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Indo-European ablaut | A Wisdom Archive on Indo-European ablaut | | Indo-European ablaut A selection of articles related to Indo-European ablaut | |
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Indo-European ablaut
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Indo-European ablaut | | | |  Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European copula - The resulting paradigms
Indo-European copula - Germanic languages.
Main article: Germanic verb
Old English kept the verbs wesan and bēon separate throughout the present stem, though it is not clear that they made the kind of consistent distinction in usage that we find, for example in Spanish. In the preterite, however, the paradigms fell together. Old English has no participle for this verb.
Indo-European copula - Latin and Romance languages ...
See also:Indo-European copula, Indo-European copula - General features, Indo-European copula - The Proto-Indo-European roots, Indo-European copula - *h1es-, Indo-European copula - *bhuH-, Indo-European copula - *wes-, Indo-European copula - *h1er-, Indo-European copula - *steh2-, Indo-European copula - The resulting paradigms, Indo-European copula - Germanic languages, Indo-European copula - Latin and Romance languages, Indo-European copula - Balto-Slavic languages, Indo-European copula - Celtic languages Read more here: » Indo-European copula: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European copula - The resulting paradigms |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Numbers The numbers are generally reconstructed as follows:
Lehmann (1993, 252-255) believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed separately in the dialects groups and that *ḱm̥tóm originally meant "a large number" rather than specifically "one hundred."
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See also:Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European language - Phonology, Proto-Indo-European language - Consonants, Proto-Indo-European language - Vowels, Proto-Indo-European language - Ablaut, Proto-Indo-European language - Noun, Proto-Indo-European language - Pronoun, Proto-Indo-European language - Verb, Proto-Indo-European language - Numbers, Proto-Indo-European language - Relationship to other language families, Proto-Indo-European language - Sample texts Read more here: » Proto-Indo-European language: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Numbers |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Umlaut - In computing
Umlaut - Entering umlauts in HTML.
Most character encodings treat the umlaut as the same diacritic mark as the diaeresis. In HTML, vowels with umlauts or diaereses can be entered with an entity reference of the form &?uml;, where ? can be any of a, e, i, o, u, y or their majuscule counterparts. With the exception of the uppercase Ÿ, these characters are also available in all of the ISO 8859 characte ...
See also:Umlaut, Umlaut - Vowel modification, Umlaut - Germanic umlaut, Umlaut - Umlaut in English and German, Umlaut - Umlaut in Germanic verbs, Umlaut - Umlaut in other languages, Umlaut - Umlaut as a broader term, Umlaut - Diacritical mark, Umlaut - History, Umlaut - Printing conventions in German, Umlaut - Similar graphemes in other languages, Umlaut - Use of the diacritic for special effects, Umlaut - In computing, Umlaut - Entering umlauts in HTML, Umlaut - Entering umlauts via special key sequences, Umlaut - Bibliography Read more here: » Umlaut: Encyclopedia II - Umlaut - In computing |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Nouns Ancient Greek nouns have three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative). The two major noun declensions are the vowel declension and the consonant declension. The vowel declension is split into the alpha-declension and the omicron-declension. There is also the minor consonant declension.
A ...
See also:Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Sound changes, Ancient Greek - Sounds, Ancient Greek - Vowels, Ancient Greek - Consonants, Ancient Greek - Consonant classes, Ancient Greek - Consonant contractions, Ancient Greek - Compensatory lengthening, Ancient Greek - Augment, Ancient Greek - Reduplication, Ancient Greek - Grammatical forms, Ancient Greek - Nouns, Ancient Greek - Alpha Declension, Ancient Greek - Omicron Declension, Ancient Greek - The Article, Ancient Greek - Numerals, Ancient Greek - Verbs, Ancient Greek - Principal parts, Ancient Greek - Present tense, Ancient Greek - Contracted verbs, Ancient Greek - Future tense, Ancient Greek - Aorist tense, Ancient Greek - Perfect tense, Ancient Greek - Deponents semi-deponents, Ancient Greek - Sample paradigms, Ancient Greek - Subordination rules and verbs meaning Read more here: » Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Nouns |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Sounds The pronunciation of Post-Classic Greek changed considerably from Ancient Greek, although the orthography still reflects features of the older language (see W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca – a guide to the pronunciation of Classical Greek). For a detailed description on the phonology changes from Ancient to Hellenistic periods of the Greek language, see the article on Koine Greek.
The examples below are intended to represent Attic Greek in the 5th century BC. Although ancient pronunciation can never be reconstructed with certaint ...
See also:Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Sound changes, Ancient Greek - Sounds, Ancient Greek - Vowels, Ancient Greek - Consonants, Ancient Greek - Consonant classes, Ancient Greek - Consonant contractions, Ancient Greek - Compensatory lengthening, Ancient Greek - Augment, Ancient Greek - Reduplication, Ancient Greek - Grammatical forms, Ancient Greek - Nouns, Ancient Greek - Alpha Declension, Ancient Greek - Omicron Declension, Ancient Greek - The Article, Ancient Greek - Numerals, Ancient Greek - Verbs, Ancient Greek - Principal parts, Ancient Greek - Present tense, Ancient Greek - Contracted verbs, Ancient Greek - Future tense, Ancient Greek - Aorist tense, Ancient Greek - Perfect tense, Ancient Greek - Deponents semi-deponents, Ancient Greek - Sample paradigms, Ancient Greek - Subordination rules and verbs meaning Read more here: » Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Sounds |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Sound changes These sound changes since Proto-Greek affect most or all Ancient Greek dialects:
Syllabic /r/, /l/ become /ro/ and /lo/ in Mycenean Greek and Aeolic Greek; otherwise /ra/ and /la/, but /ar/ and /al/ before resonants and analogously.
Loss of /h/ from original /s/ (except initially) and of /j/.
Loss of /w/ in many dialects (later than loss of /h/ and /j/).
Loss of labiovelars, which were converted (mostly) into labials, sometimes into dentals or velars.
Contraction of adjacent vowels resulting f ...
See also:Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Sound changes, Ancient Greek - Sounds, Ancient Greek - Vowels, Ancient Greek - Consonants, Ancient Greek - Consonant classes, Ancient Greek - Consonant contractions, Ancient Greek - Compensatory lengthening, Ancient Greek - Augment, Ancient Greek - Reduplication, Ancient Greek - Grammatical forms, Ancient Greek - Nouns, Ancient Greek - Alpha Declension, Ancient Greek - Omicron Declension, Ancient Greek - The Article, Ancient Greek - Numerals, Ancient Greek - Verbs, Ancient Greek - Principal parts, Ancient Greek - Present tense, Ancient Greek - Contracted verbs, Ancient Greek - Future tense, Ancient Greek - Aorist tense, Ancient Greek - Perfect tense, Ancient Greek - Deponents semi-deponents, Ancient Greek - Sample paradigms, Ancient Greek - Subordination rules and verbs meaning Read more here: » Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Sound changes |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Verb The Indo-European verb system is complex and exhibits a system of ablaut, as is still visible in the Germanic languages (among others)—for example, the vowel in the English verb to sing varies according to the conjugation of the verb: sing, sang, and sung.
The system is clearly represented in Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit, two of the most completely attested of ...
See also:Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European language - Phonology, Proto-Indo-European language - Consonants, Proto-Indo-European language - Vowels, Proto-Indo-European language - Ablaut, Proto-Indo-European language - Noun, Proto-Indo-European language - Pronoun, Proto-Indo-European language - Verb, Proto-Indo-European language - Numbers, Proto-Indo-European language - Relationship to other language families, Proto-Indo-European language - Sample texts Read more here: » Proto-Indo-European language: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Verb |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Numerals The numerals from 1 to 10 are:
Numbers one through four are declined.
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See also:Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Sound changes, Ancient Greek - Sounds, Ancient Greek - Vowels, Ancient Greek - Consonants, Ancient Greek - Consonant classes, Ancient Greek - Consonant contractions, Ancient Greek - Compensatory lengthening, Ancient Greek - Augment, Ancient Greek - Reduplication, Ancient Greek - Grammatical forms, Ancient Greek - Nouns, Ancient Greek - Alpha Declension, Ancient Greek - Omicron Declension, Ancient Greek - The Article, Ancient Greek - Numerals, Ancient Greek - Verbs, Ancient Greek - Principal parts, Ancient Greek - Present tense, Ancient Greek - Contracted verbs, Ancient Greek - Future tense, Ancient Greek - Aorist tense, Ancient Greek - Perfect tense, Ancient Greek - Deponents semi-deponents, Ancient Greek - Sample paradigms, Ancient Greek - Subordination rules and verbs meaning Read more here: » Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Numerals |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Pronoun PIE pronouns are difficult to reconstruct due to their variety in later languages. This is especially the case for demonstrative pronouns.
PIE had personal pronouns in the first and second person, but not the third person, where demonstratives were used instead. The personal pronouns had their own unique forms and endings, and some had two distinct stems; this is most obvious in the first person singular, where the two stems are still preserved in English I and me. According to Beekes (1995), there were also two varieties for the accusative, gen ...
See also:Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European language - Phonology, Proto-Indo-European language - Consonants, Proto-Indo-European language - Vowels, Proto-Indo-European language - Ablaut, Proto-Indo-European language - Noun, Proto-Indo-European language - Pronoun, Proto-Indo-European language - Verb, Proto-Indo-European language - Numbers, Proto-Indo-European language - Relationship to other language families, Proto-Indo-European language - Sample texts Read more here: » Proto-Indo-European language: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Pronoun |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek The Greek language had started shaping in local forms even before the settling of the Greek-speaking tribes into Greece, yet the actual dialectic variation took place afterwards. Throughout history the Greek language is presented in a number of dialects that did not apply on fixed geographical borders, and even if it did, those borders would be constantly altered because of the frequent migrations of the Hellenic peoples. According to its linguistic variations, the Ancient Greek language of the Archaic and Classic period ...
See also:Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Sound changes, Ancient Greek - Sounds, Ancient Greek - Vowels, Ancient Greek - Consonants, Ancient Greek - Consonant classes, Ancient Greek - Consonant contractions, Ancient Greek - Compensatory lengthening, Ancient Greek - Augment, Ancient Greek - Reduplication, Ancient Greek - Grammatical forms, Ancient Greek - Nouns, Ancient Greek - Alpha Declension, Ancient Greek - Omicron Declension, Ancient Greek - The Article, Ancient Greek - Numerals, Ancient Greek - Verbs, Ancient Greek - Principal parts, Ancient Greek - Present tense, Ancient Greek - Contracted verbs, Ancient Greek - Future tense, Ancient Greek - Aorist tense, Ancient Greek - Perfect tense, Ancient Greek - Deponents semi-deponents, Ancient Greek - Sample paradigms, Ancient Greek - Subordination rules and verbs meaning Read more here: » Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek |
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| | | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Germanic languages - History All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law. These took place probably during the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe from ca. 500 BC, but other common innovations separating Germanic from Proto-Indo European suggest a common history of pre-Proto-Germanic speakers throughout the Nordic Bronze Age.
From the time of their earliest attestation, the Germanic dialects are divided into three groups, West, Ea ...
See also:Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison Read more here: » Germanic languages: Encyclopedia II - Germanic languages - History |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Germanic languages - Writing Our earliest evidence of Germanic is from names, recorded in the 1st century by Tacitus, and in a single instance in the 2nd century BC, on the Negau helmet. From roughly the 2nd century AD, some speakers of early Germanic dialects developed the Elder Futhark. Early runic inscriptons are also largely limited to personal names, and difficult to interpret. The Gothic language was written in the Gothic alphabet developed by Bishop Ulfilas for his translation of the Bible in the 4th century. Later, Christian priests and monks who spoke and read ...
See also:Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Characteristics of some Germanic languages, Germanic languages - Writing, Germanic languages - Linguistic Markers, Germanic languages - History, Germanic languages - Classification, Germanic languages - Vocabulary comparison Read more here: » Germanic languages: Encyclopedia II - Germanic languages - Writing |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut and grammatical function In PIE, there were already ablaut differences within the paradigms of verbs and nouns. These were not the main markers of grammatical form, since the inflection system served this purpose, but they must have been significant secondary markers.
As an example of ablaut in the paradigm of the noun in PIE, we might take *pértus, from which we get the English words ford and (via Latin) port.
An example in ...
See also:Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut in Proto-Indo-European, Indo-European ablaut - The zero grade, Indo-European ablaut - The a-grade, Indo-European ablaut - Subsequent development of ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut and grammatical function, Indo-European ablaut - Bibliography Read more here: » Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut and grammatical function |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - Subsequent development of ablaut Although PIE only had this one, basically regular ablaut sequence, the development in the daughter languages is frequently far more complicated, and few reflect the original system as neatly as Greek. Various factors such as vowel harmony, assimilation with nasals, or the effect of the presence of laryngeals in the Indo-European roots and their subsequent loss in most daughter languages, mean that a language may have several different vowels representing a single vowel in the parent language. Thus while ablaut survives in some form in all In ...
See also:Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut in Proto-Indo-European, Indo-European ablaut - The zero grade, Indo-European ablaut - The a-grade, Indo-European ablaut - Subsequent development of ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut and grammatical function, Indo-European ablaut - Bibliography Read more here: » Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - Subsequent development of ablaut |
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| | | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut in Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European had a characteristic general ablaut sequence that contrasted the vowel phonemes e/ē/o/ō/ø through the same root. This means that the basic vowel, a short /e/, could be replaced by a long /e/, a short /o/ or a long /o/, or it could be omitted. When a syllable had a short e, it is said to be in the "e-grade"; when it had no vowel, it is said to be in the zero grade, etc.
The historical development in pre-Indo-European will presumably have been that the original e-grade, which could be long or short, underwe ...
See also:Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut in Proto-Indo-European, Indo-European ablaut - The zero grade, Indo-European ablaut - The a-grade, Indo-European ablaut - Subsequent development of ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut and grammatical function, Indo-European ablaut - Bibliography Read more here: » Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut in Proto-Indo-European |
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