Main article: Telugu literature The famous Indian literary epic, the Mahabharatha, was translated into telugu over a period of a few centuries by Nannaya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada. Nannaya is also credited to have participated in formalizing Telugu grammar. Pothana wrote the Bhagavatam that focuses on devotion to MahaVishnu and his avatars (incarnations). Vemana wrote moral and so ...

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Telugu language, Telugu language - History, Telugu language - Classification, Telugu language - Geographic distribution, Telugu language - Official status, Telugu language - Dialects, Telugu language - Derived languages, Telugu language - Sounds, Telugu language - Vowels, Telugu language - Consonants, Telugu language - Phonology, Telugu language - Historical sound changes, Telugu language - Grammar, Telugu language - Location, Telugu language - Motion, Telugu language - Morphosyntactic alignment, Telugu language - Relation, Telugu language - Polyagglutination, Telugu language - Inclusive/Exclusive Pronouns, Telugu language - Vocabulary, Telugu language - Writing system, Telugu language - Examples, Telugu language - Literature in Telugu

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Several languages have been born on American soil, including creoles and sign languages. Languages in the United States - Gullah. Gullah, an English-African creole is spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. It retains strong influences of West African languages, and is distinct enough to be considered a separate language from English. African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), also known as Ebonics, is a variety of English spoken by many African-America ...

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Languages in the United States, Languages in the United States - Official language status, Languages in the United States - Pre-colonial languages, Languages in the United States - American Indian languages, Languages in the United States - Austronesian languages, Languages in the United States - The colonial languages, Languages in the United States - English, Languages in the United States - French, Languages in the United States - Welsh, Languages in the United States - Scottish Gaelic, Languages in the United States - Dutch, Languages in the United States - German, Languages in the United States - Swedish, Languages in the United States - Spanish, Languages in the United States - Russian, Languages in the United States - Finnish, Languages in the United States - Immigrant languages, Languages in the United States - New American languages, Languages in the United States - Gullah, Languages in the United States - Hawaiian Creole, Languages in the United States - Sign languages, Languages in the United States - Artificial languages, Languages in the United States - Bibliography

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The United States does not have an official language; nevertheless, American English (referred to in the US as simply English) is the language used for legislation, regulations, executive orders, treaties, federal court rulings, and all other official pronouncements. Many individual states have adopted English as their official language: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, ...

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Languages in the United States, Languages in the United States - Official language status, Languages in the United States - Pre-colonial languages, Languages in the United States - American Indian languages, Languages in the United States - Austronesian languages, Languages in the United States - The colonial languages, Languages in the United States - English, Languages in the United States - French, Languages in the United States - Welsh, Languages in the United States - Scottish Gaelic, Languages in the United States - Dutch, Languages in the United States - German, Languages in the United States - Swedish, Languages in the United States - Spanish, Languages in the United States - Russian, Languages in the United States - Finnish, Languages in the United States - Immigrant languages, Languages in the United States - New American languages, Languages in the United States - Gullah, Languages in the United States - Hawaiian Creole, Languages in the United States - Sign languages, Languages in the United States - Artificial languages, Languages in the United States - Bibliography

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In the 17th century, there were colonies in North America, whose languages were English (from Virginia and Nova Albion colonies), Dutch (from New Netherland), French (from New France), Spanish (from New Spain), Swedish (from New Sweden), Scottish Gaelic (from Carolina), Welsh (from Welsh Tract) and Russian (from Russian-American Company). Languages in the United States - English. English was inherited from British colonization and it is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It serves as the ...

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Languages in the United States, Languages in the United States - Official language status, Languages in the United States - Pre-colonial languages, Languages in the United States - American Indian languages, Languages in the United States - Austronesian languages, Languages in the United States - The colonial languages, Languages in the United States - English, Languages in the United States - French, Languages in the United States - Welsh, Languages in the United States - Scottish Gaelic, Languages in the United States - Dutch, Languages in the United States - German, Languages in the United States - Swedish, Languages in the United States - Spanish, Languages in the United States - Russian, Languages in the United States - Finnish, Languages in the United States - Immigrant languages, Languages in the United States - New American languages, Languages in the United States - Gullah, Languages in the United States - Hawaiian Creole, Languages in the United States - Sign languages, Languages in the United States - Artificial languages, Languages in the United States - Bibliography

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The U.S. has long been the destination of many immigrants. From the mid 19th century on, the nation had large numbers of residents who spoke little or no English, and throughout the country state laws, constitutions, and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups. There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Greek, Polish, Swedish, Romanian, Czech, Japanese, Yiddish, Welsh, Cantonese, Bulgarian, etc., despite opposing English-on ...

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Languages in the United States, Languages in the United States - Official language status, Languages in the United States - Pre-colonial languages, Languages in the United States - American Indian languages, Languages in the United States - Austronesian languages, Languages in the United States - The colonial languages, Languages in the United States - English, Languages in the United States - French, Languages in the United States - Welsh, Languages in the United States - Scottish Gaelic, Languages in the United States - Dutch, Languages in the United States - German, Languages in the United States - Swedish, Languages in the United States - Spanish, Languages in the United States - Russian, Languages in the United States - Finnish, Languages in the United States - Immigrant languages, Languages in the United States - New American languages, Languages in the United States - Gullah, Languages in the United States - Hawaiian Creole, Languages in the United States - Sign languages, Languages in the United States - Artificial languages, Languages in the United States - Bibliography

Read more here: » Languages in the United States: Encyclopedia II - Languages in the United States - Immigrant languages

Telugu is mainly spoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh and a bit in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharastra, Orissa and Chhattisgarh in India, but it is also spoken in Bahrain, Fiji, Malaysia, Mauritius and the United Arab Emirates where there are large numbers of Telugu speaking expatriates. Telugu speaking Andhras have become a large and successful Indian community in the USA [3]. Telugu language - Official status. Telugu is one of the official languages of India. It is the official language of the state of Andhra Prade ...

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Telugu language, Telugu language - History, Telugu language - Classification, Telugu language - Geographic distribution, Telugu language - Official status, Telugu language - Dialects, Telugu language - Derived languages, Telugu language - Sounds, Telugu language - Vowels, Telugu language - Consonants, Telugu language - Phonology, Telugu language - Historical sound changes, Telugu language - Grammar, Telugu language - Location, Telugu language - Motion, Telugu language - Morphosyntactic alignment, Telugu language - Relation, Telugu language - Polyagglutination, Telugu language - Inclusive/Exclusive Pronouns, Telugu language - Vocabulary, Telugu language - Writing system, Telugu language - Examples, Telugu language - Literature in Telugu

Read more here: » Telugu language: Encyclopedia II - Telugu language - Geographic distribution

The language has 52 letters phonemic and according to academic profile 49 letters are present in Kannada language. These 49 letters are divided into two groups: Swaragalu (15 letters) and "Vyanjanagalu" (34 letters), similar to the vowels and consonants of English, respectively. The character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The script itself, derived from brahmi script, is fairly complicated like most other languages of India owing to the occurrence of various combinations of "half-letters", or symbols that attach ...

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Kannada language, Kannada language - History, Kannada language - Dialects, Kannada language - Classification, Kannada language - Geographic distribution, Kannada language - Official status, Kannada language - Kannada script, Kannada language - Transliteration, Kannada language - Unicode, Kannada language - Extinct Kannada Letters, Kannada language - The Dictionary

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While grammatically, Urdu and Hindi are considered dialects of a single language (or diasystem), they differ (in formal tongue) vastly in vocabulary; wherein Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic and Hindi on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent Prakrit. The associated dialects of Urdu and Hindi are known as "Hindustani". It is perhaps the lingua franca of the west and north of the Indian subcontinent, though it is understood widely in other regions as well. A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Urdu, Sanskri ...

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Hindustani language, Hindustani language - History of the name, Hindustani language - Urdu, Hindustani language - Hindi, Hindustani language - Bazaar Hindustani, Hindustani language - Variants of Hindustani, Hindustani language - Hindi and Urdu, Hindustani language - Bibliography

Read more here: » Hindustani language: Encyclopedia II - Hindustani language - Hindi and Urdu

Hindi literature started as religious and philosophical poetry in medieval periods in dialects like Avadhi and Brij. The most famous figures from this period are Kabir and Tulsidas. In modern times, the Khadi dialect became more prominent and a variety of literature was produced in Sanskrit. Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered to be the first work of prose in Hindi. Munshi Premchand was the most famous Hindi novelist. The chhayavadi poets include Surya kant tripathi "Nirala", Jaishankar Pr ...

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Indian literature, Indian literature - Sanskrit literature, Indian literature - Prakrit Literature, Indian literature - Tamil literature, Indian literature - Kannada literature, Indian literature - Hindi literature, Indian literature - Urdu literature, Indian literature - Bihari Literature, Indian literature - Bengali literature, Indian literature - Marathi literature, Indian literature - Malayalam literature, Indian literature - Indian writing in English, Indian literature - Indian literature in other languages, Indian literature - Awards

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Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and it is one of the second official languages of Delhi[1]. It is also spoken in neighbouring areas such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Punjabi is the predominant spoken language in the Punjab province of Pakistan although it has no official stat ...

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Punjabi language, Punjabi language - Dialects and geographic distribution, Punjabi language - Western and eastern Punjabi, Punjabi language - Vocabulary, Punjabi language - Writing system, Punjabi language - Examples, Punjabi language - Notable authors

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Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab and it is one of the second official languages of Delhi.[1] It is also spoken in neighbouring areas such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Punjabi is the predominant spoken language in the Punjab province of Pakistan although it has no official status there, and both Urdu and English are preferred languages of the elite. Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large nu ...

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Punjabi language, Punjabi language - Dialects and geographic distribution, Punjabi language - Western and eastern Punjabi, Punjabi language - Vocabulary, Punjabi language - Writing system, Punjabi language - Examples, Punjabi language - Notable authors

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The first evidence of Bangla literature is Charyapada or Charyageeti, buddhist hymns or dohas from the 8th century. Possibly the most prolific writer in Bangla is Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore dominated both the Bengali and Indian philosophical and literary scene for decades. His 2,000 Rabindrasangeets play a pivotal part in defining Bengali culture, both in West Bengal and Bangladesh. He is the author of the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh, both composed in Bangla. Other notable Bangla works of his are Gitanjali, a book of poems for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Litera ...

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Bengali language, Bengali language - Script, Bengali language - Phonetics, Bengali language - Phonology, Bengali language - Stress, Bengali language - Intonation, Bengali language - Vowel Length, Bengali language - Consonant Clusters, Bengali language - Syntax, Bengali language - Morphology, Bengali language - Nouns, Bengali language - Verbs, Bengali language - Vocabulary, Bengali language - Variation in dialects, Bengali language - Literary forms, Bengali language - Regional variations, Bengali language - Lexical variations, Bengali language - Bangla literature, Bengali language - History, Bengali language - The Fight for Bangla

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Modern Punjabi vocabulary has been influenced by other languages, including Hindustani, Persian and English. Like other North Indian languages, it is derived from Sanskrit and is therefore Indo-European. Much like English, Punjabi has moved around the world and developed local forms by integrating local vocabulary. While most loanwords come from Hindustani, Persian and English, Punjabi emigrants around the world have integrated terms from such languages as Spanish and Dutch. A distinctive "Diaspora Punjabi" is thus emerging. As there ...

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Punjabi language, Punjabi language - Dialects and geographic distribution, Punjabi language - Western and eastern Punjabi, Punjabi language - Vocabulary, Punjabi language - Writing system, Punjabi language - Examples, Punjabi language - Notable authors

Read more here: » Punjabi language: Encyclopedia II - Punjabi language - Vocabulary

Many sources subdivide the Punjabi language into Western Punjabi or Lahndi (ਲਹਿੰਦੀ), and Eastern Punjabi. They tend to do so based on GA Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India. The decision to divide the language has been controversial. The exact division of the language and even the legitimacy of such a division is disputed. The dialect spoken in central Punjab — on both the Indian and Pakistani side — is Majhi. Grierson defined Western Punjabi as being west of a line running north- ...

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Punjabi language, Punjabi language - Dialects and geographic distribution, Punjabi language - Western and eastern Punjabi, Punjabi language - Vocabulary, Punjabi language - Writing system, Punjabi language - Examples, Punjabi language - Notable authors

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Variations in intonation patterns, vocabulary, and distribution of grammatical and phonological elements are observable along the parameters of region, religion, community, occupation, social stratum, style and register. Influence of Sanskrit is most prominent in the Hindu high caste dialects and least in the lower caste dialects like most other Indian languages. Loan words from English, Syriac, Hebrew, Latin, and Portuguese abound in the Christian dialects and those from Arabic and Urdu in the muslim dialects. Malayalam has borrowed from Sa ...

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Malayalam language, Malayalam language - Evolution, Malayalam language - Development of literature, Malayalam language - The script, Malayalam language - Language variation and external influence, Malayalam language - Trivia

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In the early ninth century /vattezhuthu/ (round writing) traceable through the Grantha script, to the pan-Indian Brahmi script, gave rise to the Malayalam writing system. It is syllabic in the sense that the sequence of graphic elements means that syllables have to be read as units, though in this system the elements representing individual vowels and consonants are for the most part readily identifiable. In the 1960s Malayalam dispensed with many special letters representing less frequent conjunct consonants and combina ...

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Malayalam language, Malayalam language - Evolution, Malayalam language - Development of literature, Malayalam language - The script, Malayalam language - Language variation and external influence, Malayalam language - Trivia

Read more here: » Malayalam language: Encyclopedia II - Malayalam language - The script

Parallel cinema is otherwise known as New Indian Cinema, Indian New Wave, Indian Neo-Realism, or by the man/woman in the street, "art films". In the 1960s and 1970s, the Indian government financed a number of such films, on Indian themes. Many of the directors were graduates of the FTII (Film and Television Institute of India), in Pune. Ritwik Ghatak was a professor at the institute and a well-known director in his own right. The best-known Indian "neo-realist" is Satyajit Ray. As government funding for cinema has declined, cinematic ...

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Indian film directors, Indian film directors - Directors of parallel or independent cinema, Indian film directors - Directors filming in several languages, Indian film directors - Bengali film directors, Indian film directors - Bollywood film directors, Indian film directors - Malayalam film directors, Indian film directors - Tamil film directors, Indian film directors - Telugu film directors

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Most speakers of Marathi live in the Indian state of Maharashtra. They also inhabit the neighboring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The Ethnologue records speakers of Marathi in Israel as well, thanks to the emigration of the Bene Israel and other Jews from India, and in Mauritius. Marathi language - Official status. Marathi serves as an official language of Maharashtra. The Constitution of India recognises it as one of the twenty-two official languages of the country.
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Marathi language, Marathi language - History, Marathi language - Classification, Marathi language - Geographic distribution, Marathi language - Official status, Marathi language - Dialects, Marathi language - Alphabet, Marathi language - Grammar, Marathi language - Gender, Marathi language - Person, Marathi language - Like Sanskrit well almost, Marathi language - Parts of speech, Marathi language - Sentence structure, Marathi language - Vocabulary, Marathi language - Word origins, Marathi language - Forming Complex Words, Marathi language - Counting system, Marathi language - Some common phrases, Marathi language - Modern issues, Marathi language - Rules of Orthography, Marathi language - Decreasing number of Marathi schools., Marathi language - Unnecessary usage of Hindi and English words., Marathi language - Unnecessary usage of Hindi syntax especially in news., Marathi language - Lack of a resource exhibiting standard usage., Marathi language - Lack of a style manual., Marathi language - Information technology issues, Marathi language - Marathi literature, Marathi language - marathi authors

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Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture. Mahabharata speaks of the Yavanas, Kambojas, Darunas etc as the fierce barbarians from Uttarapatha, Sanskrit: uttarashchapare mlechchha jana bharatasattama. || 63 || Yavanashcha sa Kamboja Daruna mlechchha jatayah. | — (MBH 6.11.63-64) and further reckons them among the sinful people, characterised by practices similar to those of chandalas and vultures i.e avaricious and greedy. e.g ...

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Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans

Almost similar information on the Kambojas is also provided by Patanjali's Mahaabhaasya (2nd c BC). Sanskrit: zavatir gatikarmaa kamboje.sv eva bhaa.sito bhavati, vikaara enam aaryaa bha.sante zava iti | — (Mahaabhaasya). English: The verb 'zav' in the sense of 'going' is used only among the Kambojas. The same verb in the nominal form 'zava' is used by the Aaryas in the sens ...

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Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas

Following Dr Grierson's investigations on Kambojas which appeared in 1911, Dr Kuhn published a summary of his own article (Das Volk Der Kamboja bei Yaska) in English, in Dr Grierson's support in the 1912 issue of Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, which included comments from Dr Grierson as well. Dr Kuhn had specifically drawn Dr Grierson's attention to the following verses on Buddhist Jataka on the Kambojas (Fausboll, Jataka, Vol VI, pp 208, 210) Pali: kita patanga urga cha mekka | hattya kirmi su ...

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Language and ethnicity of Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Yaska's Nirukata on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Patanjali's Mahabhasaaya on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Ernst Kuhn's views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's earlier views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Dr Grierson's changed views, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Further evidence on Kambojas being non-Indo Aryans, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Mahabharata on Kamboja culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Majjhima Nikaya on Kamboja social customs, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Panini's Ganapatha on Kamboja/Yavana culture, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Kamboja: a non-Brahmanical society, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Devi Bhagawatam & Markandeya Purana evidence, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Some scholarly opinions on Kambojas' ethnicity, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Iranian vs Indian affinities of the Kambojas, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Classical defintion of Scythia/Scythians, Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Scythic vs Indo-Aryan question

Read more here: » Language and ethnicity of Kambojas: Encyclopedia II - Language and ethnicity of Kambojas - Bhuridatta Jataka on Kambojas