Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Causes
The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some historians seeing the Revolution as an outg...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - The Second Industrial Revolution
The insatiable demand of the railroads for more durable rail led to the development of the means to cheaply mass-produce steel. Steel is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Transportation
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastwise vessels employed to mov...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution is also called the second phase of the Industrial Revolution, since from a technological and a social po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Industrial Revolution
The Second Industrial Revolution is also called the second phase of the Industrial Revolution, since from a technological and a social po...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The British Canal System: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The British Canal System - Industrial Revolution
However, the modern canal system was largely a product of the 18th century and early 19th century. The modern British canal network came ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American System Of Manufacturing: Encyclopedia - American System Of Manufacturing
Since parts are interchangeable, it is also possible to separate manufacture from assembly, and assembly may be carried out by semi-skill...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Wealth Of Nations: Encyclopedia - The Wealth Of Nations
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations is the magnum opus of Adam Smith, published in 1776. It is a clearly writt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canal: Encyclopedia - Canal
Canals are man-made waterways, usually connecting existing lakes, rivers, or oceans. There are two main types of canal: irrigation canals...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Industrial Revolution: Social Studies Dictionary - Industrial Revolution
Definition and meaning of Industrial Revolution   Industrial Revolution New sources of power including the steam engine freed...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Industrial Revolution: Social Studies Dictionary - Industrial Revolution
Definition and meaning of Industrial Revolution   Industrial Revolution New sources of power including the steam engine freed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Second Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Second Industrial Revolution - Revolutions
Several developments within the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries took place. Mass production of consumer goods also ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Second Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Second Industrial Revolution - End Of The Second Phase
The end of the second industrial revolution or second phase of the industrial revolution has not been properly defined, since it would me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - The Industrial Revolution
Manchester remained a small market town until the late 18th Century, and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The myriad small val...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buckinghamshire: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buckinghamshire - Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and the arrival of the railway completely changed the landscape of certain parts of the county. Wolverton in th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canal: Encyclopedia Ii - Canal - Industrial Revolution
In Europe and then in the young United States, inland canals preceded the development of railroads during the earliest phase of the Indus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canal: Encyclopedia Ii - Canal - Industrial Revolution
In Europe and then in the young United States, inland canals preceded the development of railroads during the earliest phase of the Indus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution - Workers
Working conditions in the early British textile factories were brutal. Children, men, and women regularly worked 68-hour work weeks. Fact...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arnold Toynbee: Encyclopedia Ii - Arnold Toynbee - Lectures On The Industrial Revolution In England
A collection of Toynbee's lectures was published posthumously in 1884 and soon became a classic of British economic history. In them, Toy...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution - Industry And Invention
In 1733 in Bury, Lancashire, John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a series of inventions that was to propel Brita...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Textile Manufacture During The Industrial Revolution - Export Of Technology
While profiting from expertise arriving from overseas (e.g. Louis Paul), Britain was very protective of home-grown technology. In particu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Trade And The Industrial Revolution
By the 16th century, the city's trades and craftsmen had begun to wield significant influence and the city had become an important tradin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of England: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of England - The Industrial Revolution
The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw considerable social upheaval as a largely agrarian society was transformed by technological ad...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - American System Of Manufacturing: Encyclopedia Ii - American System Of Manufacturing - History
In the early years of the USA, there was a severe shortage of skilled machinists. Whitney realized that by using a template, workers with...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - The Second Industrial Revolution
During the First Industrial Revolution, the industrialist replaced the merchant as the dominant figure in the capitalist system. In the l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Medieval Growth
Manchester was an unimportant market town during the Middle Ages, it was originally part of the Hundred of Salford. In 1223 Manchester ga...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - The Industrial Revolution
Slave trading had generated astounding wealth for Britain. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century a series of technological ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merthyr Tydfil: Encyclopedia Ii - Merthyr Tydfil - The Industrial Revolution
Merthyr Tydfil - Influence and growth of iron industry. Merthyr was situated close to reserves of iron ore, coal, limestone and water, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Wales: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Wales - From The Union To The Industrial Revolution
Following Henry VIII's break with Rome, Wales for the most part followed England in accepting Anglicanism, although a number of Catholics...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Scotland: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Scotland - Industrial Revolution Clearance And Enlightenment
After 1745, British authorities acted to suppress the clan loyalties in the Highlands. The wearing of tartan and the playing of bagpipes ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Twentieth Century Reds And Blues
In the early 20th century Manchester's economy diversified into engineering chemical and electrical industries. The stimulus of the Ship ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Northern Quarter: Encyclopedia Ii - Northern Quarter - History
Northern Quarter - Early history. Although the town of Manchester existed from medieval times (and had previously been the site of a Ro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Fin De Siecle
During the 1980s, with the demise of many traditional industries under the radical economic restructuring often known as Thatcherism, the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Industrial And Cultural Growth
The prosperity from the textile industry lead to an expansion of Manchester and the surrounding conurbation. Many institutions were estab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Arnold Toynbee: Encyclopedia Ii - Arnold Toynbee - Social Commitment
For Toynbee, early industrial capitalism and the situation of the working class in it was not only a subject of ivory-tower studies; he w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economy Of Norway: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Norway - History
Economy of Norway - Pre-industrial revolution. Prior to the industrial revolution, Norway's economy was largely based on agriculture an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economy Of Norway: Encyclopedia Ii - Economy Of Norway - Economic Structure And Sustained Growth
The emergence of Norway as an oil-exporting country has raised a number of issues for Norwegian economic policy. There has been concern t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Reform
In 1792, Manchester was still governed by a court leet on the medieval model but its first step towards democracy was taken by the establ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Decline Of Industry And The Post-war Period
Glasgow did not escape the effects of the Great Depression. But the period after the second world war saw the greatest decline in its ind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canal: Encyclopedia Ii - Canal - Modern Uses
A movement that began in Britain and France to use the picturesque early industrial canals for pleasure boats has spurred rehabilitation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Further Expansion
Expansion of the city limits was constrained westwards (with the borough of Salford immediately to the west, having been given a charter ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Founding Of The City
The area around Glasgow has hosted communities for millenia, with the River Clyde providing a natural location for fishing. The Romans la...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lewis Mumford: Encyclopedia Ii - Lewis Mumford - Ideas
Mumford's choice of the word "technics" throughout his work was deliberate. For Mumford, technology is one part of technics. Technics ref...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Glasgow: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Glasgow - Modern Glasgow
Since the 1980s, Glasgow has been rebuilding both its image and its architecture. The City Council's 'Glasgow's Miles Better' campaign wa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Growth Of The Textile Trade
By the sixteenth century, the wool trade had made Manchester a flourishing market town. The parish church, now the cathedral, was complet...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Urbanization
Urbanization was a direct result from Industrialization. Big factories would be located in cities to have a central location for workers....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Wealth Of Nations: Encyclopedia Ii - The Wealth Of Nations - Subject Matter
The Wealth of Nations covers a variety of key economic subjects. Among them: The Wealth of Nations - The Industrial Revolution. In Book...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Media Of The Gilded Age
Prior to the Gilded Age, journalism in the U.S. had been largely political. The Gilded Age saw the rise of yellow journalism, in which se...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - The Wealth Of Nations: Encyclopedia Ii - The Wealth Of Nations - Subject Matter
The Wealth of Nations covers a variety of key economic subjects. Among them: The Wealth of Nations - The Industrial Revolution. In Book...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - The American West
The Gilded Age was rooted in heavy American industrialization, the construction of railroads and the expansion of the American West. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - The Chinese Exclusion
As white settlement brought industrial opportunity to the West, a growing number of Chinese immigrants began to pour into California via ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duisburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Duisburg - Culture
Duisburg hosts a comprehensive range of cultural facilities and events. A highlight is the annual "Duisburger Akzente" [2], a festival fo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Canal: Encyclopedia Ii - Canal - Cities On Water
Canals are so deeply identified with Venice that many canal cities have been nicknamed "the Venice of..." The city is built on marshy isl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merthyr Tydfil: Encyclopedia Ii - Merthyr Tydfil - The Decline Of Coal And Iron
The steel and coal industries began to decline after World War One, and by the 1930’s, they had all closed. In 1987, the iron foundry, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Manchester: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Manchester - Greater Manchester
Before 1974 the area of Greater Manchester was split between Cheshire and Lancashire with numerous parts being independent county borough...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Pennsylvania: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Pennsylvania - Decline Of Manufacturing And Mining: 1950-75
During the 20th century Pennsylvania's existing iron industries expanded into a major center of steel production. Shipbuilding and numer...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Politics During The Gilded Age
After the Reconstruction, many American politicians began to question the policies supporting direct government intervention in the marke...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Transportation Revolution
Railroads allowed goods to be transported farther into the country. Unlike canals that would freeze over during the cold winter months, r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Immigration
During the Gilded Age millions of immigrants came to the United States for many reasons: religious persecution and bad economies are just...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gilded Age: Encyclopedia Ii - Gilded Age - Labor Unions
Modern labor unions were born when wage labor became prevalent. The unions were started in order to maintain the dignity of American labo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Buckinghamshire: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Buckinghamshire - 20th Century Urbanisation
Mass urbanizationisation of the very north and south of the county took place in the 20th century, which saw the new town of Milton Keyne...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - Places Of Interest
Peterborough - Cathedral. Peterborough Cathedral is one of the most notable mediaeval cathedrals in the United Kingdom. The philosopher...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duisburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Duisburg - Geography
Duisburg is located in the Lowland Rhine area at the confluence of the Rhine and Ruhr rivers and at the outskirts of the Bergisches Land....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duisburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Duisburg - Sports
Duisburg is home to the MSV Duisburg soccer team. The team plays currently in the first Bundesliga. The MSV was one of the constitutional...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merthyr Tydfil: Encyclopedia Ii - Merthyr Tydfil - The Roman Invasion
The Romans had arrived in Wales by about 47-53CE and established a network of forts, with roads to link them. They had to fight hard to c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merthyr Tydfil: Encyclopedia Ii - Merthyr Tydfil - The Coming Of Christianity
The Latin language and some Roman customs and culture had become established, despite the withdrawal of the Roman army. The Christian rel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Merthyr Tydfil: Encyclopedia Ii - Merthyr Tydfil - Post-world War Ii
Immediately following World War Two, several large companies set up in Merthyr. In October 1948, the American-owned Hoover company opened...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lewis Mumford: Encyclopedia Ii - Lewis Mumford - Life
Mumford was born in Flushing, New York, and studied at Stuyvesant High School, the City College of New York and the New School for Social...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - History
Peterborough - Early history. The Romans first established the fort of Durobrivae in the vicinity around 43 AD which later grew into th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - Transport
Peterborough is a major stop on the East Coast Main Line, and is 45-50 minutes journey time by rail from Central London with high-speed s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - Demographics
Today, Peterborough is a multi-cultural city, with significant Asian, Afro-Caribbean and Italian communities. The city has an estimated p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - Media
Near Peterborough there is a major broadcasting facility for FM radio and analogue television. This facility included a 163 metre high gu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Duisburg: Encyclopedia Ii - Duisburg - Economy And Infrastructure
Duisburg - Transport. "Duisport" [1] is the largest inland port in Europe. It is officially regarded as a "seaport" because sea-going ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - Transport
Peterborough is a major stop on the East Coast Main Line, and is 45-50 minutes journey time by rail from Central London with high-speed s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - Foreign Investment
Foreign trade thus tripled in volume between 1870 and 1914, although (again) most of the activity occurred among the industrialized count...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - Demographics
Today, Peterborough is a multi-cultural city, with significant Asian, Afro-Caribbean and Italian communities. The city has an estimated p...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - 20th Century
Economic history of Britain - Overview. By the time of Queen Victoria's death in 1901, other nations, including the United States and G...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peterborough: Encyclopedia Ii - Peterborough - Media
There is a major radio transmitter at Morborne, approximately 8 miles from Peterborough for FM radio. This facility includes a 163 metre ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cleckheaton: Encyclopedia Ii - Cleckheaton - History Of Cleckheaton And The Spen Valley
Cleckheaton - Early History. Like much of England, the Spen Valley was heavily wooded and this is supported by some of the names in the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - Breakdown Of Pax Britannica And New Imperialism
In a scramble for overseas markets between the Franco-Prussian War and World War, Europe added almost 9 million square miles (23,000,000&...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi: Encyclopedia Ii - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - Youth Education And Family Background
Mohammad Reza was born to Reza Pahlavi, the Shah between 1925 and 1941, and his second wife Tadj ol-Molouk (1896 – 1982). Young Mohamma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi: Encyclopedia Ii - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - Reign Of Mohammad Reza Shah
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - Deposition of his father. Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, which broke the Nazi-Soviet non-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Pennsylvania: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Pennsylvania - The Dutch And Swedes
See also the expanded article: New Sweden The Delaware River watershed was claimed by the British based on the explorations of John Cabot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - Middle Ages
Initially started to support William the Conqueror's (c. 1029-1087) holdings in France, England's policy of active involvement in contine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Pennsylvania: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Pennsylvania - The British Colonial Period
See also Province of Pennsylvania On March 4, 1682, Charles II of England granted a land charter to William Penn for the area that now in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - Slavery And Overseas Expansion
In 1562 John Hawkins (also Hawkyns), a pirate and also a cousin of Francis Drake, was given permission by Queen Elizabeth I to take Afric...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Pennsylvania: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Pennsylvania - The Revolution
Most of Pennsylvania's residents generally supported the protests and dismay common to all 13 colonies after the Proclamation of 1763 and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Economic History Of Britain: Encyclopedia Ii - Economic History Of Britain - The Age Of Mercantilism
The British Empire began in the age of Mercantilism, and economic theory stressed competition between nations for a finite amount of weal...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Ohio: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Ohio - Industrialization
History of Ohio - Natural resources. ... See also:History of Ohio, History of Ohio - Early history, History of Ohio - Mound builders,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Russian History 1892-1920: Encyclopedia Ii - Russian History 1892-1920 - Radical Revolutionary Parties
During the 1890s, Russia's industrial development led to a significant increase in the size of the urban bourgeoisie and the working clas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Criticism
Industrial Revolution - Marxism. See main article Marxism Karl Marx saw the industrialization process as the logical dialectical progre...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Innovations
The invention of the steam engine was the most important innovation of the industrial revolution. This was made possible by earlier impro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Effects
The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Factories
Industrialisation also led to the creation of the factory. John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby was operational by 1721. In 1746...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Metallurgy
In the early 18th century, small-scale iron working and extraction and processing of other metals were carried out where local resources ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Social Problems
The industrial revolution led to a number of social problems within the newly developed working class. Children worked under miserable co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Steam Power
The stationary steam engine had great influence on the progress of the Industrial Revolution, but for the period of the Industrial Revolu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Machine Tools
The Industrial Revolution could not have developed without machine tools, for they enabled manufacturing machines to be made. They have t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Intellectual Paradigms
Industrial Revolution - Capitalist. The advent of The Enlightenment provided an intellectual framework which welcomed the practical app...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Industrial Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Industrial Revolution - Textile Manufacture
In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual artisans, doing the spinning a...   » Read the article