Armenians are a sub branch of the Indo-European family, which migrated from the north Caucasus in multiple directions around 4500 B.C. Armenians are their own sub-group in the Indo-European family and one of the smallest by population of the family. Whereas other Indo-European ethnic groups such as the Slavs and the Germanics have their own sub-groups, the Armenians do not. The Armenians have long been viewed as a nation; however, in diaspora, especially since the era of World War I, they ha ...

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Armenians, Armenians - History, Armenians - Geographic distribution, Armenians - Culture, Armenians - Language, Armenians - Religion, Armenians - Institutions, Armenians - Classification

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According to one theory, the Indo-European tribes speaking the dialects that would become the Baltic languages probably settled in the area South of the Baltic coast in about the 13th Century B.C.E. and later migrated towards the coast where they met an indigenous population of subsistence fishermen and farmers speaking a proto-Finnic language. This indigenous population is believed to have assimilated to varying degrees with the Baltic peoples. Divergence of the dialects into distinct languages ...

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Baltic languages, Baltic languages - Geographic distribution, Baltic languages - History, Baltic languages - Relationship with other Indo-European languages

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The Germans are a Germanic people. Ethnographers hypothesize that all Germanic speakers originally came from Scandinavia, which includes Jutland and the southwest shores of the Baltic Sea, before the Migrations Period. Prior to that time, their Indo-European ancestors may have migrated slowly from the Black Sea region and arrived in southern Scandinavia. Assimilation with other peoples is postulated, both with the prior inhabitants of Scandinavia and with peoples encountered on their way from Asia. Celtic peoples were then either assimilated, exterminated, or driven out during the expansion southwards from the Baltic. See also:

Germans, Germans - History, Germans - Background, Germans - Ethnic nationalism, Germans - The Divided Germany, Germans - Religion, Germans - Minorities, Germans - Conclusion, Germans - Reference

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Scythia - Overview. To date, no widely accepted explanation exists for the origin of the Scythians, nor how they migrated to the Caucasus and Ukraine; but many scholars conjecture that they migrated westward from Central Asia between 800 BC and 600 BC. Herodotus says that the land where the Scythians originated was called Gerrhos. They would prepare their dead and travel with them long distances t ...

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Scythia, Scythia - Etymology, Scythia - Scythian society, Scythia - History, Scythia - Overview, Scythia - Scythians in Classical sources, Scythia - Scythians in the Bible, Scythia - Peoples claimed to be Scythian, Scythia - Pazyryk culture, Scythia - Scythian Gelonus Belsk, Scythia - The Ryzhanovka kurgan, Scythia - Scythian gold, Scythia - Sakas, Scythia - Indo-Scythians, Scythia - Scythians and China, Scythia - The genetic argument, Scythia - The idea of Scythia

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Phrygia - Bronze Age migrations. After the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the 12th century BC, the political vacuum in central/western Anatolia was filled by a wave of Indo-European migrants from Europe including the Phrygians, who established their kingdom, with a capital eventually at Gordium. It is still not known whether the Phrygians were actively involved in the collapse of the Hittite capital Hattusa, or whether they simply moved into the vacuum that followe ...

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Phrygia, Phrygia - Geography, Phrygia - Culture, Phrygia - History, Phrygia - Bronze Age migrations, Phrygia - Mythic Past, Phrygia - Golden Age of Midas, Phrygia - Cimmerian invasion, Phrygia - Croesus' Lydian Empire, Phrygia - Persian Empire, Phrygia - Alexander and the Successors, Phrygia - Rome

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The invasion of serpents recalled by Avienus is probably related to the Saephe or Ophis ("People of the Serpents") and the Dragani ("People of the Dragons") that came to that lands and formed what was known by the Greeks as Ophiussa, as it is stated also in Ora Maritima. This probably refers to the first wave of Indo-European migrations into Iberia, of the Urnfield culture (Proto-Celts). The expulsion of the Oestrimni, from Ora Maritima: Ophiussam ad usque. rursum ab huius litore< ...

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Oestriminis, Oestriminis - The Oestrimni, Oestriminis - The expulsion of the Oestrimni

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Only a generation later, a Hittite king had chosen the site as his residence and capital. The Hittites, speaking an Indo-European language had been drifting into the area, without notable violence or mass migrations, for some time. The Hattian Hattush now became the Hittite Hattusha, and the king took the name of Hattusili I, the "one from Hattusha." Hattusili marked the beginning of a royal line of H ...

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Hattusa, Hattusa - The surroundings, Hattusa - Early history of the city, Hattusa - The Hittite Imperial City, Hattusa - Discovery of the city, Hattusa - Bibliography

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The inclusion of animals into the grave indicate an intrusive cultural element, that is, probably a new people. The practice of suttee is a highly intrusive cultural element. The supporters of Marija Gimbutas and her Kurgan hypothesis point to these distinctive burial practices and state this represents the second-wave migration of Indo-Europeans. Speculatively, it allows one to put the earliest Germans and earliest Balto-Slavs in close proximity to interchange some lexical items, before the Germans cross the Baltic Sea into Sweden. A ...

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Globular Amphora culture, Globular Amphora culture - Extent, Globular Amphora culture - Economy, Globular Amphora culture - Burials, Globular Amphora culture - Interpretation, Globular Amphora culture - Sources

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The Persians of Iran are mainly descended from the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranians, an Indo-European people that migrated to the region between during the 2nd millennium BC, as well as indigenous populations such as the Elamites. The Persians have been, over time, genetically and/or socially modified and impacted by various groups including the Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various other Eurasian invaders.[1][2] The Persian Jews are a good example of a Hebrew population that moved to Iran about 2,700 years ago and assimilated and mixed with the Persians so that today they speak Persian and are virtua ...

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Persian people, Persian people - Origins and roots, Persian people - Related sub-groups, Persian people - Persian language, Persian people - Persian Arts, Persian people - Persian Painting and Depiction Artistry, Persian people - Persian Music, Persian people - Persian Architecture, Persian people - Persian rugs, Persian people - Persian Gardens, Persian people - Persian Women, Persian people - Culture

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Elamite was not related to the neighboring Semitic languages, or Indo-European languages, and although some call Elamite the "sister" to the Sumerian language, the two languages appear to be unrelated. David McAlpin's Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis postulates a genetic relation between Elamite and Dravidian languages, which then would have been carried from Elam to India by eastward migration. More recently, Sergei Starostin has criticized the proposed grammatical correspondences between Elamite and Dravidian as unconvincing, and p ...

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Elamite language, Elamite language - Elamite scripts, Elamite language - Linguistic typology, Elamite language - Relations to other language families, Elamite language - Reference

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The conquests of Alexander had a number of consequences for the Greek city-states. It greatly widened the horizons of the Greeks, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan, where the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo- ...

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Hellenistic Greece, Hellenistic Greece - Macedonian dominance, Hellenistic Greece - Philip V, Hellenistic Greece - The rise of Rome, Hellenistic Greece - The end of Greek independence

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The Celtic language family is a branch of the larger Indo-European family, which leads some scholars to a hypothesis that the original speakers of the Celtic proto-language may have arisen in the Pontic-Caspian steppes (see Kurgan). However, as the Celts enter history from around 600 BC, they are already split into several languages groups, and spread over much of Central Europe, the Iberian peninsula, Ireland and Britain, and studies now suggest that some of the Celtic peoples - including the ancestors of all the modern Celtic nations - had ...

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Celt, Celt - Development of the term Celt, Celt - Population genetics, Celt - Origins and geographical distribution, Celt - Celts in Ireland and Britain, Celt - Roman influence, Celt - Examples of Romanization, Celt - Celtic Christianity, Celt - Celts pushed west by Germanic migration, Celt - Celtic social system and arts, Celt - Celtic Religous Patterns, Celt - Celts as head-hunters, Celt - Names for Celts, Celt - The name Gauls, Celt - The word Welsh, Celt - The name Celts, Celt - Endnotes

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The linguistic facts of the situation are little disputed. However, linguistic data alone cannot determine whether this migration was peaceful or invasive. Different linguists have argued for either, or for a combination of both, on extra-linguistic grounds. Most of the languages of northern South Asia belong to a single language family, the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European family of languages. The languages of South India belong to a different language family, the Dravidian languages, which has not been proven to be linked wi ...

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Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

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Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda. The Rigveda is by far the most archaic testimony of Vedic Sanskrit. It describes a pastoral or nomadic, mobile culture, still centered on the Indo-Iranian Soma cult and fire worship. The purely nomadic and/or pastoral character of the Rig Vedic people is however disputed. The mobile nature of the Vedic religion is illustrated by the laying out of the ritual precinct as part of the ritual, rather than the existence of fixed temples. This holds for the invitation of Indra to the Som ...

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Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Philology

Brian E. Hemphill and Alexander F. Christensen's study (1994) of the migration of genetic traits does not support a movement of Aryan speakers into the Indus Valley around 1500 BC. According to Hemphill's study, "Gene flow from Bactria occurs much later, and does not impact Indus Valley gene pools until the dawn of the Christian era." Kenneth Kennedy (1984), who examined 300 skeletons from the Indus Valley civilization, concludes that the ancient Harappans “are not markedly different in their skeletal biology from the present ...

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Indo-Aryan migration, Indo-Aryan migration - Overview, Indo-Aryan migration - History, Indo-Aryan migration - Linguistics, Indo-Aryan migration - Philology, Indo-Aryan migration - Rig Veda, Indo-Aryan migration - Vedic and Puranic King lists, Indo-Aryan migration - Puranas, Indo-Aryan migration - Avesta and Airyanem Vaejah, Indo-Aryan migration - Archaeology, Indo-Aryan migration - Indus Valley Civilization, Indo-Aryan migration - Vasishta head, Indo-Aryan migration - Pottery, Indo-Aryan migration - West Asia, Indo-Aryan migration - Astronomical data, Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology, Indo-Aryan migration - Genetics and Archaeogenetics

Read more here: » Indo-Aryan migration: Encyclopedia II - Indo-Aryan migration - Physical Anthropology