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Indies | A Wisdom Archive on Indies | | Indies A selection of articles related to Indies | |
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indies, Indies, Indies - History, East Indians (ethnic group), Bengal, Malay archipelago, Discoverer of the Americas
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Indies | | | |  Indies: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - MexicoThe territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the European conquistadors: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BC to about 800 BC in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatán (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America;the Purepecha or Tarascan in present day Guatamala and surrounding areas and, of course, the Aztecs, who, fr ...
See also:Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - European colonization of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mexico, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Belize, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Guatemala, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Brazil, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Argentina, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Other parts of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Cultural aspects, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Gender, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Music and art, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Controversial terminology, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada and the North, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Latin America Read more here: » Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mexico |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations The following table gives the percentage of the population of each country that is comprised by indigenous peoples, and of people with partly indigenous descent. (One should note that these categories, especially the second one, are rather vague.)
Bolivia : 55% / 30% / 85% /
Peru : 45% / 37% / 82% /
Guatemala : 44 % / 52% / 96% /
Mexico : 30% / 60% / 90% /
Ecuador : 25% / 55% / 80% /
French Guyana, Guyana, and Suriname : 5 – 20% / [?] / [?]
Hon ...
See also:Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Early history, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - The Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - European colonization of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - United States, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Mexico, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Belize, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Guatemala, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Brazil, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Argentina, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Other parts of the Americas, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Cultural aspects, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Gender, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Music and art, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Controversial terminology, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Canada and the North, Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Latin America Read more here: » Indigenous peoples of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Statistics on indigenous populations |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Alessandro Valignano - Legacy Valignano founded the Jesuit college in Macao. He travelled from Goa and visited Japan three times, in 1579 when he stayed three years, in 1590 and in 1598.
Valignano paved the way for a closer relationship between Asian and European peoples by advocating equal treatment of all human beings. He was a great admirer of the Japanese people and envisioned a future when Japan would be one of the leading Christian countries in the world. He famously wrote that the Japanese "excell not only all the other Oriental peoples, they surpass the Europeans as well" (Alessandro Valignano, 1584, "Historia del Principo y Progresso de la Compania ...
See also:Alessandro Valignano, Alessandro Valignano - Education and Commission, Alessandro Valignano - Valignano's methods in Japan, Alessandro Valignano - Language Study, Alessandro Valignano - Establishment of the Seminaries, Alessandro Valignano - Success of Seminary Reforms, Alessandro Valignano - Mercantilism and the Port of Nagasaki, Alessandro Valignano - Conflicts with Rome, Alessandro Valignano - Late Life and the Decline of the Mission, Alessandro Valignano - Legacy Read more here: » Alessandro Valignano: Encyclopedia II - Alessandro Valignano - Legacy |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Native Americans in the United States - Early history See also: archeology of the Americas, models of migration to the New World, and indigenous people of the Americas for more detailed history and migration theories.
Native Americans in the United States - The Bering Strait Land Bridge theory.
Based on anthropological and genetic evidence, most scientists believe that most Native Americans descend from people who migrated from Siberia across the Bering Land Bridge between 17,000 and 11,000 years ago, where the Bering Strait is to ...
See also:Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans in the United States - Early history, Native Americans in the United States - The Bering Strait Land Bridge theory, Native Americans in the United States - Settling down, Native Americans in the United States - European colonization, Native Americans in the United States - Initial impacts, Native Americans in the United States - Early relations, Native Americans in the United States - Removal and reservations, Native Americans in the United States - Current status, Native Americans in the United States - Cultural aspects, Native Americans in the United States - Society, Native Americans in the United States - Religion, Native Americans in the United States - Gender roles, Native Americans in the United States - Music and art, Native Americans in the United States - Economy, Native Americans in the United States - Terminology differences, Native Americans in the United States - Common usage in the U.S., Native Americans in the United States - Bibliography Read more here: » Native Americans in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Native Americans in the United States - Early history |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea Christian Europe, which had long enjoyed safe passage to India and China — sources of valued goods such as silk and spices — under the hegemony of the Mongol Empire (the Pax Mongolica, or "Mongol peace"), was now, after the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire, under complete economic blockade by Muslim states. In response to Muslim domination on land, Portugal sought an eastward sea route to the Indies, and promoted the establishment of trading posts and later colonies along the African coast. Columbus had a different idea. By the ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Background, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding Columbus first presented his plan to the court of Portugal in 1485. The king's experts believed that the route would be longer than Columbus thought (the actual distance is even longer than the Portuguese believed), and denied Columbus's request. It is probable that he made the same outrageous demands for himself in Portugal that he later made in Spain, where he went next. He tried to get backing from the monarchs of Aragon and Castile, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, who, by marrying, ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Background, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Later life While Columbus had always given the conversion of non-believers as one reason for his explorations, he grew increasingly religious in his later years. He claimed to hear divine voices, lobbied for a new crusade to capture Jerusalem, often wore Franciscan habit, and described his explorations to the "paradise" as part of God's plan which would soon result in the Last Judgement and the end of the world.
In his later years Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10% of all profits made in the new lands, pursuant to earlier agre ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Background, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Later life |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin Serious doubts have been expressed regarding Columbus's national origin. Although in the popular culture he is generally assumed to be Italian (Genoese), his actual background is clouded in mystery. Very little is really known about Columbus before the mid-1470s. It has been suggested that this might have been because he was hiding something—an event in his origin or history that he deliberately kept a secret.
The issue of Columbus's 'nationality' became an issue after the rise of nationalism; the issue was scarcely raised until the ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Background, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Early life There are various versions of Columbus's origins and life before 1476. (See Columbus's National Origin.) The account that has traditionally been supported by most historians is as follows:
Columbus was born between August 26 and October 31 in the year 1451, in the Italian port city of Genoa. His father was Domenico Colombo, a woollens merchant, and his mother was Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of a woollens merchant. Christopher had three younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni P ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Background, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Early life |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Background Columbus believed that the Earth was a relatively small sphere, and argued that a ship could reach India via a westward course. The widespread notion that Columbus encountered opposition based on the idea that the Earth was flat is a literary myth created by Washington Irving. Educated people in Columbus's time agreed that the earth was round; anyone familiar with seafaring certainly knew it, since the roundness of the Earth forms the basis of celestial navigation. The main debate was over whether a ship could circumnavigate the planet without running out of food or getting ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Background, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' idea, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Background |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Native Americans in the United States - Cultural aspects Though cultural features, including language, garb, and customs vary enormously from one tribe to another, there are certain elements which are encountered frequently and shared by many tribes.
Early nomadic hunters forged stone weapons from around 10,000 years ago; as the age of metallurgy dawned, newer technologies were used and more efficient weapons produced. Prior to contact with Europeans, most tribes used similar weaponry. The most common implement were the bow and arrow, ...
See also:Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans in the United States - Early history, Native Americans in the United States - The Bering Strait Land Bridge theory, Native Americans in the United States - Settling down, Native Americans in the United States - European colonization, Native Americans in the United States - Initial impacts, Native Americans in the United States - Early relations, Native Americans in the United States - Removal and reservations, Native Americans in the United States - Current status, Native Americans in the United States - Cultural aspects, Native Americans in the United States - Society, Native Americans in the United States - Religion, Native Americans in the United States - Gender roles, Native Americans in the United States - Music and art, Native Americans in the United States - Economy, Native Americans in the United States - Terminology differences, Native Americans in the United States - Common usage in the U.S., Native Americans in the United States - Bibliography Read more here: » Native Americans in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Native Americans in the United States - Cultural aspects |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Native Americans in the United States - Terminology differences When Christopher Columbus arrived in the "New World", he described the people he encountered as Indians because he mistakenly believed that he had reached the islands known to Europeans as the Indies. Despite Columbus's mistake, the name Indian (or American Indian) stuck, and for centuries the native people of the Americas were collectively called Indians in America, and similar terms in Europe. The problem with this traditional term is that ...
See also:Native Americans in the United States, Native Americans in the United States - Early history, Native Americans in the United States - The Bering Strait Land Bridge theory, Native Americans in the United States - Settling down, Native Americans in the United States - European colonization, Native Americans in the United States - Initial impacts, Native Americans in the United States - Early relations, Native Americans in the United States - Removal and reservations, Native Americans in the United States - Current status, Native Americans in the United States - Cultural aspects, Native Americans in the United States - Society, Native Americans in the United States - Religion, Native Americans in the United States - Gender roles, Native Americans in the United States - Music and art, Native Americans in the United States - Economy, Native Americans in the United States - Terminology differences, Native Americans in the United States - Common usage in the U.S., Native Americans in the United States - Bibliography Read more here: » Native Americans in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Native Americans in the United States - Terminology differences |
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| | | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Portugal - Subdivisions Portugal has an administrative structure based on 308 municipalities (concelho - singular, concelhos - plural), which are subdivided into more than 4,000 parishes (freguesias, singular - freguesia). Municipalities are grouped for administrative purposes into superior units, the most significant being the classification since 1976, into either mainland (Portugal continental) or insular (Portugal insular) territory. The later enjoy a specific administrative and fiscal framework as Autonomous Regions (< ...
See also:Portugal, Portugal - History, Portugal - Lusitania, Portugal - The kingdom, Portugal - The Portuguese discoveries, Portugal - Braganza Dynasty, Portugal - The republics, Portugal - Government and politics, Portugal - Foreign relations and military, Portugal - Subdivisions, Portugal - Geography and climate, Portugal - Flora and fauna, Portugal - Economy, Portugal - Transportation and communications, Portugal - Demographics, Portugal - Education, Portugal - Culture, Portugal - Cuisine, Portugal - Sports and games, Portugal - Festivals and holidays, Portugal - Notes Read more here: » Portugal: Encyclopedia II - Portugal - Subdivisions |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Portugal - Geography and climate Continental Portugal is split in two by its main river, the Tagus (Tejo). To the north the landscape is mountainous in the interior areas with plateaus, cut by four breaking lines that allow the development of relevant agricultural areas. The south between the Tejo and the Algarve (the Alentejo) features mostly rolling plains with a climate somewhat warmer and drier than the cooler and rainier north. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo by mountains, enjoys a Mediterranean climate comparable with Morrocco or Southern Spain, and is ...
See also:Portugal, Portugal - History, Portugal - Lusitania, Portugal - The kingdom, Portugal - The Portuguese discoveries, Portugal - Braganza Dynasty, Portugal - The republics, Portugal - Government and politics, Portugal - Foreign relations and military, Portugal - Subdivisions, Portugal - Geography and climate, Portugal - Flora and fauna, Portugal - Economy, Portugal - Transportation and communications, Portugal - Demographics, Portugal - Education, Portugal - Culture, Portugal - Cuisine, Portugal - Sports and games, Portugal - Festivals and holidays, Portugal - Notes Read more here: » Portugal: Encyclopedia II - Portugal - Geography and climate |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Early life There are various versions of Columbus' origins and life before 1476. Research today is casting doubt on the traditional account and DNA may soon prove his true origins. (See Columbus' national origin.) The account that has traditionally been supported by most historians is as follows:
Columbus was born between August 26 and October 31 in the year 1451, in the Italian port city of Genoa. His father was Domenico Colombo, a woollens merchant, and his mother was Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of a woollens merchant. Christopher had three younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni P ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' theories, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Early life |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' theories Christian Europe, which had long enjoyed safe passage to India and China — sources of valued goods such as silk and spices — under the hegemony of the Mongol Empire (the Pax Mongolica, or "Mongol peace"), was now, after the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire, under complete economic blockade by Muslim states. In response to Muslim domination on land, Portugal sought an eastward sea route to the Indies, and promoted the establishment of trading posts and later colonies along the African coast. Columbus had a different idea. By the ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' theories, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' theories |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Later life While Columbus had always given the conversion of non-believers as one reason for his explorations, he grew increasingly religious in his later years. He claimed to hear divine voices, lobbied for a new crusade to capture Jerusalem, often wore Franciscan habit, and described his explorations to the "paradise" as part of God's plan which would soon result in the Last Judgement and the end of the world.
In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10% of all profits made in the new lands, pursuant to earlier agr ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' theories, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Later life |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin Although the vast majority of historians consider him Italian, various doubts have been expressed regarding Columbus' national origin. Even if he is generally assumed to be Italian (specifically Genoese), his background is clouded in mystery. Very little is really known about Columbus before the mid-1470s. It has been suggested that this might have been because he was hiding something—an event in his origin or history that he deliberately kept a secret.
The issue of Columbus' 'nationality' became an issue after the rise of nationali ...
See also:Christopher Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Early life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' theories, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' campaign for funding, Christopher Columbus - Voyages, Christopher Columbus - First voyage, Christopher Columbus - Second voyage, Christopher Columbus - Third voyage and arrest, Christopher Columbus - Fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus - Later life, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin, Christopher Columbus - Columbus' language, Christopher Columbus - Perceptions of Columbus, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as hero, Christopher Columbus - Columbus as villain, Christopher Columbus - Physical appearance Read more here: » Christopher Columbus: Encyclopedia II - Christopher Columbus - Columbus' national origin |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Spanish colonization of the Americas - Independence During the Peninsula War, several assemblies were established by the creole to rule the lands in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. This experience of self-government and the influence of Liberalism and the ideas of the French and American Revolutions brought the struggle for independence, led by the Libertadores. The colonies freed themselves, often with help from the British Empire, which aimed to trade without the Spanish monopoly.
In 1898, the United States won the Spanish-American War and occupied Cuba and Puerto Rico, en ...
See also:Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Early settlement, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Effect on natives, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Slavery, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Spanish colonies, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Caribbean, Spanish colonization of the Americas - South America, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Central America, Spanish colonization of the Americas - North America, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Northern extent of Spanish influence, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Independence Read more here: » Spanish colonization of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Spanish colonization of the Americas - Independence |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Spanish colonization of the Americas - Northern extent of Spanish influence In 1720, a small Spanish expedition from Santa Fe met and attempted to parley with French- allied Pawnee in what is now Nebraska. Negotiations were unsuccessful, and a battle ensued; the Spanish were badly defeated, with only 13 managing to return to New Mexico. Although this was a small engagement, it is significant in that it was the deepest penetration of the Spanish into the Great Plains, establishing the limit to Spanish expansion and influence there.
In an effort to exclude Britain and Russia from the eastern Pacific, the Spanis ...
See also:Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Early settlement, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Effect on natives, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Slavery, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Spanish colonies, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Caribbean, Spanish colonization of the Americas - South America, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Central America, Spanish colonization of the Americas - North America, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Northern extent of Spanish influence, Spanish colonization of the Americas - Independence Read more here: » Spanish colonization of the Americas: Encyclopedia II - Spanish colonization of the Americas - Northern extent of Spanish influence |
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| | | | | Indies: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975 In 1481 the papal Bull Aeterni regis had granted all land south of the Canary Islands to Portugal. Only this archipelago and the cities of Sidi Ifni (1476-1524), known then as "Santa Cruz de Mar Pequeña", Melilla (conquered by Pedro de Estopiñán in 1497), Villa Cisneros (founded in 1502 in current Western Sahara), Mazalquivir (1505), Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508), Oran (1509-1790), Algiers (1510-1529), Bugia (1510-1554), Tripoli (1511-1551), Tunis (1535-1569) and ...
See also:Spanish Empire, Spanish Empire - The beginnings of the empire 1402-1521, Spanish Empire - The Golden Age of Spain: The Sun Never Sets 1521-1643, Spanish Empire - Battle of Pavia to the Peace of Augsburg 1525-1555, Spanish Empire - St. Quentin to Lepanto 1556–1571, Spanish Empire - The troubled kingdom 1571-1598, Spanish Empire - God is Spanish 1596-1626, Spanish Empire - The road to Rocroi 1626-1643, Spanish Empire - The Empire of the last Spanish Habsburgs 1643 – 1713, Spanish Empire - The Bourbon Spanish Empire: Reform and Recovery 1713 – 1806, Spanish Empire - Twilight in the Global Empire 1808 – 1898, Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975, Spanish Empire - External Link Read more here: » Spanish Empire: Encyclopedia II - Spanish Empire - The last territories in Africa 1898-1975 |
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