Industrial processes - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Bayer Process: Encyclopedia - Bayer Process
The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of producing alumina, itself important in the Hall-Héroult process for producing alu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ziegler-natta Catalyst: Encyclopedia - Ziegler-natta Catalyst
A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a catalyst used in the production of unbranched, stereoregular vinyl polymers. Ziegler-Natta catalysts are ty...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vulcanization: Encyclopedia - Vulcanization
Vulcanization, or curing, of rubber, is a chemical process in which individual polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry
In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules (e.g. kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are c...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alkylation: Encyclopedia - Alkylation
Alkylation is the transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another. In a standard oil refinery process, alkylation combines low-mo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Crucible Steel: Encyclopedia - Crucible Steel
Austenite (γ-iron; hard) Bainite Martensite Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C) Ferrite (α-iron; soft) Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite)...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrophoretic Deposition: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrophoretic Deposition - Factors Affecting Epd
There are two main solvents used in EPD, water and organic liquids. Organic liquids are usually preferred to water based solutions as in ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Chrome Plating: Encyclopedia Ii - Chrome Plating - Typical Bath Composition And Operation Of The Hexavalent Bath
Chromic acid (CrO3): 250–300 g/l. Sulfuric acid: 2.5–3.0 g/l. Operating Temperature: 45–60 °C. Plating current: 1.55–3.10 kiloam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - Applications
In an oil refinery cracking processes allow the production of "light" products (such as LPG and gasoline) from heavier crude oil distilla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Fourdrinier Machine: Encyclopedia Ii - Fourdrinier Machine - Sections Of The Machine
Fourdrinier machine - Wet end. There are four main sections to the Fourdrinier; the first is typically known as the wet end. Pulp may b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gold Plating: Encyclopedia Ii - Gold Plating - Soldering Issues
Soldering to gold-plated parts can be tricky. Gold dissolves in solder; an alloy of solder which contains more than 5% of gold can become...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Solvay Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Solvay Process - Chemistry
The Solvay process produces sodium carbonate from salt (sodium chloride) and limestone (calcium carbonate). In neutral or basic solutions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Powder Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Powder Metallurgy - Powder Production Techniques
Any fusible material can be atomized. Several techniques have been developed which permit large production rates of powdered particles, o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leblanc Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Leblanc Process - Background
Soda ash and potash (potassium carbonate), collectively termed alkali, are vital chemicals in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vulcanization: Encyclopedia Ii - Vulcanization - Goodyear's Contribution
Most textbooks have it that Charles Goodyear (1800–1860) was first to use sulfur to vulcanize rubber. However we know today that ancien...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Overview
An ionic compound is dissolved with an appropriate solvent, or otherwise melted by heat, so that its ions are available in the liquid. An...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Forge: Encyclopedia Ii - Forge - Types Of Forges
Forge - Coal/coke/charcoal forge. A forge which typically uses bituminous coal, industrial coke or charcoal as the fuel to heat metal. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Haber Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Haber Process - Equilibrium And The Haber Process
The reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen (1) is reversible, meaning the reaction can proceed in either the forward or the reverse direction ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Overview
An ionic compound is dissolved with an appropriate solvent, or otherwise melted by heat, so that its ions are available in the liquid. An...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leblanc Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Leblanc Process - Pollution Issues
The Leblanc process plants were decidedly not environmentally friendly. The process of generating salt cake from salt and sulfuric acid r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leblanc Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Leblanc Process - Industrial History
Leblanc established the first Leblanc process plant in 1791 in St. Denis. However, the French Revolution seized the plant, along with the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Leblanc Process: Encyclopedia Ii - Leblanc Process - Chemistry
The Leblanc process was a batch process in which sodium chloride was subjected to a series of treatments, eventually producing sodium car...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - Chemistry
"Cracking" breaks larger molecules into smaller ones. This can be done with a thermic or catalytic method. The thermal cracking process f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Powder Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Powder Metallurgy - History And Capabilities
The history of powder metallurgy and the art of metals and ceramics sintering are intimately related. Sintering involves the production o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - History
The first thermal cracking method, the Burton process, was invented by William M. Burton; the oil industry first using it to produce gaso...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Forge: Encyclopedia Ii - Forge - Forging
Forging is the working of metal by plastic deformation. It is distinguished from machining, the shaping of metal by removing material (dr...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Powder Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Powder Metallurgy - Continuous Powder Processing
The phrase "continuous process" should be used only to describe modes of manufacturing which could be extended indefinitely in time. Norm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Powder Metallurgy: Encyclopedia Ii - Powder Metallurgy - Powder Pressing
Although many products such as pills and tablets for medical use are cold-pressed directly from powdered materials, normally the resultin...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Experimenters
Scientific pioneers of electrolysis included: Humphry Davy Michael Faraday Paul Héroult Svante Arrhenius Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Electrolysis Of Water
One important use of electrolysis is to produce hydrogen. In the future, this could play a central role in shifting our society over to a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Military Uses
As well as producing hydrogen, electrolysis also produces oxygen. Nuclear submarines are able to generate breathing oxygen from the water...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vulcanization: Encyclopedia Ii - Vulcanization - Reason For Vulcanizing
Uncured natural rubber turns very smelly within a few days as it starts to perish: it gradually goes crumbly and/or breaks up into a wet ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cracking Chemistry: Encyclopedia Ii - Cracking Chemistry - History
In 1855, petroleum cracking methods were pioneered by Chemistry Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., of Yale University (then Sheffield Scie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Electrolysis Of Water
One important use of electrolysis is to produce hydrogen. The reaction that occurs is 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) In the future, this co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Experimenters
Scientific pioneers of electrolysis included: Humphry Davy Michael Faraday Paul Héroult Svante Arrhenius Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vulcanization: Encyclopedia Ii - Vulcanization - Overview And History
The history of vulcanized rubber goes back to prehistoric times. The name "Olmec" means "rubber people" in the Aztec language. Ancient Me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrophoretic Deposition: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrophoretic Deposition - Process Of Electrophoretic Deposition
In EPD, an electric field is applied to a colloidal suspension of charge particles, causing them to migrate towards an electrode. Such pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Electrolysis: Encyclopedia Ii - Electrolysis - Military Uses
As well as producing hydrogen, electrolysis also produces oxygen. Nuclear submarines are able to generate breathing oxygen from the water...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vulcanization: Encyclopedia Ii - Vulcanization - Description
Vulcanization is an irreversible process, and must be contrasted strongly with thermoplastic processes (the melt-freeze cycle) which char...   » Read the article