Indo-Parthian Kingdom

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See also:

Indo-Parthian Kingdom, Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Origins, Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Secession from Parthia, Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Main Indo-Parthian rulers

Read more here: » Indo-Parthian Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Parthian Kingdom - Main Indo-Parthian rulers

The Greco-Bactrians were a dynasty of Greek kings who controlled Bactria and Sogdiana, an area comprising today's northern Afghanistan and parts of Central Asia, the easternmost area of the Hellenistic world, from 250 to 125 BCE. Their expansion into northern India established the Indo-Greek Kingdom, which was to last until around 10 CE. Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Independence from the Seleucid Empire 250 BCE. The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded by the Seleucid military governor of Bactria Diodotus around ...

Including:

• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Independence from the Seleucid Empire 250 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid dynasty 230 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Conflict with the Seleucid empire and Parthia
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Greek culture in Bactria
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with India 250–180
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Expansion into India after 180 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation of Eucratides
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Defeat against Parthia
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Nomadic invasions
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - First Yueh-Chih expansion c. 162 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Second Yueh-Chih expansion c. 120 BCE
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Main Greco-Bactrian kings and territories
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Diodotus
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Euthydemus
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Eucratides
• Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Greco-Bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Kushan Empire (c. 1st–3rd centuries) was a state that at its height, about 105–250, stretched from Tajikistan to the Caspian Sea to Afghanistan and down into the Ganges river valley in northern India. The empire was created by the Kushan tribe of the Yuezhi, a people from modern Xinjiang, China, possibly related to the Tocharians. They had diplomatic contacts with Rome, Sassanian Persia and China, and for several centuries were at the center of exchange between the East and the West. Kushan Empire - Origins. < ...

Including:

• Kushan Empire - Origins
• Kushan Empire - A multi-cultural Empire
• Kushan Empire - Heraios 1-30 CE
• Kushan Empire - Kujula Kadphises 30-80 CE
• Kushan Empire - Vima Taktu 80-105 CE
• Kushan Empire - Vima Kadphises 105-127 CE
• Kushan Empire - Kanishka I 127-147 CE
• Kushan Empire - The Kushans and Buddhism
• Kushan Empire - Depiction of Kushan devotees in the art of Gandhara
• Kushan Empire - Contacts with Rome
• Kushan Empire - Contacts with China
• Kushan Empire - Decline
• Kushan Empire - Main Kushan rulers

Read more here: » Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia - Kushan Empire

The Indo-Greeks (or sometimes Greco-Indians) designate a series of Greek kings, who invaded and controlled parts of northwest and northern India from 180 BCE to around 10 CE. They were the successors in India of the Greco-Bactrian dynasty of Greek kings (the Euthydemids) founded by the military governor Diodotus around 250 BCE when he established the independence of his Bactrian territory from the Seleucid Empire. During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings combined the Greek and Indian languages and sym ...

Including:

• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Historical outline
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of Northern India
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Indian culture
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The conversion of Menander
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist proselytism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist symbolism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Representation of the Buddha
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and other faiths
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Scythian and Kushan invasions
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Aftermaths
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Main Indo-Greek kings timeline and territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greek princelets Gandhara
• Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia - Indo-Greek Kingdom

The coinage of Apollodotus is, together with that of Menander, one of the most abundant of the Indo-Greek kings. It is found mainly in the provinces of Punjab, Sindh and Gujarat, indicating the southern limit of the Indo-Greek expansion in India. This is confirmed by the Periplus, a 1st century CE document on trade in the Indian Ocean, which describes the remnants of Greek presence (shrines, barracks, wells, coinage) in the strategic port of Barygaza (Bharuch) in Gujarat. Strabo (XI) also describes the occupation of Patalene (Indus ...

See also:

Apollodotus I, Apollodotus I - Ruler of the Indo-Greek kingdom, Apollodotus I - An abundant multi-cultural coinage

Read more here: » Apollodotus I: Encyclopedia II - Apollodotus I - An abundant multi-cultural coinage

However, the king of Justin's quote is not easily reconciled with the numismatical evidence, and views are divided as for how to interpret the various coinage series bearing the name Demetrius. The upper coin shown here was struck either by Demetrius I or II, whereas the nether has been said to belong to either of them or even a later king Demetrius III. The best account is probably done by numismatican Bopearachchi (1991); he singles out three kings named Demetrius. Demetrius I reigned c. 200- 185 BCE, well before the rise of Eucrati ...

See also:

Demetrius II of India, Demetrius II of India - The enigma of Demetrius of India, Demetrius II of India - Notes

Read more here: » Demetrius II of India: Encyclopedia II - Demetrius II of India - The enigma of Demetrius of India

Main article: Greco-Buddhism The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the Greek populations of the northwestern Indian subcontinent (in today's Afghanistan and ancient Gandhara) had already welcomed Buddhism by around 250 BCE: "Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions ...

See also:

Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Historical outline, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Occupation of Northern India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Indian culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The conversion of Menander, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist proselytism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhist symbolism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Representation of the Buddha, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and other faiths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Scythian and Kushan invasions, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Aftermaths, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Main Indo-Greek kings timeline and territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greek princelets Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - The Indo-Greeks and Buddhism

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China. To the north, Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and there are indications that from Alexandria Eschate the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar and Urumqi in Chinese Turkestan, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BCE. The Greek historian Strabo too writes that: "they extended their empire even as far as the Seres (Chinese) and the Phryni" (Strabo ...

See also:

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Independence from the Seleucid Empire 250 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid dynasty 230 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Conflict with the Seleucid empire and Parthia, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Greek culture in Bactria, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with India 250–180, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Expansion into India after 180 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation of Eucratides, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Defeat against Parthia, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Nomadic invasions, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - First Yueh-Chih expansion c. 162 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Second Yueh-Chih expansion c. 120 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Main Greco-Bactrian kings and territories, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Diodotus, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Euthydemus, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Eucratides, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Greco-Bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion

Amyntas minted the largest silver coins of Antiquity: some of his coins were double-decadrachms, of a weight of 85g. These huge coins were found on the archeological site of Qunduz in Afghanistan. His portraits as well as his choice of obverses (either Zeus sitting, or as above, Tyche in an identical position) suggest that Amyntas was a relative of Antialcidas. His main coin type is Zeus seated, holding a victory palm in the right hand, and in the right hand holding Athena who is forming the vitarka mudra. Some of his rarer typ ...

See also:

Amyntas, Amyntas - Coinage, Amyntas - Notes

Read more here: » Amyntas: Encyclopedia II - Amyntas - Coinage

Zoilos II has three main types of coins: "King in profile, with Athena and trident", "Apollo, with tripod and small elephant", "Elephant and tripod". Zoilos II with Athena. Apollo holding arrow, with small elephant on the left. Tripod on reverse. Elephant and tripod. ...

See also:

Zoilos II, Zoilos II - Coin types of Zoilos II, Zoilos II - Monograms

Read more here: » Zoilos II: Encyclopedia II - Zoilos II - Coin types of Zoilos II

One overstrike is known, of a coin of Strato and Agathokleia over a coin of Diomedes, suggesting that Diomedes may have been an earlier king, about 120 BCE [1]. ...

See also:

King Diomedes, King Diomedes - Overstrikes, King Diomedes - Notes

Read more here: » King Diomedes: Encyclopedia II - King Diomedes - Overstrikes

A Chinese historical record from the Hou Hanshu seems to indicate that Hermaeus received the support of the Chinese against Indo-Scythian occupants, and may explain why his kingdom was suddenly so prosperous despite the general decline of the Indo-Greek during the period. The Chinese records would put Hermaeus's dates later, with his reign ending around 40 BCE. According to the Hou Hanshu, W'ou-Ti-Lao (Spalirises), king of Ki-pin (Kophen, upper Kabul valley), killed some Chinese envoys. After the death of the king, his son (Spaladagam ...

See also:

King Hermaeus, King Hermaeus - A prosperous reign, King Hermaeus - Hermaeus and Kalliope, King Hermaeus - Contacts with China, King Hermaeus - Biblical connection

Read more here: » King Hermaeus: Encyclopedia II - King Hermaeus - Contacts with China

In addition to the worship of the Classical pantheon of the Greek deities found on their coins (Zeus, Herakles, Athena, Apollo...), the Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism. Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism. Main article: Greco-Buddhism The Edicts of Ashoka, inscribed during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka (273-232 BCE), claim that the Greek populations of the northwestern Indian subcontinent (in today's Afghani ...

See also:

Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Early History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Evidence of the initial invasion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Consolidation and rise of Menander I, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Bactrian invasions against Indo-Greek Kingdoms, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Culture, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Buddhism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Hinduism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Zoroastrianism, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Incipient Greco-Buddhist art, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Indo-Greeks in the art of Gandhara, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Economy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Armed forces, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Later History, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Eastern territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Western territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Enduring legacy of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Art and religion, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Astronomy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Military role, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Linguistic legacy, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Influence of Indo-Greek coinage, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Genetic contribution, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Greco-Roman exchanges with India, Indo-Greek Kingdom - List of the Indo-Greek kings and their territories, Indo-Greek Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Indo-Greek Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Greek Kingdom - Religion

Heliocles II seems to have been the successor of Strato I in Punjab - the two share several coinmarks. Still, the coins of Heliocles II are quite unlike those of the "Eastern" house to which Strato belonged; instead, he is more readily associated with the "Western" house of Eucratides I and Heliocles I. The portraits of the coins of the second Heliocles are very alike those of Antialcidas who seems to have been an important Western king. This seemningly paradox might be explained as follows: In the years before 100 BCE the eastern Ind ...

See also:

Heliokles II, Heliokles II - A relative of the western king Antialcidas?, Heliokles II - Overstrikes, Heliokles II - Notes

Read more here: » Heliokles II: Encyclopedia II - Heliokles II - A relative of the western king Antialcidas?

There are many records of the Sunga empire persecuting Buddhism, but on the contrary Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and it has been suggested that their invasion of India was not only intended to show their support for the philhellenic Mauryan empire, but also to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the Sungas. Demetrius I of Bactria - Coinage & connection with Buddhism. The coins of Demetrius are of four types. One bilingual type with Greek and Kharoshthi lege ...

See also:

Demetrius I of Bactria, Demetrius I of Bactria - Invasion of India, Demetrius I of Bactria - Aftermaths, Demetrius I of Bactria - Demetrius and Buddhism, Demetrius I of Bactria - Coinage & connection with Buddhism, Demetrius I of Bactria - Indian sources, Demetrius I of Bactria - Greco-Buddhist art

Read more here: » Demetrius I of Bactria: Encyclopedia II - Demetrius I of Bactria - Demetrius and Buddhism

In the following century, the Yuezhi tribe of the Guishuang (Ch: 貴霜) gained prominence over the others, and welded them into a tight confederation. The name Guishuang was adopted in the West and modified into Kushan to designate the confederation, although the Chinese continued to call them Yuezhi. Gradually wresting control of the area from the Scythian tribes, the Kushans expanded south into the region traditionally known as Gandhara (An area lying primarily in Pakistan's Pothowar, and NWFP region but ...

See also:

Kushan Empire, Kushan Empire - Origins, Kushan Empire - A multi-cultural Empire, Kushan Empire - Heraios 1-30 CE, Kushan Empire - Kujula Kadphises 30-80 CE, Kushan Empire - Vima Taktu 80-105 CE, Kushan Empire - Vima Kadphises 105-127 CE, Kushan Empire - Kanishka I 127-147 CE, Kushan Empire - The Kushans and Buddhism, Kushan Empire - Depiction of Kushan devotees in the art of Gandhara, Kushan Empire - Contacts with Rome, Kushan Empire - Contacts with China, Kushan Empire - Decline, Kushan Empire - Main Kushan rulers

Read more here: » Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia II - Kushan Empire - A multi-cultural Empire

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China. To the north, Euthydemus also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and there are indications that from Alexandria Eschate the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar and Urumqi in Chinese Turkestan, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BCE. The Greek historian Strabo too writes that: "they extended their empire even as far as th ...

See also:

Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Independence from the Seleucid Empire 250 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - The Euthydemid dynasty 230 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Conflict with the Seleucid empire and Parthia, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Greek culture in Bactria, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with Eastern Central Asia and China, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Contacts with India 250–180, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Expansion into India after 180 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Usurpation of Eucratides, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Defeat against Parthia, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Nomadic invasions, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - First Yueh-Chih expansion c. 162 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Second Yueh-Chih expansion c. 120 BCE, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Main Greco-Bactrian kings and territories, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Diodotus, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Euthydemus, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - House of Eucratides, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Notes

Read more here: » Greco-Bactrian Kingdom: Encyclopedia II - Greco-Bactrian Kingdom - Geographic expansion

From the 3rd century the Kushan empire began to fragment. Around 225 Vasudeva I died and the Kushan empire was divided into western and eastern halves. Around 224–240, the Sasanians invaded Bactria and Northern India, where they are known as the Indo-Sassanians. Around 270, the Kushans lost their territories on the Gangetic plain, where the Gupta Empire was established around 320. During the middle of the 4th century CE a Kushan vassal in Pakistan, named Kidara, rose to power and overthrew the old Kushan dynasty. He cr ...

See also:

Kushan Empire, Kushan Empire - Origins, Kushan Empire - A multi-cultural Empire, Kushan Empire - Heraios 1-30 CE, Kushan Empire - Kujula Kadphises 30-80 CE, Kushan Empire - Vima Taktu 80-105 CE, Kushan Empire - Vima Kadphises 105-127 CE, Kushan Empire - Kanishka I 127-147 CE, Kushan Empire - The Kushans and Buddhism, Kushan Empire - Depiction of Kushan devotees in the art of Gandhara, Kushan Empire - Contacts with Rome, Kushan Empire - Contacts with China, Kushan Empire - Decline, Kushan Empire - Main Kushan rulers

Read more here: » Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia II - Kushan Empire - Decline

During the 1st and 2nd century, the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north and occupied parts of the Tarim Basin, their original grounds, putting them at the center of the profitable Central Asian commerce with the Roman Empire. They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion, particularly when they collaborated with the Chinese general Ban Chao against the Sogdians in 84 CE, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of Kashgar. Around 85 CE, they also assisted the Chinese gen ...

See also:

Kushan Empire, Kushan Empire - Origins, Kushan Empire - A multi-cultural Empire, Kushan Empire - Heraios 1-30 CE, Kushan Empire - Kujula Kadphises 30-80 CE, Kushan Empire - Vima Taktu 80-105 CE, Kushan Empire - Vima Kadphises 105-127 CE, Kushan Empire - Kanishka I 127-147 CE, Kushan Empire - The Kushans and Buddhism, Kushan Empire - Depiction of Kushan devotees in the art of Gandhara, Kushan Empire - Contacts with Rome, Kushan Empire - Contacts with China, Kushan Empire - Decline, Kushan Empire - Main Kushan rulers

Read more here: » Kushan Empire: Encyclopedia II - Kushan Empire - Contacts with China

100 - Events. Pliny the Younger advances to consulship. The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China. Lions have become extinct in Europe by this date. Tiberius Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends Hopewell culture begins in what is now Ohio circa this date Fourth Buddhist Council is convened circa this year Pakores last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom takes the throne Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Ha ...

Including:

• 100 - Events
• 100 - Births
• 100 - Deaths

Read more here: » 100: Encyclopedia - 100