Encyclopedia - Indo-european Ablaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Ablaut - The Zero Grade
The zero grade of ablaut is the one which causes most people the greatest difficulty. In the case of *ph2trós, which may already in PIE ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia - Apophony
In linguistics, apophony (also ablaut, gradation, alternation, internal modification, stem modification, stem alternation, replacive morp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia Ii - Apophony - Types Of Apophony
Apophony may involve various types of alternations, including vowels, consonants, prosodic elements (such as tone, syllable length), and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia Ii - Apophony - Vowel Alternation In Indo-european
In Indo-European linguistics, ablaut is the vowel alternation that produces such related words as sing, sang, sung, and song. The differe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia - Umlaut
The term umlaut is used for two closely related notions: a special kind of vowel modification and a particular diacritic mark. Umlaut - V...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek refers to the stage in the history of the Greek language corresponding to Classical Antiquity, which normally applies to tw...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia Ii - Apophony - Description
Apophony is exemplified in English as the internal vowel alternations that produce such related words as sing, sang, sung, song rise, ra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia Ii - Apophony - Apophony Vs. Transfixation Root-and-pattern
The nonconcatenative root-and-pattern morphology of the Afro-Asiatic languages is sometimes described in terms of apophony. The alternati...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia Ii - Apophony - Replacive Morphemes & Apophony
Another analytical perspective on sound alternations treats the phenomena not as merely alternation but rather a "replacive" morpheme tha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia Ii - Apophony - Ablaut Vs. Umlaut
The Germanic scholars who coined the terms ablaut and umlaut in the 19th century used them to distinguish two types of vowel alternation ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apophony: Encyclopedia Ii - Apophony - Ablaut-motivated Compounding
Ablaut reduplication or ablaut-motivated compounding is a type of word formation of "expressives" in English (such as onomatopoeia). Exam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Reich: Encyclopedia Ii - Reich - Historical Usage
The term Reich means and was part of the German names for Germany for much of its history. The German name for the "Holy Roman Empire of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greek - Verbs
The Ancient Greek verbal system is extremely archaic, maintaining nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European. It includes a disti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proto-indo-european Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Proto-indo-european Language - Phonology
Proto-Indo-European is conjectured to have used the following phonemes. See Indo-European languages for a summary of how these sounds evo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Copula - The Proto-indo-european Roots
Indo-European copula - *h1es-. The root *h1es- was certainly already a copula in Proto-Indo-European. The e-grade (see Indo-European ab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut - Diacritical Mark
accent acute accent ( ˊ ) double acute accent ( ˝ ) grave accent ( ˋ ) breve ( ˘ ) caron / háček ( ˇ ) cedilla ( ¸ ) circumflex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germanic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Germanic Languages - Classification
Note that divisions between subfamilies of Germanic are rarely precisely defined; most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects bei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut - Vowel Modification
Umlaut - Germanic umlaut. In linguistics, the process of umlaut (from German um- "changed", "transformation" + Laut "sound") is a modif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Copula - General Features
This verb has two basic meanings. In a less marked context it is a simple copula (I'm tired; That's a shame!), a function which in non-In...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germanic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Germanic Languages - Vocabulary Comparison
Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form 'Sterben' and other terms for 'die' are cognate wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Copula: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Copula - The Resulting Paradigms
Indo-European copula - Germanic languages. Main article: Germanic verb Old English kept the verbs wesan and bēon separate throughout...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proto-indo-european Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Proto-indo-european Language - Numbers
The numbers are generally reconstructed as follows: Lehmann (1993, 252-255) believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Umlaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Umlaut - In Computing
Umlaut - Entering umlauts in HTML. Most character encodings treat the umlaut as the same diacritic mark as the diaeresis. In HTML, vowe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greek - Nouns
Ancient Greek nouns have three numbers (singular, dual, and plural), three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and five cases (nomi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greek - Sounds
The pronunciation of Post-Classic Greek changed considerably from Ancient Greek, although the orthography still reflects features of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greek - Sound Changes
These sound changes since Proto-Greek affect most or all Ancient Greek dialects: Syllabic /r/, /l/ become /ro/ and /lo/ in Mycenean Gree...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proto-indo-european Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Proto-indo-european Language - Verb
The Indo-European verb system is complex and exhibits a system of ablaut, as is still visible in the Germanic languages (among others)—...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greek - Numerals
The numerals from 1 to 10 are: Numbers one through four are declined. ... See also:Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Proto-indo-european Language: Encyclopedia Ii - Proto-indo-european Language - Pronoun
PIE pronouns are difficult to reconstruct due to their variety in later languages. This is especially the case for demonstrative pronouns...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia Ii - Ancient Greek - Dialects Of Ancient Greek
The Greek language had started shaping in local forms even before the settling of the Greek-speaking tribes into Greece, yet the actual d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germanic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Germanic Languages - Vocabulary Comparison
Several of the terms in the table below have had semantic drift. For example, the form 'Sterben' and other terms for 'die' are cognate wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germanic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Germanic Languages - History
All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Germanic Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Germanic Languages - Writing
Our earliest evidence of Germanic is from names, recorded in the 1st century by Tacitus, and in a single instance in the 2nd century BC, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Ablaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Ablaut - Ablaut And Grammatical Function
In PIE, there were already ablaut differences within the paradigms of verbs and nouns. These were not the main markers of grammatical for...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Ablaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Ablaut - Subsequent Development Of Ablaut
Although PIE only had this one, basically regular ablaut sequence, the development in the daughter languages is frequently far more compl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-european Ablaut: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-european Ablaut - Ablaut In Proto-indo-european
Proto-Indo-European had a characteristic general ablaut sequence that contrasted the vowel phonemes e/ē/o/ō/ø through the same root. T...   » Read the article