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Industrial processes | A Wisdom Archive on Industrial processes | | Industrial processes A selection of articles related to Industrial processes | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Industrial processes | | | |  Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Leblanc process - Industrial historyLeblanc established the first Leblanc process plant in 1791 in St. Denis. However, the French Revolution seized the plant, along with the rest of Louis Philip's estate, in 1794, and publicized Leblanc's trade secrets. Napoleon I returned the plant to Leblanc in 1801, but lacking the funds to repair it and compete against other soda works that had been established in the meantime, Leblanc committed suicide in 1806.
By the early 1800's, French soda ash producers were making 10,000 - 15,000 tons annually. However, it was in Britain that ...
See also:Leblanc process, Leblanc process - Background, Leblanc process - Chemistry, Leblanc process - Industrial history, Leblanc process - Pollution issues, Leblanc process - Obsolesence Read more here: » Leblanc process: Encyclopedia II - Leblanc process - Industrial history |
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| | | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Cracking chemistry - Chemistry "Cracking" breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. This can be done with a thermic or catalytic method. The thermal cracking process follows a homolytic mechanism, that is, bonds break symmetrically and thus pairs of free radicals are formed. The catalytic cracking process involves the presence of acid catalysts (usually solid acids such as silica-alumina and zeolites) which promote a heterolytic (asymmetric) breakage of bonds yielding pairs of ions of opposite charges, usually a carbocation and the very unstable hydride anion. Carbon-loc ...
See also:Cracking chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Applications, Cracking chemistry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Hydrocracking, Cracking chemistry - Steam Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Thermal Cracking, Cracking chemistry - History Read more here: » Cracking chemistry: Encyclopedia II - Cracking chemistry - Chemistry |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Powder metallurgy - History and capabilities The history of powder metallurgy and the art of metals and ceramics sintering are intimately related. Sintering involves the production of a hard solid metal or ceramic piece from a starting powder. There is evidence that iron powders were fused into hard objects as early as 1200 B.C. In these early manufacturing operations, iron was extracted by hand from metal sponge following reduction and was ...
See also:Powder metallurgy, Powder metallurgy - History and capabilities, Powder metallurgy - Powder metallurgy in space-based manufacturing, Powder metallurgy - Powder Production Techniques, Powder metallurgy - Atomization, Powder metallurgy - Centrifugal disintegration, Powder metallurgy - Other techniques, Powder metallurgy - Powder production in space-based manufacturing, Powder metallurgy - Powder pressing, Powder metallurgy - Continuous powder processing, Powder metallurgy - Special products Read more here: » Powder metallurgy: Encyclopedia II - Powder metallurgy - History and capabilities |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Cracking chemistry - History The first thermal cracking method, the Burton process, was invented by William M. Burton; the oil industry first using it to produce gasoline in 1913.
Catalytic cracking, based upon a process developed by Dr. Alex Golden Oblad at Standard Oil of Indiana has been used from around 1936. Typical catalysts include alumina, silica, zeolites, and various types of clay.
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See also:Cracking chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Applications, Cracking chemistry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Hydrocracking, Cracking chemistry - Steam Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Thermal Cracking, Cracking chemistry - History Read more here: » Cracking chemistry: Encyclopedia II - Cracking chemistry - History |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Forge - Forging Forging is the working of metal by plastic deformation. It is distinguished from machining, the shaping of metal by removing material (drilling, sawing, milling, turning, grinding, etc.), and from casting, wherein metal in its molten state is poured into a mold, whose form it retains on solidifying. The processes of raising, rolling, swaging, and drawing are essentially forging operations although they are not commonly so called because of the special techniques and tooling they require. Some of these techniques are shown in this animation of the ...
See also:Forge, Forge - Forging, Forge - Types of forges, Forge - Coal/coke/charcoal forge, Forge - Gas forge, Forge - Drop forge, Forge - Hydraulic Press Forge Read more here: » Forge: Encyclopedia II - Forge - Forging |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Powder metallurgy - Continuous powder processing The phrase "continuous process" should be used only to describe modes of manufacturing which could be extended indefinitely in time. Normally, however, the term refers to processes whose products are much longer in one physical dimension than in the other two. Compression, rolling, and extrusion are the most common examples.
In a simple compression process, powder flows from a bin onto a two-walled channel and is repeatedly compressed vertically by a horizontally stationary punch. After stripping the compress from the conveyor the com ...
See also:Powder metallurgy, Powder metallurgy - History and capabilities, Powder metallurgy - Powder metallurgy in space-based manufacturing, Powder metallurgy - Powder Production Techniques, Powder metallurgy - Atomization, Powder metallurgy - Centrifugal disintegration, Powder metallurgy - Other techniques, Powder metallurgy - Powder production in space-based manufacturing, Powder metallurgy - Powder pressing, Powder metallurgy - Continuous powder processing, Powder metallurgy - Special products Read more here: » Powder metallurgy: Encyclopedia II - Powder metallurgy - Continuous powder processing |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Powder metallurgy - Powder pressing Although many products such as pills and tablets for medical use are cold-pressed directly from powdered materials, normally the resulting compact is only strong enough to allow subsequent heating and sintering. Release of the compact from its mold is usually accompanied by small volume increase called "spring-back."
In some pressing operations (such as hot isostatic pressing) compact formation and sintering occur simultaneously. This procedure, together with explosion-driven compressive techniques, is used extensively in the producti ...
See also:Powder metallurgy, Powder metallurgy - History and capabilities, Powder metallurgy - Powder metallurgy in space-based manufacturing, Powder metallurgy - Powder Production Techniques, Powder metallurgy - Atomization, Powder metallurgy - Centrifugal disintegration, Powder metallurgy - Other techniques, Powder metallurgy - Powder production in space-based manufacturing, Powder metallurgy - Powder pressing, Powder metallurgy - Continuous powder processing, Powder metallurgy - Special products Read more here: » Powder metallurgy: Encyclopedia II - Powder metallurgy - Powder pressing |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Electrolysis - Experimenters Scientific pioneers of electrolysis included:
Humphry Davy
Michael Faraday
Paul Héroult
Svante Arrhenius
Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe
More recently, electrolysis of heavy water was performed by Fleischmann and Pons in their famous experiment, resulting in anomalous heat generation and the controversial claim of cold fusion.
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See also:Electrolysis, Electrolysis - Overview, Electrolysis - Electrolysis of water, Electrolysis - Experimenters, Electrolysis - First law of electrolysis, Electrolysis - Second law of electrolysis, Electrolysis - Industrial uses, Electrolysis - Domestic uses, Electrolysis - Military uses Read more here: » Electrolysis: Encyclopedia II - Electrolysis - Experimenters |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Electrolysis - Electrolysis of water One important use of electrolysis is to produce hydrogen. In the future, this could play a central role in shifting our society over to a reliance on hydrogen as an energy carrier for powering electric motors and internal combustion engines. (See hydrogen economy.) Electrolysis of water can be achieved in a simple hands-on project, where electricity from a battery is run into a cup of water. Hydrogen gas will be seen to bubble up at one of the immersed battery probes, and oxygen will bubble at the other.
The energy efficiency o ...
See also:Electrolysis, Electrolysis - Overview, Electrolysis - Electrolysis of water, Electrolysis - Experimenters, Electrolysis - First law of electrolysis, Electrolysis - Second law of electrolysis, Electrolysis - Industrial uses, Electrolysis - Domestic uses, Electrolysis - Military uses Read more here: » Electrolysis: Encyclopedia II - Electrolysis - Electrolysis of water |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Electrolysis - Military uses As well as producing hydrogen, electrolysis also produces oxygen. Nuclear submarines are able to generate breathing oxygen from the water around them. This enables submarines to stay underwater for an indefinite period of time.
Space Stations can also use electrolysis to produce extra oxygen from waste water or surplus water produced from the Space Shuttle fuel cells.
Both these applications depend on having an abundant electrical supply, either f ...
See also:Electrolysis, Electrolysis - Overview, Electrolysis - Electrolysis of water, Electrolysis - Experimenters, Electrolysis - First law of electrolysis, Electrolysis - Second law of electrolysis, Electrolysis - Industrial uses, Electrolysis - Domestic uses, Electrolysis - Military uses Read more here: » Electrolysis: Encyclopedia II - Electrolysis - Military uses |
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| | | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Cracking chemistry - History In 1855, petroleum cracking methods were pioneered by Chemistry Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., of Yale University (then Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University). Silliman, like his father, were Skull and Bones members and both Chemistry Professors at SSS.
The first thermal cracking method, the Burton process, was invented by William M. Burton; the oil industry first using it to produce gasoline in 1913.
Catalytic cracking, based upon a process developed by Dr. Alex Golden Oblad at Standard Oil of Indiana has been used from around 1936. Typical catalysts include alumina ...
See also:Cracking chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Applications, Cracking chemistry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Hydrocracking, Cracking chemistry - Steam Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Chemistry, Cracking chemistry - Catalytic Cracking, Cracking chemistry - Thermal Cracking, Cracking chemistry - History Read more here: » Cracking chemistry: Encyclopedia II - Cracking chemistry - History |
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| | | | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Vulcanization - Overview and history The history of vulcanized rubber goes back to prehistoric times. The name "Olmec" means "rubber people" in the Aztec language. Ancient Mesoamericans, spanning from ancient Olmecs to Aztecs, extracted latex from Castilla elastica, a type of rubber tree in the area. The juice of a local vine, Ipomoea alba, was then mixed with this latex to create an ancient vulcanized rubber as early as 1600 BC [1]!
Furthermore, the Aztecs and Mayans created a non-vulcanized rubber by extracting natural rubber latex from the Hevea brasi ...
See also:Vulcanization, Vulcanization - Reason for vulcanizing, Vulcanization - Description, Vulcanization - Overview and history, Vulcanization - Goodyear's contribution, Vulcanization - Subsequent developments Read more here: » Vulcanization: Encyclopedia II - Vulcanization - Overview and history |
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| | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Electrophoretic deposition - Process of electrophoretic deposition In EPD, an electric field is applied to a colloidal suspension of charge particles, causing them to migrate towards an electrode. Such particles include any fine powder like solid less than 30 micrometres across such as polymers, metals and glasses. As the electric field is applied, corresponding pressure is also applied to colloidal particles against the electrode, however, it should be noted that in EPD, particle/electrode reactions are not involved and the coating is formed only due to the pressure exerted by the potential difference between the electr ...
See also:Electrophoretic deposition, Electrophoretic deposition - Process of electrophoretic deposition, Electrophoretic deposition - Factors affecting EPD, Electrophoretic deposition - Uses of EPD Read more here: » Electrophoretic deposition: Encyclopedia II - Electrophoretic deposition - Process of electrophoretic deposition |
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| | | | | | Industrial processes: Encyclopedia II - Vulcanization - Description Vulcanization is an irreversible process, and must be contrasted strongly with thermoplastic processes (the melt-freeze cycle) which characterize the behavior of most modern polymers. This irreversible cure reaction defines cured rubber compounds as thermoset materials, which do not melt on heating, and places them outside the class of thermoplastic materials (like polyethylene and polypropylene). This is a fundamental difference between rubbers and plastics, and sets the conditions for their applications in the real world, their costs, ...
See also:Vulcanization, Vulcanization - Reason for vulcanizing, Vulcanization - Description, Vulcanization - Overview and history, Vulcanization - Goodyear's contribution, Vulcanization - Subsequent developments Read more here: » Vulcanization: Encyclopedia II - Vulcanization - Description |
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