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indigenous peoples | A Wisdom Archive on indigenous peoples | | indigenous peoples A selection of articles related to indigenous peoples | |
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indigenous peoples
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO indigenous peoples | | | |  indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950-2005Albert Namatjira was the first Aboriginal Australian to be given Australian citizenship, in 1957. Aborigines were given the right to vote in Commonwealth elections in Australia in 1962, and in state elections shortly after, with the last state to do this being Queensland in 1965. The 1967 referendum passed in Australia with a 90% majority which allowed the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to Aboriginal people, and fo ...
See also:Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians - Definitions, Indigenous Australians - Origins, Indigenous Australians - Before European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Impact of European settlement, Indigenous Australians - Adaptation, Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950-2005, Indigenous Australians - Issues facing Indigenous Australians today, Indigenous Australians - Health, Indigenous Australians - Education, Indigenous Australians - Crime, Indigenous Australians - Unemployment, Indigenous Australians - Substance abuse, Indigenous Australians - Mainland Australia, Indigenous Australians - Clans groups and communities, Indigenous Australians - Culture, Indigenous Australians - Mythology, Indigenous Australians - Languages, Indigenous Australians - Music, Indigenous Australians - Art, Indigenous Australians - Traditional recreation, Indigenous Australians - Tiwi Islands & Groote Eylandt, Indigenous Australians - Tasmania, Indigenous Australians - Torres Strait Islanders, Indigenous Australians - Population, Indigenous Australians - Prominent Indigenous Australians Read more here: » Indigenous Australians: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous Australians - The path to reconciliation: 1950-2005 |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background Archeological and DNA evidence suggests that the Americas were peopled by migrants from Siberia about 17,000-10,000 years ago. A persistent minority opinion believes instead that humans first spread through the Americas about 30,000 years ago. From Alaska, the descendants of the first migrants went on to people the rest of North and South America. The language or languages spoken by these early migrants, and the process by which the current diversity of indigenous languages in the Americas emerged, are a matter of speculation. Some evidence suggests that the ancestors of the Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut speakers arr ...
See also:Indigenous languages of the Americas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language families & isolates by region, Indigenous languages of the Americas - South America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Mexico and Central America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Greenland Canada & USA, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language stock proposals, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Pidgins mixed languages & trade languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Linguistic areas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Bibilography Read more here: » Indigenous languages of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background Archeological and DNA evidence suggests that the Americas were peopled by migrants from Siberia about 17,000-10,000 years ago. A persistent minority opinion believes instead that humans first spread through the Americas about 30,000 years ago. From Alaska, the descendants of the first migrants went on to people the rest of North and South America. The language or languages spoken by these early migrants, and the process by which the current diversity of indigenous languages in the Americas emerged, are a matter of speculation. Some evidence suggests that the ancestors of the Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut speakers arr ...
See also:Indigenous languages of the Americas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language families & isolates by region, Indigenous languages of the Americas - South America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Mexico and Central America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Greenland Canada & USA, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language stock proposals, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Pidgins mixed languages & trade languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Linguistic areas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Bibliography Read more here: » Indigenous languages of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words. It cannot be determined that these languages actually existed or that the few recorded words are actually of known or unknown languages. Some may simply be from a historian's errors. Others are of known people with no linguistic record (sometimes due to lost records). A short list is below.
Ais
Aksaná (Akasanás, Kaueskar)
Aramana
Ausaima
Avoyel
Bidai
Calusa< ...
See also:Indigenous languages of the Americas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language families & isolates by region, Indigenous languages of the Americas - South America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Mexico and Central America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Greenland Canada & USA, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language stock proposals, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Pidgins mixed languages & trade languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Linguistic areas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Bibilography Read more here: » Indigenous languages of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words. It cannot be determined that these languages actually existed or that the few recorded words are actually of known or unknown languages. Some may simply be from a historian's errors. Others are of known people with no linguistic record (sometimes due to lost records). A short list is below.
Ais
Aksaná (Akasanás, Kaueskar)
Aramana
Ausaima
Avoyel
Bidai
Calusa< ...
See also:Indigenous languages of the Americas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Background, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language families & isolates by region, Indigenous languages of the Americas - South America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Mexico and Central America, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Greenland Canada & USA, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Language stock proposals, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Pidgins mixed languages & trade languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Linguistic areas, Indigenous languages of the Americas - Bibliography Read more here: » Indigenous languages of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Unattested languages |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Sami people - History The Sami peoples have inhabited the northern regions of Scandinavia since far back. How far back is a matter of debate, but from at least 500 BC onwards they were firmly established in northern Scandinavia. They are the oldest of the peoples represented in Lapland, and are consequently considered the indigenous population of the area.
Lapponia, a large, 35-chapter book written by the rhetorican Johannes Schefferus (1621 - 1679) is the oldest source of detailed information on Sami culture. It was written due to "ill-natured" foreign pr ...
See also:Sami people, Sami people - Names, Sami people - History, Sami people - Organization, Sami people - Religion, Sami people - Language, Sami people - Music, Sami people - Cultural revival Read more here: » Sami people: Encyclopedia II - Sami people - History |
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| | | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Scottish people - A complex heritage The Beaker People were the first documented cultural group in Britain. They were skilled at making ornaments from gold, and examples of these have been found in graves of the wealthy Wessex culture of southern Britain. Early Bronze Age Britons buried their dead in stone tombs beneath earth mounds known as barrows, often with beaker pottery alongside the body. Later in the period, cremation was adopted as a burial practice with cemeteries of urns containing cremated individuals appearing in the archaeological record. People of this period wer ...
See also:Scottish people, Scottish people - Clarifying the scope of this article, Scottish people - The indigenous ethnic groups of Scotland, Scottish people - A complex heritage, Scottish people - Return to Ireland, Scottish people - The Scottish diaspora, Scottish people - Anglicisation, Scottish people - Notes Read more here: » Scottish people: Encyclopedia II - Scottish people - A complex heritage |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Scottish people - Anglicisation There are also many Scottish surnames which have become "anglicised" (made to sound English) over the centuries. Davis, Bruce, Campbell, Salmond, Marshall, Christie, and Joy are just a few of many examples. This arose in part from effects of the Act of Union of 1707, enacted under Queen Anne, of the Scottish House of Stuart. In this, the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed to unite to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Following rebellions in Scotland, involving ...
See also:Scottish people, Scottish people - Clarifying the scope of this article, Scottish people - The indigenous ethnic groups of Scotland, Scottish people - A complex heritage, Scottish people - Return to Ireland, Scottish people - The Scottish diaspora, Scottish people - Anglicisation, Scottish people - Notes Read more here: » Scottish people: Encyclopedia II - Scottish people - Anglicisation |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - History and Origins Pashtun culture is ancient and much of it is yet to be recorded in contemporary times. There are many conflicting theories, some contemporary and some ancient, about the origins of the Pashtun people, both among historians and the Pashtun themselves.
Pashtun people - Ancient references.
Herodotus and several other Greek and Roman historians had mentioned a people called 'Pactyan' living on the eastern frontier of Iran as early as the first millennium CE. It has been conjectured that these may be the ancest ...
See also:Pashtun people, Pashtun people - History and Origins, Pashtun people - Ancient references, Pashtun people - Anthropological and linguistic evidence, Pashtun people - Indigenous oral tradition of Pashtun origins, Pashtun people - Genetic insights into the origins of the Pashtuns, Pashtun people - Pashtuns in the modern era, Pashtun people - Who is a Pashtun?, Pashtun people - Ethnic definition, Pashtun people - Cultural definition, Pashtun people - Ancestral definition, Pashtun people - Culture, Pashtun people - Institutions, Pashtun people - Established Pashtun tribes, Pashtun people - Social conditions, Pashtun people - Pashtun women Read more here: » Pashtun people: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - History and Origins |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Who is a Pashtun? Amongst historians, anthropologists, and the Pashtuns themselves, there is some debate as to who exactly is a Pashtun. The most prominent views are (1) that Pashtuns are predominantly an Eastern Iranian people who are speakers of the Pashto language and live in a contiguous geographic location (this is the generally accepted academic view) in Afghanistan and Pakistan, (2) Pashtuns, in addition to being Pashto-speakers and meeting other criteria, are also Muslim and follow Pashtunwali and thus Jews, Christians, or atheists would be excluded, ...
See also:Pashtun people, Pashtun people - History and Origins, Pashtun people - Ancient references, Pashtun people - Anthropological and linguistic evidence, Pashtun people - Indigenous oral tradition of Pashtun origins, Pashtun people - Genetic insights into the origins of the Pashtuns, Pashtun people - Pashtuns in the modern era, Pashtun people - Who is a Pashtun?, Pashtun people - Ethnic definition, Pashtun people - Cultural definition, Pashtun people - Ancestral definition, Pashtun people - Culture, Pashtun people - Institutions, Pashtun people - Established Pashtun tribes, Pashtun people - Social conditions, Pashtun people - Pashtun women Read more here: » Pashtun people: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Who is a Pashtun? |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Institutions The Pashtuns are predominantly a tribal people, however, increasing numbers now dwell in cities and urban settlements. Many still identify themselves with various clans.
More precisely, there are several levels of organization: the tabar (tribe) is subdivided into kinship groups each of which is a khel. The khel in turn is divided into smaller groups (pllarina or plarganey), each of which consists of several extended families or kahols. [Wardak, 2003, p. 7] "A large tribe often has dozens of s ...
See also:Pashtun people, Pashtun people - History and Origins, Pashtun people - Ancient references, Pashtun people - Anthropological and linguistic evidence, Pashtun people - Indigenous oral tradition of Pashtun origins, Pashtun people - Genetic insights into the origins of the Pashtuns, Pashtun people - Pashtuns in the modern era, Pashtun people - Who is a Pashtun?, Pashtun people - Ethnic definition, Pashtun people - Cultural definition, Pashtun people - Ancestral definition, Pashtun people - Culture, Pashtun people - Institutions, Pashtun people - Established Pashtun tribes, Pashtun people - Social conditions, Pashtun people - Pashtun women Read more here: » Pashtun people: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Institutions |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Culture Throughout Pashtun history poets, prophets, kings and warriors have been the most revered members of society. The term 'Pakhto' or 'Pashto' from which they derive their name is not merely the name of their language, but synonymous with an honour code and religion known as Pashtunwali. The main tenets of 'Pakhto' or formally known as Pashtunwali are:
Hospitality and asylum to all guests seeking help.
Justice: Ancient Israelite Moses' Law, Tooth for a Tooth.
Defense of 'Zan, Zar and Zameen' (Women/Family, Treasury and Property).
Personal Independence. Pashtuns are fiercely independent and ther ...
See also:Pashtun people, Pashtun people - History and Origins, Pashtun people - Ancient references, Pashtun people - Anthropological and linguistic evidence, Pashtun people - Indigenous oral tradition of Pashtun origins, Pashtun people - Genetic insights into the origins of the Pashtuns, Pashtun people - Pashtuns in the modern era, Pashtun people - Who is a Pashtun?, Pashtun people - Ethnic definition, Pashtun people - Cultural definition, Pashtun people - Ancestral definition, Pashtun people - Culture, Pashtun people - Institutions, Pashtun people - Established Pashtun tribes, Pashtun people - Social conditions, Pashtun people - Pashtun women Read more here: » Pashtun people: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Culture |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Social conditions The Pashtuns today are a diverse population with widely varying lifestyles and perspectives. The effects of globalization have led to the proliferation of so-called 'Western' ideas as well as the infilitration of Saudi-style Wahhabist Islam. Though many Pashtuns remain tribal and illiterate, others have become urbanized and highly educated. The ravages of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and the Afghan wars leading up to the rise and fall of the Taliban have caused substantial misery amongst the Pashtuns. Currently, Afghanistan is in a r ...
See also:Pashtun people, Pashtun people - History and Origins, Pashtun people - Ancient references, Pashtun people - Anthropological and linguistic evidence, Pashtun people - Indigenous oral tradition of Pashtun origins, Pashtun people - Genetic insights into the origins of the Pashtuns, Pashtun people - Pashtuns in the modern era, Pashtun people - Who is a Pashtun?, Pashtun people - Ethnic definition, Pashtun people - Cultural definition, Pashtun people - Ancestral definition, Pashtun people - Culture, Pashtun people - Institutions, Pashtun people - Established Pashtun tribes, Pashtun people - Social conditions, Pashtun people - Pashtun women Read more here: » Pashtun people: Encyclopedia II - Pashtun people - Social conditions |
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| | | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Columbus Day - Opposition Some people, particularly Native Americans, find the holiday offensive because they object to honoring a person whom they see as opening the door to European colonization, the exploitation of native peoples and the slave trade. In the United States, this has caused a persistent controversy between Native Americans and Italian Americans. Some communities, such as Berkeley, California, have renamed the holiday to Indigenous Peoples Day. The state of South Dakota renamed the holiday Native American Day in 1989. In 2002, the Venezu ...
See also:Columbus Day, Columbus Day - Columbus Day in the United States, Columbus Day - Día de la Raza, Columbus Day - Opposition Read more here: » Columbus Day: Encyclopedia II - Columbus Day - Opposition |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Farming hunting food and drink Less than 2% of land is cultivated, and most of this is used for subsistence farming. People gather wild fruit, mushrooms, honey etc; hunt (see bushmeat); and fish. They will often sell these foodstuffs at markets, or by the roadside. Cattle breeding and the development of large-scale agricultural businesses has been hindered by the recent war and the poor quality of the road system.
Congo's farmland is the source of a wide variety of crops. These include maize, rice, cassava (manioc), sweet potatoes, yam, taro, plantain, tomatoes, pu ...
See also:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - People language and background, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Religions and beliefs, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Indigenous traditional beliefs, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Catholic and Protestant Christianity, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kimbanguism and Indigenous Christianity, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Religion today, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Farming hunting food and drink, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Nganda restaurants, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Dress and fashion, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Music Read more here: » Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Encyclopedia II - Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Farming hunting food and drink |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - People language and background Like many African countries, the borders were drawn up by colonial powers, and bore little relation to to the actual spread of ethno-linguistic groups. There are around 250 languages spoken in the country, with perhaps a similar amount of ethnic groups. Broadly speaking, there are four main population groups:
Pygmies, the earliest inhabitants of the Congo, are generally hunter-gatherers who live in the forests. Expert in the ways of the forest, where they have lived for thousands of years, they live by trading meat hunted in the ...
See also:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - People language and background, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Religions and beliefs, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Indigenous traditional beliefs, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Catholic and Protestant Christianity, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kimbanguism and Indigenous Christianity, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Religion today, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Farming hunting food and drink, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Nganda restaurants, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Dress and fashion, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Music Read more here: » Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Encyclopedia II - Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - People language and background |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Dress and fashion Older members of more remote Congolese communities can remember when Congolese used to dress in clothes made of raffia and bark. Today, such clothing is mostly seen only in ceremonial or ritual contexts. Colonialism brought in Western attire. During the Mobutu era, a kind of Mao suit called the abacost (derived from à bas le costume - "down with the suit") was promoted, as part of the Authenticity campaign (whose aim was to move away from Western values). Ties and Western-style jackets were even banned. Since the aba ...
See also:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - People language and background, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Religions and beliefs, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Indigenous traditional beliefs, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Catholic and Protestant Christianity, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Kimbanguism and Indigenous Christianity, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Religion today, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Farming hunting food and drink, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Nganda restaurants, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Dress and fashion, Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Music Read more here: » Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Encyclopedia II - Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Dress and fashion |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Tasmania - History
Tasmania - Physical prehistory.
It is believed that the island was joined to the mainland until the end of the most recent ice age approximately 10,000 years ago.
Much of the island is composed of Jurassic dolerite, a basaltic intrusion of magma that upwelled through other rock types and formed large columnar crystals as it cooled. Tasmania has the world's largest areas of dolerite, with many distinctive mountains and cliffs formed from this rock type. The Central Plateau and the SE portions of the island ...
See also:Tasmania, Tasmania - History, Tasmania - Physical prehistory, Tasmania - Indigenous people, Tasmania - European arrival, Tasmania - World attention, Tasmania - Geography, Tasmania - Government, Tasmania - Politics, Tasmania - Economy, Tasmania - Transport, Tasmania - Culture, Tasmania - Sport, Tasmania - Events, Tasmania - Prominent Tasmanians, Tasmania - Indigenous animals, Tasmania - Thylacine, Tasmania - Tasmanian Devil, Tasmania - Birds, Tasmania - Places in Tasmania Read more here: » Tasmania: Encyclopedia II - Tasmania - History |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Tasmania - Geography Tasmania is a rugged island of temperate climate, and was considered so similar in some ways to pre-industrial England that it was referred to by some English colonists as 'a Southern England'.
Geographically, Tasmania is similar to New Zealand to its east. Tasmania has been volcanically inactive in recent geological times, and has 'rounded smooth' mountain ranges similar to mainland Australia (unlike most of New Zealand). The most mountainous region is the Central Highlands area, which covers most of the central west parts of the sta ...
See also:Tasmania, Tasmania - History, Tasmania - Physical prehistory, Tasmania - Indigenous people, Tasmania - European arrival, Tasmania - World attention, Tasmania - Geography, Tasmania - Government, Tasmania - Politics, Tasmania - Economy, Tasmania - Transport, Tasmania - Culture, Tasmania - Sport, Tasmania - Events, Tasmania - Prominent Tasmanians, Tasmania - Indigenous animals, Tasmania - Thylacine, Tasmania - Tasmanian Devil, Tasmania - Birds, Tasmania - Places in Tasmania Read more here: » Tasmania: Encyclopedia II - Tasmania - Geography |
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| | | | | indigenous peoples: Encyclopedia II - Tasmania - Government The form of the government of Tasmania is prescribed in its Constitution, which dates from 1856, although it has been amended many times since then. Since 1901 Tasmania has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth.
Under the Australian Constitution, Tasmania ceded certain legislative and judicial powers to the Commonwealth, but retained complete independence in other areas like Health and Education. In practice, however, the independence of Australi ...
See also:Tasmania, Tasmania - History, Tasmania - Physical prehistory, Tasmania - Indigenous people, Tasmania - European arrival, Tasmania - World attention, Tasmania - Geography, Tasmania - Government, Tasmania - Politics, Tasmania - Economy, Tasmania - Transport, Tasmania - Culture, Tasmania - Sport, Tasmania - Events, Tasmania - Prominent Tasmanians, Tasmania - Indigenous animals, Tasmania - Thylacine, Tasmania - Tasmanian Devil, Tasmania - Birds, Tasmania - Places in Tasmania Read more here: » Tasmania: Encyclopedia II - Tasmania - Government |
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