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Indo-European ablaut | A Wisdom Archive on Indo-European ablaut | | Indo-European ablaut A selection of articles related to Indo-European ablaut | |
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More material related to Indo-european Ablaut can be found here:
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Indo-European ablaut
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ARTICLES RELATED TO Indo-European ablaut | | | |  Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - The zero gradeThe zero grade of ablaut is the one which causes most people the greatest difficulty. In the case of *ph2trós, which may already in PIE have been pronounced something like /pət-'ros/, it is not difficult to imagine this as a contraction of an older *ph2terós, pronounced perhaps /pət-er-'os/, as this combination of consonants and vowels would be possible in English too. In other cases, however, the absence of a vowel strikes the speaker of ...
See also:Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut in Proto-Indo-European, Indo-European ablaut - The zero grade, Indo-European ablaut - The a-grade, Indo-European ablaut - Subsequent development of ablaut, Indo-European ablaut - Ablaut and grammatical function, Indo-European ablaut - Bibliography Read more here: » Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European ablaut - The zero grade |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Types of apophony Apophony may involve various types of alternations, including vowels, consonants, prosodic elements (such as tone, syllable length), and even smaller features, such as nasality (on vowels).
The sound alternations may be used inflectionally or derivationally. The particular function of a given alternation will depend on the language.
Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut.
Apophony often involves vowels. Indo-European ablaut (also commonly called Indo-European vowel gradation) is very well known. Th ...
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography Read more here: » Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Types of apophony |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European In Indo-European linguistics, ablaut is the vowel alternation that produces such related words as sing, sang, sung, and song. The difference in the vowels results from the alternation (in the Proto-Indo-European language) of the vowel e with the vowel o or with no vowel. For a more detailed explanation see Indo-European ablaut.
To cite a few other examples of Indo-European ablaut, English has a certain class of verbs (i.e. strong verbs) in which the vowel changes to indicate a different ...
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography Read more here: » Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Description Apophony is exemplified in English as the internal vowel alternations that produce such related words as
sing, sang, sung, song
rise, raise
bind, band
goose, geese
The difference in these vowels marks variously a difference in tense or aspect (e.g. sing/sang/sung), transitivity (rise/raise), part of speech (sing/song, bind/band), or ...
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography Read more here: » Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Description |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern The nonconcatenative root-and-pattern morphology of the Afro-Asiatic languages is sometimes described in terms of apophony. The alternation patterns in many of these languages is quite extensive involving vowels and consonant gemination (i.e. doubled consonants). The alternations below are of Modern Standard Arabic (the symbol < ː > indicates gemination on the preceding consonant):
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography Read more here: » Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern | |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony Another analytical perspective on sound alternations treats the phenomena not as merely alternation but rather a "replacive" morpheme that replaces part of a word. In this analysis, the alternation between goose/geese may be thought of as goose being the basic form where -ee- is a replacive morpheme that is substituted for oo.
goose → g-ee-se
This usage of the term morpheme (which is actually describing a replacement process, and not a true morpheme), however, is m ...
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography Read more here: » Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut The Germanic scholars who coined the terms ablaut and umlaut in the 19th century used them to distinguish two types of vowel alternation patterns with differing origins and differing reflexes in the modern languages. In this usage, umlaut is a specific case of vowel alternation that has developed from a historical instance of regressive vowel harmony. Indo-European ablaut is a different vowel alternation of uncertain origin. The synchronic distinction lies in the fact that Germanic umlaut always involves vowel fronting; it is a regular system, whereas in the modern language ...
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography Read more here: » Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding Ablaut reduplication or ablaut-motivated compounding is a type of word formation of "expressives" in English (such as onomatopoeia). Examples of these include:
tick-tock
criss-cross
cling-clang
snip-snap
Here the words are formed by a reduplication of a base and an alternation of the internal vowel. (See English reduplication).
...
See also:Apophony, Apophony - Description, Apophony - Types of apophony, Apophony - Vowel apophony ablaut, Apophony - Prosodic apophony, Apophony - Consonant apophony mutation, Apophony - Vowel alternation in Indo-European, Apophony - Apophony vs. transfixation root-and-pattern, Apophony - Replacive morphemes & apophony, Apophony - Ablaut vs. umlaut, Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding, Apophony - Bibliography Read more here: » Apophony: Encyclopedia II - Apophony - Ablaut-motivated compounding |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Reich - Historical usage The term Reich means and was part of the German names for Germany for much of its history. The German name for the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (9th century–1806) is Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation. However, it should be noted that Latin, not German, was the formal legal language of the mediaeval Empire, so English-speaking historians are more likely to use Latin imperium than German Reich ...
See also:Reich, Reich - Historical usage, Reich - Etymology and cognates, Reich - Celtic group, Reich - Original Germanic group, Reich - Latin, Reich - Sanskrit, Reich - Others, Reich - References Read more here: » Reich: Encyclopedia II - Reich - Historical usage |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Verbs The Ancient Greek verbal system is extremely archaic, maintaining nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European. It includes a distinction between a thematic (/oː/) class, with a "thematic" vowel /o/ or /e/ before the endings, and an athematic (/mi/) class, with endings added directly to the root. (Unlike in Sanskrit, nearly all athematic roots end in a vowel. The only exceptions are /es-/ "be" and /oid-/,/eid-/,/id-/ "know".) The endings are also distinguished as primary (us ...
See also:Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Sound changes, Ancient Greek - Sounds, Ancient Greek - Vowels, Ancient Greek - Consonants, Ancient Greek - Consonant classes, Ancient Greek - Consonant contractions, Ancient Greek - Compensatory lengthening, Ancient Greek - Augment, Ancient Greek - Reduplication, Ancient Greek - Grammatical forms, Ancient Greek - Nouns, Ancient Greek - Alpha Declension, Ancient Greek - Omicron Declension, Ancient Greek - The Article, Ancient Greek - Numerals, Ancient Greek - Verbs, Ancient Greek - Principal parts, Ancient Greek - Present tense, Ancient Greek - Contracted verbs, Ancient Greek - Future tense, Ancient Greek - Aorist tense, Ancient Greek - Perfect tense, Ancient Greek - Deponents semi-deponents, Ancient Greek - Sample paradigms, Ancient Greek - Subordination rules and verbs meaning Read more here: » Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Verbs |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Phonology Proto-Indo-European is conjectured to have used the following phonemes. See Indo-European languages for a summary of how these sounds evolved in the various Indo-European languages.
Proto-Indo-European language - Consonants.
The table gives the most common notation in modern publications. Variant transcriptions are given below. Raised ʰ stands for aspiration. According to the glottalic theory, the "voi ...
See also:Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European language - Phonology, Proto-Indo-European language - Consonants, Proto-Indo-European language - Vowels, Proto-Indo-European language - Ablaut, Proto-Indo-European language - Noun, Proto-Indo-European language - Pronoun, Proto-Indo-European language - Verb, Proto-Indo-European language - Numbers, Proto-Indo-European language - Relationship to other language families, Proto-Indo-European language - Sample texts Read more here: » Proto-Indo-European language: Encyclopedia II - Proto-Indo-European language - Phonology |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European copula - The Proto-Indo-European roots
Indo-European copula - *h1es-.
The root *h1es- was certainly already a copula in Proto-Indo-European. The e-grade (see Indo-European ablaut) is found in such forms as English is, Latin est, while the zero grade produces forms beginning with /s/, German sind or French sommes. In PIE, *h1es- was an athematic verb in -mi, that is, the first person singular was *h1esmi; this inflection survives in English am, Sanskrit asmiSee also: Indo-European copula, Indo-European copula - General features, Indo-European copula - The Proto-Indo-European roots, Indo-European copula - *h1es-, Indo-European copula - *bhuH-, Indo-European copula - *wes-, Indo-European copula - *h1er-, Indo-European copula - *steh2-, Indo-European copula - The resulting paradigms, Indo-European copula - Germanic languages, Indo-European copula - Latin and Romance languages, Indo-European copula - Balto-Slavic languages, Indo-European copula - Celtic languages Read more here: » Indo-European copula: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European copula - The Proto-Indo-European roots |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Umlaut - Diacritical mark accent
acute accent ( ˊ )
double acute accent ( ˝ )
grave accent ( ˋ )
breve ( ˘ )
caron / háček ( ˇ )
cedilla ( ¸ )
circumflex ( ˆ )
diaeresis ( ¨ ) ...
See also:Umlaut, Umlaut - Vowel modification, Umlaut - Germanic umlaut, Umlaut - Umlaut in English and German, Umlaut - Umlaut in Germanic verbs, Umlaut - Umlaut in other languages, Umlaut - Umlaut as a broader term, Umlaut - Diacritical mark, Umlaut - History, Umlaut - Printing conventions in German, Umlaut - Similar graphemes in other languages, Umlaut - Use of the diacritic for special effects, Umlaut - In computing, Umlaut - Entering umlauts in HTML, Umlaut - Entering umlauts via special key sequences, Umlaut - Bibliography Read more here: » Umlaut: Encyclopedia II - Umlaut - Diacritical mark |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Umlaut - Vowel modification
Umlaut - Germanic umlaut.
In linguistics, the process of umlaut (from German um- "changed", "transformation" + Laut "sound") is a modification of a vowel which causes it to be pronounced more similarly to a vowel or semivowel in a following syllable. This process is found in many languages.
The term umlaut was originally coined and is principally used in connection with the study of the Germanic languages. In umlaut, a back vowel is modified to the associated front vowel when the follo ...
See also:Umlaut, Umlaut - Vowel modification, Umlaut - Germanic umlaut, Umlaut - Umlaut in English and German, Umlaut - Umlaut in Germanic verbs, Umlaut - Umlaut in other languages, Umlaut - Umlaut as a broader term, Umlaut - Diacritical mark, Umlaut - History, Umlaut - Printing conventions in German, Umlaut - Similar graphemes in other languages, Umlaut - Use of the diacritic for special effects, Umlaut - In computing, Umlaut - Entering umlauts in HTML, Umlaut - Entering umlauts via special key sequences, Umlaut - Bibliography Read more here: » Umlaut: Encyclopedia II - Umlaut - Vowel modification |
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| | | | Indo-European ablaut: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European copula - General features This verb has two basic meanings. In a less marked context it is a simple copula (I'm tired; That's a shame!), a function which in non-Indo-European languages can be expressed quite differently. In a more heavily marked context it expresses existence (I think therefore I am); the dividing line between these is not always easy to draw. In addition, many Indo-European languages use this verb as an auxiliary for the formation of compound (periphrastic) tenses (I'm working; I was bitten). Other functions vary f ...
See also:Indo-European copula, Indo-European copula - General features, Indo-European copula - The Proto-Indo-European roots, Indo-European copula - *h1es-, Indo-European copula - *bhuH-, Indo-European copula - *wes-, Indo-European copula - *h1er-, Indo-European copula - *steh2-, Indo-European copula - The resulting paradigms, Indo-European copula - Germanic languages, Indo-European copula - Latin and Romance languages, Indo-European copula - Balto-Slavic languages, Indo-European copula - Celtic languages Read more here: » Indo-European copula: Encyclopedia II - Indo-European copula - General features |
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More material related to Indo-european Ablaut can be found here:
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