negative (−). The electrons enter the device through the cathode and exit the device through the anode. In a three-electrode cell, a counter electrode, also called an auxilliary electrode, is used only to make a connection to the electrolyte so that a current can be applied to the working electrode. The counter electrode is usually made of an inert material, such as ...

See also:

Electrode, Electrode - Anode and cathode in electrochemical cells, Electrode - Primary cell, Electrode - Secondary cell, Electrode - Other anodes and cathodes, Electrode - Welding electrodes, Electrode - Alternating current electrodes, Electrode - Types of electrode

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In 1902, in an attempt at a chemical conception of the ether, he put forward the (wrong) hypothesis that there are in existence two chemical elements of smaller atomic weight than hydrogen, and that the lighter of these is a chemically inert, exceedingly mobile, all-penetrating and all-pervading gas, which constitutes the aether. Mendeleev also devoted much study to the nature of such indefinite compounds as solutions, which he looked upon as homogeneous liquid systems of unstable dissociating compounds of the solvent with the substance dissolved, holding the opinion that they are merely an instance of ordinary ...

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Dmitri Mendeleev, Dmitri Mendeleev - Biography, Dmitri Mendeleev - Periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev - Other achievements, Dmitri Mendeleev - Notes

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Labile kerogen breaks down to form heavy hydrocarbons (i.e. oils), refractory kerogen breaks down to form light hydrocarbons (i.e. gases) and inert kerogen forms graphite. A Van Krevelen diagram is one example of classifying kerogens, where they tend to form groups when the ratios of hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon are compared. Kerogen - Type I. containing alginite and amorphous organic matter (AMO) Hydrogen:Carbon ratio > 1.25 Oxygen:Carbon r ...

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Kerogen, Kerogen - Formation, Kerogen - Types, Kerogen - Type I, Kerogen - Type II, Kerogen - Type II-Sulfur, Kerogen - Type III, Kerogen - Type IV residue, Kerogen - Origin of material, Kerogen - Terrestrial material, Kerogen - Extraterrestrial material

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Air is the most common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow (passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans. Inert gases are frequently used as coolants in gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Helium is the most favored coolant due to its low tendency to absorb neutrons and become radioactive. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are frequently used as well. Sulfur hexafluoride is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage power systems (circuit breakers, switches, some transformers, etc.). Steam can be used where high specific heat capacity is required in gaseous form and the corrosive propertie ...

See also:

Coolant, Coolant - Gases, Coolant - Liquids

Read more here: » Coolant: Encyclopedia II - Coolant - Gases

By the time the Graf Zeppelin was completed, it was obvious that the ship would never serve its intended purpose as a passenger liner; the lack of a supply of inert helium was one cause. The ship was christened and made her first flight on September 14, 1938, making a circuit from Friedrichshafen to München, Augsburg, Ulm, and back. The total distance covered was 925 km (575 mi). The Graf Zeppelin ultimately flew a total of thirty missions, many for the Luftwaffe. She touched down on her last flight at 9:38 p.m. on Augu ...

See also:

LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin - Design and construction, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin - Flights, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin - The end of the airships, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin - Specifications

Read more here: » LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin: Encyclopedia II - LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin - Flights